25. Such a mapping-out enables us easily to see, with the bodily as well as with the mind's eye, what is the main purpose of all analysis-to find out which words go with which, and what is the real build of the sentence. Hence, unless we see at a glance the build of the sentence we are going to analyse, we ought, before doing so, to set to work and map it out. IV. THE COMPOUND SENTENCE. 26. A Compound Sentence is one which consists of two or more Simple Sentences packed, for convenience' sake, into one. Thus, in the "Lay of the Last Minstrel," Sir W. Scott writes:- "The way was long, the wind was cold, The minstrel was infirm and old." He might have put a full stop at long and at cold, for the sense ends in these places, and, grammatically, the two lines form three separate and distinct sentences. But because in thought the three are connected, the poet made one compound sentence out of the three simple sen tences. 27. A Compound Sentence may be contracted. (i) Thus, the famous sentence, "Cæsar came, saw, and conquered" is three sentences-" Cæsar came," Cæsar saw," etc., and is therefore contracted in the subject. (ii) In the sentence, "Either a knave or a fool has done this," the sentence is contracted in the predicate for the purpose of avoiding the repetition of the verb has done. 28. Caution! The relative pronouns who and which sometimes combine two co-ordinate sentences into one compound sentence. Thus (i) We met a man at the gate, who told us the way. (ii) He was not at home, which was a great pity. Here who is and he; which is in both instances are of equal rank. pound sentences. and this; and the two sentences Hence both (i) and (ii) are com V. THE COMPLEX SENTENCE. 29. A Complex Sentence is a statement which contains one Principal Sentence, and one or more sentences dependent upon it, which are called Subordinate Sentences. There are three kinds—and there can only be three kinds of subordinate sentences-Adjectival, Noun, and Adverbial. A subordinate sentence is sometimes called a clause. 30. A Subordinate Sentence that goes with a Noun fulfils the function of an Adjective, is equal to an Adjective, and is therefore called an Adjectival Sentence. "Darkness, which might be felt, fell upon the city." Here the subsentence, "which might be - felt," goes with the noun darkness, belongs to it, and cannot be separated from it; and this sentence is therefore an adjectival sentence. 31. A Subordinate Sentence that goes with a Verb fulfils the function of an Adverb, is equal to an Adverb, and is therefore called an Adverbial Sentence. "I will go whenever you are ready." Here the sub- sentence, "whenever you are ready," is attached to the verb go, belongs to it, and cannot be separated from it; and hence this sentence is an adverbial sentence. 32. A Subordinate Sentence that forms the Subject of a Predicate, or the Object, or that is in apposition with a noun, fulfils the function of a Noun, and is therefore called a Noun Sentence. "He told me that his cousin had gone to sea." Here the sub-sentence, "his cousin had gone to sea," is the object of the transitive verb told. It fulfils the function of a noun, and is therefore a noun sentence. 33. An Adjectival Sentence may be attached to (i) The Subject of the Principal Sentence; or to (ii) The Object of the Principal Sentence; or to (iii) Any Noun whatsoever. (i) The book that-I-bought is on the table: to the subject. (ii) I laid the book I-bought on the table; to the object. (iii) The child fell into the stream that-runs-past-the-mill: to the noun stream-a noun in an adverbial phrase. 34. An Adverbial Sentence may be attached to— (i) A Verb; (ii) An Adjective; or to (iii) An Adverb. (i) To a Verb. It does not matter in what position the verb is. It may be (a) the Predicate, as in the sentence, "I walk when I can." It may be (b) an Infinitive forming a subject, as, "To get up when one is tired is not pleasant." It may be (c) a participle as in the sentence, "Having dined before he came, I started at once." (ii) To an Adjective. "His grief was such that all pitied him." Here the sub-sentence "that all pitied him " modifies the adjective such. (iii) To an Adverb. "He was so weak that he could not stand." Here the sub-sentence "that he could not stand" modifies the adverb so, which itself modifies the adjective weak. 35. A Noun Sentence may be (i) The Subject of the Principal Sentence; or (iii) The Nominative after is; or (iv) In Apposition with another Noun. (i) “That-he-is-better cannot be denied:" the subject. Here the true nominative is that. "That cannot be denied." What? "That= he is better." (From usage, that in such sentences acquires the function and force of a conjunction.) (ii) "I heard that-he-was-better:" the object. (iii) "My motive in going was that-I-might-be-of-use: " nominative after was. (iv) “The fact that-he-voted-against-his-party is well known:" in apposition with fact. 36. Any number of Subordinate Sentences may be attached to the Principal Sentence. The only limit is that dictated by a regard to clearness, to the balance of clauses, or to good taste. The best example of a very long sentence, which consists entirely of one principal sentence and a very large number of adjective sentences, is "The House that Jack built." "This is the house that-Jack-built." "This is the malt that-lay-in-the-house-that-Jack-built," and so on. VI.-CAUTIONS IN THE ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES. 37. (i) Find out, first of all, the Principal Sentence. (ii) Secondly, look for the sentences, if any, that attach themselves to the Subject of the Principal Sen tence. (iii) Thirdly, find those sentences, if any, that belong to the object of the Principal Sentence, or to any other Noun in it. (iv) Fourthly, look for the subordinate sentences that are attached to the Predicate of the Principal Sentence. When a subordinate sentence is long, quote only the first and last words, and place dots . between them. 38. The following Cautions are necessary :— (i) A connective may be omitted. In Shakespeare's "Measure for Measure," Isabel says— "I have a brother is condemned to die." Here who is omitted, and "who. sentence qualifying the object brother. die" is an adjectival (ii) Do not be guided by the part of speech that introduces a subordinate sentence. Thus : (a) A relative pronoun may introduce a noun sentence, as, "I do not know who-he-is;" or an adjectival sentence, as, "John, who-was-a-soldier, is now a gardener." (b) An adverb may introduce a noun sentence, as, "I don't know where it has gone to;" or an adjectival sentence, as, "The spot where he lies is unknown." In the sentence, "The reason why so few marriages are happy is because young ladies spend their time in making nets, not in making cages"-the subordinate sentence "why . . . happy" is,—though introduced by an adverb,-in apposition to the noun reason, and is therefore a noun sentence. VII. THE MAPPING-OUT OF COMPLEX SENTENCES. 39. Complex Sentences should be mapped out on the same principles as Simple Sentences. Let us take a sentence from Mr Morris's "Jason": "And in his hand he bare a mighty bow, No man could bend of those that battle now." This sentence may be drawn up after the following plan :- (The single line indicates a preposition; the double line a conjunction or conjunctive pronoun.) 40. The larger number of subordinate sentences there are, and the farther away they stand from the principal sentence, the larger will be the space that the mapping-out will cover. Let us take this sentence from an old Greek writer:— "Thou art about, O king! to make war against men who wear leathern trousers, and have all their other garments of leather; who feed not on what they like, but on what they can get from a soil that is sterile and unkindly; who do not indulge in wine, but drink water; who possess no figs, nor anything else that is good to eat." This would be set out in the following way : Thou art about . against men |