the unfortunate man Brett, were concerned in the common design of using dangerous violence against the police, and guilty of murder, though they might have had no ill-will against Brett individually. It was possible they did not know that Brett was in the van-they might not even know of his existence-yet still they were all responsible for the act that one of their company committed in carrying out the common design of using dangerous violence towards any of the police who might resist their efforts in procuring the rescue of the prisoners. All who were engaged in the common design were guilty of murder equally with the man who fired the shot. The only

difficulty in considering the case was in regard to the number of the prisoners concerned in the attack. He need not tell them that the case against each individual prisoner was to be looked at as the evidence bore upon him in particular. They would have to look to the design, which resulted in the death of Brett,whether the prisoner was doing such acts, and conducting himself in such a way as to lead to the conclusion that he was one who had this common end in view; and they must consider that point in regard to each individual prisoner." The grand jury retired for upwards of an hour, and returned with a true bill against Allen, Larkin, Gould, Maguire, and Shore. An attempt made to remove the trial to the Central Criminal Court was at once disposed of by Mr. Justice Blackburn as impossible, seeing they were there under a Special Commission issued on the advice of the responsible advisers of the Crown, and the judges could do nothing to contradict or defeat the special object for which they were

sent.

23. The Emperor of Austria arrives in Paris on a visit to the Emperor Napoleon.

25. Circular issued to diplomatic agents by the French Government explanatory of its position towards Italy, and suggesting a Congress for the settlement of the Roman question.

As soon," it was said, "as the Pontifical territory shall be liberated, and security is reestablished, we shall have accomplished our task, and we shall withdraw."

General Cialdini being unable to form a Government at Florence, the task was undertaken by General Menabrea, formerly Ambassador at Vienna.

26.-A French iron-clad squadron leaves Toulon for Civita Vecchia with troops to support the Pope.

Garibaldi, at the head of four battalions of volunteers, defeats the Pontifical troops at Monte Rotondo.

27.—The King of Italy issues a proclamation to put down the insurgents on the frontier, as bands "excited and seduced by a party without my authorization, or that of my Government. The dangers which disorders and rash schemes may create amongst us must be

opposed by maintaining the firm authority of the Government and the inviolability of the laws. The honour of the country is in my hands, and the confidence the nation has shown in me during the saddest periods cannot fail me. When calm shall be restored to men's minds, and public order shall be fully re-established, according to the vote of Parliament, my Government, in agreement with that of France, will endeavour with all loyalty to make a practicable arrangement calculated to put an end to the serious and important Roman question."

27.-The King of Greece married at St. Petersburg to the Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna.

29. A destructive hurricane sweeps across the West India islands, the first despatch reporting the Rhone lost at Peter Island, the Wye at Buck Island, the Conway at Tortola, the Derwent ashore at St. Thomas, the Tyne and Solent dismasted, but serviceable. St. Thomas presented one wide scene of desolation and death, as many as 500 lives being reported as lost. The island of Tortola was said to have been completely submerged with all the inhabitants, and though more exact information showed this to be an exaggeration, it was found that little in the way of either life or produce had been left on the island.

Conservative banquet given to Mr. Disraeli in the Corn Exchange, Edinburgh. The hall was crowded, about 1,300 sitting down to dinner, and 120 ladies (among whom was Mrs. Disraeli) accommodated in a gallery at the lower end of the room. In acknowledging the enthusiastic manner in which his health had been toasted, the Chancellor of the Exchequer took occasion to vindicate the Government scheme of Reform, by showing that the Conservative party were quite at liberty to deal with it, and that they had so dealt with it as to make something like a permanent settlement :-"Seven memorable years elapsed from 1859 to 1866, when Lord Derby was called again to power, and during these seven years the question of Parliamentary Reform was before the public mind and under the examination of Parliament. During that period of seven years, with the advice-I may say under the instructions-of my colleagues, I expressed the principles upon which any measure of Parliamentary Reform ought to be established. Now, mark this, because there are things which you may not have heard in any speech which has been made in the city of Edinburgh. (Laughter.) I had to prepare the mind of the country, and to educate-if it be not arrogant to use such a phrase-to educate our party. It is a large party, and requires its attention to be called to questions of this kind with some pressure. I had to prepare the mind of Parliament and of the country on this question of Reform." Mr. Disraeli made allusion to the absence of Sir John Sinclair, who had declined to let his name be placed on the Com

