...trace information in the criminal context is a certification by the supervising government attorney that "the information likely to be obtained is relevant to an ongoing criminal investigation...." See 18 USC 3122(b). This standard allows the government to obtain pen registers early in an investigation....

...financial information and student information without any suspicion of wrongdoing, simply by certifying that the information likely to be obtained is relevant to an ongoing criminal investigation," Electronic Privacy Information Center, "The USA Patriot Act," www,epic,org/privacy/terrorism/usapatriot/default/html...

...criminal practice, where investigators must be granted pen register authority upon merely certifying that "the information likely to be obtained is relevant to an ongoing criminal investigation[.]" (18 USC Section 3122(bX2)). And, as was the case with Section 215, Section 214 may not be employed...

...Amendment. In order to obtain approval for the installation of such registers, the government need only show that the information likely to be obtained is relevant to an ongoing criminal investigation. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) is signed into law to regulate the collection of foreign...

...Similarly, Section 216 allows the government to monitor an individual's movements on the Web upon a showing that "the information likely to be obtained ... is relevant to an ongoing criminal investigation." If the expansion of such investigative capacities arguably promotes citizens' security interests, it...

..." (18 USC §3127). A pen register may not be used without a court order based upon a certification "that the information likely to be obtained is relevant to an ongoing criminal investigation" (18 USC §3122). Upon receiving an appropriate application, a court must issue the order (18 USC §3123)....

...standards for obtaining a pen register under FISA. Such a pen register may be obtained upon a certification that the information likely to be obtained is relevant to an ongoing investigation to protect against international terrorism or clandestine intelligence activities. Section...

...pen register or a trap-and-trace device may be issued only when officers have certified to the court that the information likely to be obtained is relevant to an ongoing criminal investigation. In the Matter of Application of the United States of America for an Order Authorizing the Installation...

...the applicant must include the name of the official seeking surveillance, as well as certification that "the information likely to be obtained is relevant to an ongoing foreign intelligence or international terrorism investigation." Id., § i842,(c)(i)-(2.). 338. Id.,...

...allowed to access the numbers dialed on a telephone line if a Government attorney certified to the court that the information likely to be obtained is relevant to an ongoing criminal investigation. Although this authority allowed Government access only to numbers dialed on a telephone line, it has...