tion has neglected, whether it be the judgment, or memory, or imagination, or any other principle, it is his business not to continue, as in the common course, devoted to the cultivation of those in which he finds himself superior; but he is bound, as he values that high mental perfection which gives true elevation of character, to break up established habits and enter upon a new course of studies, and a new course of discipline, till he has restored the equilibrium of the soul. The artisan would be ill-employed who, neglecting to examine and ascertain the defective part of a complicated piece of mechanism, should labour to improve it by strengthening a part already too powerful. The mind is a mechanism too delicate and too valuable to admit such trifling.

The symmetry of the mind is preserved, and its powers perfected, by an acquaintance with the whole circle of literature and science. No part is to be neglected, from the lowest depths of abstract thought to the highest regions of poetic fancy. This wide range, while it expands the soul, presents something to nourish and mature each of its faculties. Inconsistent with a rigid and philosophical cultivation of the mind, is exclusive devotion to a profession, supreme attachment to a favourite science, or an enthusiastic ardor for what is novel in the fields of literature. There are professional men eminent in their profession, who appear degraded when found beyond its limits. There are literary epicures, hurried on by their passions they know not whither, and while dreaming of literary eminence, the mind has lost that gigantic grasp which alone is worthy to be called great. That is a noble mind which, soaring aloft, is able to suspend itself, and looking with the eye of an eagle on the expanded fields of science, has power to choose whither to direct its flight.

I am sensible that the world have often judged of intellectual attainment by a different standard. Often has the laurel been entwined around the brow of one whose elevation was suspended on the high perfection of a single faculty. He who has pushed the boundary of science in a single instance, whatever may be his imperfections, is hailed as the genius of his age. The blind man may be justly celebrated for his taste in music, but he is entitled to no credit for skill in painting.

Is it said in oppositon to the standard proposed, that utility is the standard by which all intellectual attainments are to be tested. But does it appear that utility does not demand the harmonious and elevated exercise of all the mental faculties. What though by bending all your attention to a single pursuit you may push discovery beyond any who have preceded you-if by this means, as is probable, you have unfitted yourself for duties equally important, where is the gain in point of utfity? Nor are we, in estimating the utility of attainments, to confine our views to the present life. And what is the value of a scanty superiority in a single department, compared with the high perfection of that immortal principle by which our bodies are animated? For I will not believe that intellectual culture produces no fruit to be matured by immortality. Knowledge, meaning by it a mere memory of facts, may vanish away. But if it denote that intrinsic worth which the mind derives from a careful study of the phenomena of nature, it is lasting as the mind that possesses it. Does the mind of an infant enter its future state of existence with the same majesty and strength as the mind of a Newton? I will not believe in a principle which would break up the mental fabric, reared and adorned with so much care,

have seen their present stations filled, or rather occupied, by incumbents possessed indeed of more hereditary wealth, but destitute of the talent and integrity thus called forth to bless the community. Here, by enjoying the means of instruction, and by being brought into comparison with their equals in age, they at once gained a relish for knowledge, and exhibited capacity and disposition to excel, sufficient to gain the encouraging tongue and fostering hand. I would here take the liberty to suggest to schoolvisitors and others who may have the means of forming a judgment in such cases, that one among the many duties that rest upon them as good citizens, is that of selecting and encouraging youths, of the right stamp, to the acquisition of an education. It is a delicate task, and full of responsibility as regards the individual to be encouraged, his family connexions, and the good of the public. Something more, also, must be regarded in the selection than merely a capacity to learn. The disposition and general adaptedness to be useful, are at least of equal importance. But, for the responsibility assumed and the pains taken in selection and encouragement, if wisely done, you may have the rich reward, for time and eternity, of knowing that you have more than doubled your own usefulness in the person of him whose exertions you thus elevate to a higher sphere.

COMMON SCHOOLS are the glory of our land. In connection with our higher seminaries, and especially with religion, they furnish the surest basis and bulwark of our free institutions, and afford the fairest promise of our high exaltation. For, should some unforeseen concurrence of adverse circumstances ever prostrate our liberties, yet sure I am that no tyranny can ever long keep its foot on the neck of a people, where even the beggar's child is taught to read, and write, and think, and act for himself.