mittee. "Pardon," he said, "some feeling on my part, when I remember that it is in consequence of my conduct-in consequence of our unprincipled withdrawal of securities, and the betrayal of our friends, who insisted upon being betrayed, that I miss to-day the presence of one of my oldest and most valued friends. I should have liked to have been welcomed by his cordial heart, and with the ripe scholarship which no one appreciated more than myself. He has commemorated the withdrawal of his confidence in a letter, which, strange to say, has not a quotation. (A laugh.) No one could have furnished a happier one. I can picture him, Sir-I can picture him to myself at this moment, in the castellated shades of Thurso, with the Edinburgh Review on one side, and on the other the 'Conservative Surrender.' (Laughter and loud cheers, which were again and again renewed.) The man who has written the summary of the session in the Edinburgh is not mounted, I fear, on the fiery barb of Francis Jeffrey. I should say that the article was written by a very clever man, who has made a very great mistake. I see many gentlemen who have doubtless been, as magistrates, like myself, inspectors of peculiar asylums. (Laughter.) You meet there some cases which I have always thought at the same time the most absurd and the most distressing. It is when the inmate believes that all the world is mad, and that he himself is alone sane. (Laughter, and loud and continued cheering.) But to pass from such gloomy images. Really these Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews no one more admires than myself. But I admire them as I do first-class, first-rate post-houses, which in old days, for half-a-century or so, to use a Manchester phrase, 'carried on a roaring trade.' Then there comes some revolution of progress which nobody can ever have contemplated. They find things are altered. Boots of the 'Blue Bell' and the chambermaid of the Red Lion' embrace, and they are quite of accord in this-in denouncing the infamy of railroads." (Laughter and cheers.) Having stated his conviction that it was not only the interest but the intention of the great Powers of Europe to favour permanently the cause of peace, Mr. Disraeli concluded:-"I am the last man who would attempt to depreciate the difficulties which a British Minister has to meet, or would attempt to exaggerate the qualities which my colleagues possess. Indeed, when I remember the interests of these British isles, so vast, so various, and so complicated--when I even recall to recollection the differences of race, which, however blended, leave a very significant characteristic-when I recollect that the great majority of the population of the United Kingdom rise every day and depend for their daily sustenance on their daily labour -when I recollect the delicate nature of our credit, more wonderful in my opinion than all our accumulated capital-when I remember that it is on the common sense, the prudence,

and the courage of a community thus circumstanced, that depends the fate of uncounted millions in ancient provinces, and that around the globe there is a circle of domestic settlements that watch us for example and inspiration-when I know that not a sun rises upon a British Minister that does not bring him care, and even inexpressible anxiety-an unexpected war, a disturbed and discontented colony, a pestilence, a famine, a mutiny, a declining trade, a decaying revenue, a collapse of credit, perhaps some insane and fantastic conspiracyI declare I feel very often, I wonder where there is the strength of heart to deal with such colossal circumstances. (Hear, hear.) But when I withdraw from the pressure of indivi dual interest, and take a larger and deeper view of human affairs, I recognise that in this country, whatever may have been the tumult and the turmoil of our now almost countless generations, there have been three master influences that have at all times controlled and commanded our powers and passions, and they are industry, liberty, and religion. (Hear, hear.) So long as this sacred combination influences the destiny of this country, it will not die-history will recognise its life, not record its decline and fall. (Cheers.) It will say, this is a great and understanding people, and it is from such materials we make the magnificence of the nation establish the splendour of the terrestrial globe."

30.-General Menabrea, the new Italian Premier, issues a diplomatic note announcing that his Government had now authorized the advance of troops across the frontier. Three days later the following appeared in the official Gazette:-"The French Moniteur having announced that the French flag waves upon the walls of Civita Vecchia, the Government of the King, in conformity with the declarations made by it previously to friendly Powers, and in view of such an eventuality, has given the order to the royal troops to cross the frontier and occupy certain points in the Pontifical territory."

The French troops, under General Dumont, enter Rome. They were said to have been silently and sullenly received, but without any open manifestation of hostilities.