While these schools are of inestimable value in preparing the mass of men to transact business and to become free, useful, and independent citizens, they serve likewise to call forth real genius from the shades of obscurity, and start it in the path to eminence. I believe we hazard nothing in saying, that the country is indebted primarily to our common schools for the extended usefulness of a very large proportion of her ablest and best men in the departments of civil, literary, and professional life. But for these schools, planted at their doors, and accommodated to their resources, they would have continued in obscurity, and we should

Our colleges are increasing in number, yet they are still increasingly supplied with pupils. Whence come they? and why? The true answer to these queries, will call us again to the same topic-the importance of our primary seminaries. Inspect the annual catalogues of all the colleges in the United States, and it will at once be seen that those States which maintain these primary schools, furnish an immensely greater pro

portion of the students in the higher seminaries, than those which have them not; and the contrast becomes still more striking when we take into consideration the ratio of population in the different sections compared with the number they respectively educate. In addition to this fact, look at the character of the students from the two different descriptions of territory. With all due allowance for exceptions in individual cases, it may still be deemed sufficiently invidious by those acquainted with the interior of our colleges, barely to allude to the comparison as regards morality of conduct, attainment in study, and hopeful promise of usefulness. These very honourable facts, so obvious on slight inspection, are to be attributed, in a great measure, to the influence of our free schools in eliciting from the shades of obscurity those gems of mind which are fitted for the highest polish. Annihilate our primary institutions, and we should soon see a sad reverse in those of higher grade. Some of our colleges and academies would stand as empty walls; and others would exhibit a revolting mixture of a little true genius and application with much dulness, idleness, and riot.

Should it be said that education societies and benevolent individuals have called forth from the region of common schools, a host of intelligent, sober, and industrious youths, to fill our colleges; we doubly rejoice while admitting the fact. Why have they not called them forth in equal numbers from the other far more extensive regions? Do such youths exist there? Then to what is it owing in a greater degree than to the want of these schools, that they are not discovered and brought forward? We well know that many wealthy and very benevolent individuals who contribute largely to the national and

other education societies, reside in those districts of our country, who would be prompt to patronize directly such as they might find worthy. Or will it be said that such youths do not exist there? The admission is not more gloomy in itself than it is fatal to its argument. For if common schools are so intimately connected with that state of society which furnishes the youths in question, that where the one is found, the other is to be sought, this single circumstance cannot fail to evince them of still higher consequence than any thing I have yet adduced. It matters little, as regards the present topic, whether they be considered as the cause or the effect of such a state of society; or, as is doubtless the fact, possessing both these characteristics at once;--they must be of vital importance, especially in such a community as ours.

Every measure, then, which is fitted to promote the utility of common schools, should command prompt attention and vigorous cooperation. Deeply impressed as I am with this thought, I cannot but confess my regret at not seeing as yet any effectual excitement produced in my own State towards the accomplishment of one of the best and most needful projects for this purpose which has ever been spread before the community. I refer to that very able and elegantly written series of dissertations in behalf of a seminary for the training of instructers, first published in the Connecticut Observer, and since printed in the pamphlet form at Boston, with the name of the author, Mr. Gallaudet. The subject of it was soon warmly recommended to the notice of the legislature of New-York by that enlightened statesman, Gov. Clinton; and it is to be hoped it will be ultimately carried into effect on a distinguished scale in that powerful state; and that something of the kind will

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soon appear in Massachusetts. But it would have given me peculiar pleasure could we have seen some of the wealthy individuals in our own state coming forward with the same promptness and liberality which they so honourably exhibited a few years since in seconding the benevolent views of the same distinguished individual in behalf of a class of persons who are precluded by their Creator from being of equal utility to the public. In that instance, we set an example which other parts of our Union have been eager to emulate; and I think we may safely say, we should have gained equal honour in a prompt establishment of a seminary for instructers. If, in the case sympathy operated with peculiar power, in the other, it needs only a more perfect knowledge of facts to awaken at once a deep feeling of both sympathy and selfinterest. Of sympathy; for who can endure to see his own children and those of a great community, though blessed by their Maker with the perfect use of all their senses, left to the tardy, inaccurate, and often irksome, processes of instruction, for the want of better teachers, thus enduring much useless toil and real suffering, and wasting some of the brightest years of their existence. An acquaintance with facts, must also awaken us to a sense of self-interest. If our children can generally be taught more in the same time, or better taught, in matter or manner, it is as really our interest as it is that they should be taught at all. And that such improvements may be made in the processes of instruction, is sufficiently evident from this fact, if no other, that the present improvements in teaching the deaf-mutes are such, though the science is of recent origin, that in a variety of respects the pupils are made to surpass those of the same standing in common schools. Now it is utterly