November 1.- A cyclone of great fury bursts over Bengal. In the city of Calcutta it was reported to be even more destructive than that of 1864. It was calculated that as many as 1,000 lives were lost, and 30,000 native huts swept away. About 3 P.M. the barometer began to fall, and the wind came down in fierce gusts. At dusk it increased slightly in violence. By 10 P.M. the fastenings of doors and windows began to be severely tested, and the storm (writes a witness) rushed over the city with a fierce, murmuring roar, like a heavy surf beating on a shingle beach. This roar never lulled till daybreak, but every minute swelled up into a tempest of wind and rain, marking the approach of furious squalls. The hurricane fortunately swept down the river, and had thus to battle with the tide, instead of bringing with it so dreaded an auxiliary as the storm wave. The ships in harbour were therefore enabled to ride out the storm with less injury than might have been anticipated.

Dr. Norman Macleod and Dr. Watson entertained at dinner in Willis's Rooms preparatory to leaving for India as a deputation to the Scotch Presbyterian mission there.

The Marquis de Moustier forwards a despatch to Florence strongly condemning the occupation of Papal territory by the King's troops. "However the Italian intervention in the States of the Holy See may be restricted, with whatever promptness it may come, and by whatever circumspection it may be surrounded, the French Government, which, as an adviser, has always blamed such a step, could not now in any way invest it with its approval. If the Government of the King of Italy believes that he may expect from us even a tacit adhesion, such a belief is an illusion which we must not hesitate to dispel."

Conviction of Fenian prisoners at Manchester. The evidence for the Crown went to show that Allen used a hammer and stones upon the door of the van, trying to break it open, and that he fired the shot which killed Brett, after threatening to shoot him unless he gave up the keys. He also shot a constable in the leg, and a bystander in the foot; and repeatedly threatened to "blow out the brains" of any one who came near him to interfere. Larkin hammered with a stone at the door of the van, and took an active part in the stonethrowing. He also fired three shots at one policeman without effect. Gould fired a shot which grazed a policeman's coat. Shore was proved to have thrown stones; but of Maguire it was only established that he was "loafing about' with Allen and Gould before the outrage, and handed up stones to a man at the top of the van. For others an alibi was set up, and, sometimes under the correction of the judges, Mr. Seymour did what he could for the prisoners by getting the witnesses to contradict themelves. After an absence of two hours the jury returned a verdict of Guilty against all the five prisoners. Allen expressed himself as pleased

1. The new Metropolitan Street Traffic Act comes into operation.

2.-Dinner given to Charles Dickens, in the Freemasons' Tavern, before his departure on a tour through America.

66

"We

3. - Garibaldi abandons his position at Monte Rotondo, with the object, as he explained, of first concentrating the volunteer forces at Tivoli, and then withdrawing from all active participation in the insurrection. shall now look on," he said, as spectators, and await the solution which our troops and the French army will give to the Roman pro-. blem; and, in the event of that solution not being in conformity with the wishes of the nation, the country will find within itself fresh forces to begin again and solve the vital question by itself."

Paris Exhibition closed.

4.--In addressing the Lord Mayor elect (Allen) on presentation, the Lord Chancellor said:"With regard to the rights and privileges of the Corporation, this is an age in which nothing can be expected to stand on foundations of mere custom and antiquity... If anything requires reformation, you will do well to apply your mind to it with that view, instead of allowing a rude hand to be laid upon these rights and privileges, which may sweep them away entirely.' The ancient state coach was dispensed with this year in the procession.

Bread riots at Exeter. The military called out, and Riot Act read.

After a series of sharp engagements the Garibaldian garrison of Mentana capitulate to the united Papal and French troops.

Garibaldi arrested at Figline on his journey to Caprera, and carried to Spezzia. The general protested against the act, and claimed the protection due to an Italian deputy and an American citizen. He was released on the 26th.

5. On this and the following evening a Garibaldian demonstration, amounting to a serious insurrection, takes place in Milan.

The Gazette announces the appointment of a Royal Commission to inquire into, and report upon, the Irish Church, its revenues and incumbrances, as well as their management, administration, and distribution.

Commencement of a series of riots at Oxford arising out of the usual disorderly celebration of Guy Fawkes' Day, combined with some irritation at the price of bread.

6. The second batch of Fenian prisoners

at Manchester acquitted of the charge of murder. The remaining lot were dismissed next day.

7. The Canadian United Parliament of the New Dominion opened at Ottawa for the first time with great ceremony by Lord Monck.

8.-Disastrous explosion in the Ferndale Colliery, Rhondda Vach Valley, South Wales. About 170 men and boys went down in the morning to the four-fathom seam, where the famous Merthyr steam coal was wrought. Things went on as usual till shortly after one o'clock, when an explosion occurred which shook the pit and set the whole workings in a blaze. Three men employed at the bottom of the shaft to hitch the trams on the carriage were blown away, two of them being killed, and the third escaping in an extraordinary manner without injury. The blast then ascended the shaft with a tremendous roar, and drove the men at the top from their posts. As soon as the shaft was sufficiently clear to permit of a descent being made, an exploring party entered the workings, and made the sad discovery that there could not be more than two or three survivors of all the company of workmen who were engaged in the pit. The rolley ways being blocked up in many places by masses of fallen coal, the work of recovering the bodies was often difficult, and always dangerous, but within a week they were nearly all got at and sent to the pit-mouth, which was surrounded day and night by distressed relatives and spectators.

11.

Conservative demonstration in the Crystal Palace, composed chiefly of the working men of the metropolis. Lord John Manners addressed the company after dinner on the political future of England.

12.-Admiral Tegethoff is permitted to leave Mexico with the body of the Emperor Maximilian.

15.—This evening the following appalling, and, as it turned out, exaggerated, intelligence was received by the Atlantic Cable:-"New York, November 15, 6 P.M. The island of Tortola has been submerged; 10,000 lives were lost." (See Oct. 29.)

16. The three Fenian leaders, "Colonel' Warren, "General" Halpin, and " Captain' Costello, found guilty of treason-felony at the Dublin Special Commission, were brought up for judgment, and sentenced-the two firstmentioned to fifteen years' and the last to twelve years' penal servitude. All three claimed to be citizens of the United States, and made violent speeches, Warren declaring that he "would not give 374 cents for a lease of the British Constitution."

Died, aged 80 years, Madame de Flahault, a prominent member of the upper diplomatic circles in Europe, and a grand-daughter of Thrale, the friend of Dr. Johnson.

18.-The French Chambers opened by the Emperor. His Majesty was at pains to declare

that he "accepts frankly" the changes which have taken place in Germany. As to the occupation of Rome, he explained that it was only provisional; that the September Convention existed for him only till it was replaced by a new international act; that he had invited a conference to meet; and that the speedy recall of his army might be anticipated.

18. A deputation of Fenian sympathisers, headed by one Finlen, force their way into the Home Office for the purpose of urging a commutation of the sentence of death passed upon the Manchester murderers. Mr. Gathorne Hardy refusing to see them, a letter was handed to Finlen on the stairs by one of the office-keepers, who also intimated that no noisy discussion could be permitted. Finlen thereupon peremptorily ordered him to hold his tongue, telling him that he was "a mere servant of the place, and not a member of the deputation." A discussion followed, and several speeches of a threatening character were made. Mr. Hardy's request, through the door-keeper, that they would withdraw, was received with derisive groans and hisses. Finlen again addressed the wonder-stricken door-keeper, “We are going, sir; stand back;" then turning to the mob, who kept possession of the stairs and lobbies, "We will use every effort, thew and muscle, to save these men's lives. They shall not be sacrificed. I would turn all the Tory Governments into the sea rather than see these brave, plucky, and glorious Fenians immolated in the way it is intended to do. (Loud cheers.) Mr. Hardy is in that room, and he and his colleagues must know that it shall be proclaimed far and wide that if these men's lives are sacrificed, their own lives will not be held sacred, or their position as advisers of a good and gracious Queen maintained in the face of such paltry, bloody, and miserable conduct." This noisy, and for the place unprecedented display, was cut short by the entrance of the police, who summarily turned out the intruders while declaring that they would hold torchlight meetings nightly, and solicit help from all the large towns in the kingdom.

19.-Meeting of Ritualists in St. James's Hall to adopt a memorial to the Royal Commissioners that it was inexpedient to promote any alteration of the existing law, or in any way to restrain the lawful liberty of the clergy and the right of the laity.