incredible that there should be any foundation in the nature of the case for such a precedence. We may as well say that hearing and speech are useless faculties in the communication of thought. No; this advance is to be attributed to the careful and scientific training of those who assume the office of teaching the deaf. It is, then, as deep ingratitude to the Creator as it is a dereliction of our own interest, to neglect practicable improvements in the art of teaching the great mass whom he has kindly provided with all the requisite organs.

Such an institution we exceedingly need; and, sooner or later, we must have one. The increasing dearth of competent teachers, imperiously demands the establishment; and the call of necessity will wax louder and louder till it shall make itself heard. When I say the dearth is increasing, I speak not as the fond advocate of a favourite institution, ready to coin reasons where I cannot find them, but by the reluctant compulsion of my own observation, and by the testimony of many in the same post of observation. It has been my "pleasing, painful task" for many years, to be concerned in the examination of schools and instructers; and while I have witnessed with pleasure a regular advance in the schools, I have experienced no small pain in being compelled to approbate teachers in increasing numbers, who were incompetent to the task. It may sound paradoxical, that the schools should grow better while the teachers grow worse. An explanation of my meaning will show that there is no absurdity in the allegation, and may, at the same time, serve to correct some statements which have been hastily made by some ardent friends of improvement.

I can by no means agree with those who consider our schools as

in a positively bad condition, or as growing worse, or even as stationary. I have already expressed my views of them as an inestimable blessing; and therefore cannot help regretting the erroneous statements of an opposite cast, on two accounts. They may lead those who have no common schools to a totally false view of the existing facts; and, blessing themselves that they have no such 'public nuisances,' they may firmly resolve never to adopt them. I also strongly suspect that these overdrawn statements, meeting the eye of the intelligent and benevolent among us as plainly false, as to the general fact, have served to retard, if not utterly to defeat the main design of their well-meaning authors.

The fact I take to be simply this. While our schools generally are by no means retrograde, the march of improvement in higher seminaries, and in everything pertaining to mind, is very rapid. Of course our schools, and especially the teachers, hold relatively a lower grade. And this is fact enough, if duly regarded, to rouse us to the requisite improvement. The branches now taught in our common schools, or rather attempted to be learnt by the pupils, are nearly double to what they were some years ago. And these branches are constantly increasing; and it is very desirable that they should increase, to the full extent of possible requisition. While this is the fact, it is easy to see that the ratio of competent teachers may and indeed must be on the decrease till some special measures are taken for their qualification. What was competency ten years ago, is no longer so. A new branch is introduced since the teacher received his instruction, and which of course he cannot be expected to teach. And provided he has attended to all the requisite branches, yet, as they are much more numerous than formerly, he

will not be likely to understand them so thoroughly without additional opportunities for preparation. Unless, then, we provide these opportunities, we have nothing before us but the certain prospect either of our schools becoming stationary and lagging far behind the general improvements of the age, or of an increasing proportion of incompetent teachers whom we are compelled to license because we can procure no better. Now, shall this progress, in a department of such vital importance, be arrested for the want of means for qualifying teachers? Shall agriculture, manufactures, and every art of human life, be borne forward in even rank with its compeers in the march of improvement; and shall this, the most important of all, be left limping behind? Shall we advance the means of improvement in all our higher seminaries, thus enabling our favoured sons whom we send to college to spend their four or seven years to the best possible advantage, and shall we take no thought for increasing the advantages of the few puny years of instruction we allow to their brothers and sisters whom we retain to toil at home? And shall we nobly endow our schools for the deaf, till they are able to command for teachers the very first rate scholars who graduate at our colleges, and shall we still leave those whom God has blessed with the requisite senses for easy improvement destitute of the means? Shall we ungratefully leave our gifted child to the temptation of cursing God for the gift of an ear to hear and a tongue to speak, when he shall find, had he been born deaf, that the delights of science would have been farther expanded to his view? While I complain not, but rejoice, at what is done for the "unfortunates," I scruple not to say that the same effort and expenditure, judiciously directed to the thorough qualifica