- Parliament opened by Commission, the Royal Speech making mention that it was called together at this unusual season mainly to sanction the expedition which it had been judged necessary to organize for the purpose of rescuing the helpless captives in Abyssinia. "I confidently rely upon the support and co-operation of my Parliament in my endeavour at once to relieve their countrymen from an unjust imprisonment, and to vindicate the honour of my Crown." Referring to the disturbance in Italy, a hope was expressed now that the object for which interference had been

made was accomplished, that the Emperor Napoleon would find himself enabled, by an early withdrawal of his troops, to remove any possible grounds of misunderstanding between his Majesty and the King of Italy. Reform bills were promised for Scotland and Ireland, and also measures relating to public schools, education, mercantile marine, law amendment, and the modification of the orders in Council prohibiting the importation of foreign cattle. The address was agreed to in each House without a division; the Speaker in the Lower making feeling reference to the illness of Mrs. Disraeli, which naturally toned down the spirit of the debate.

21.-The Fenian convict Shore respited.

22.-Intimation made in the House of Commons that the Fenian convict Maguire, condemned at Manchester, had not only been respited, but restored to her Majesty's service.

A deputation, consisting of Finlen and two other Fenian sympathisers, travel to Windsor for the purpose of submitting an address to the Queen, in person urging clemency to the Manchester convicts. Sir John Cowell and General Grey returned their memorial, with an intimation that it must be presented through the Secretary of State.

23.-Allen, Larkin, and Gould executed at Manchester. Every possible preparation was made in anticipation of a disturbance, but nothing occurred calling for the interference of either military or special constables, a large number of which had been sworn in during the week. Owing, doubtless, to the earnest entreaties of the magistrates, the number of people present was greatly under that at ordinary executions. Allen stepped on to the scaffold first, and at his appearance all noise in the crowd below was hushed. Every head was uncovered, and some few hands, it was said, were clapped; but whether as rejoicing in his execution, or sympathising with the murder he had committed, it was impossible to say.

The rope

was put round his neck, his feet were fastened, and the white cap drawn over his face amid solemn silence. Gould came next, praying, with the clergyman, earnestly and fervently. When Gould came out upon the drop he shuffled near to Allen, and as well as his bonds allowed, shook hands with him and kissed him through his white cap. It may have been that Larkin saw something of this final leave-taking between men passing into eternity; or possibly that, seeing his companions thus capped and bound for death, unnerved him; for his courage seemed to sink at the last moment, and he could barely totter on to the drop. Hardly had he done so, and the white cap been drawn over him, than he fainted, and fell heavily against Gould. In an instant the under-hangman seized Larkin and held him upright; while the exhortations to bear this last ordeal with firmness as an atonement for their great sins were pressed upon them in loud prayers. The men turned their faces towards the

sounds, and gave from beneath their white caps muffled sounds of earnest responses. In spite, however, of his evident efforts, Larkin seemed to grow more faint, his knees sunk two or three times, and the hangman hurriedly warning those near at hand from the vicinity of the drop, stepped back, and casting one professional glance of eager interest to see that all was right, drew a little bolt amid a loud boom the men dropped, and the long suppressed noises of the crowd broke out in a subdued muffled hum of terror and surprise, above which arose distinctly the solemn words of prayer for those that were dying. Allen died almost instantly, so also did Gould. The sufferings of Larkin, however, seemed very great, and it was nearly two minutes before he ceased beating the air in ineffectual struggles.

23.-Discussion in Committee of Supply upon the credit of 2,000,000l. demanded by Government for the Abyssinian Expedition. This sum, as explained by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, was all that could be spent within the financial year; and if King Theodore should surrender the captives without actual war, it would about represent the cost of placing Sir R. Napier's force in Abyssinia. Any objection offered to the vote was based on the allegation that the Government, in defiance of the spirit of the Constitution, involved the country in a war without consulting Parliament, and even after an intimation had been given that war might be avoided. The vote was agreed to after a somewhat languid discussion.

Mr.

The prisoners for whose deliverance the Abyssinian force was to operate, were at least eight in number - Mr. Cameron, her Majesty's Consul at Massowah, who arrived at Gondar in June, 1862, accompanied by his secretary, Mr. Kerans, and by three servants, named M'Kelvey, Makerer, and Pietro; the first three of the above-named were British, the fourth French, the fifth Italian. Rassam, her Majesty's envoy to Abyssinia, arrived at the Emperor's camp in January 1866, with Lieutenant Prideaux and Dr. Blanc, attached to the mission; the last two British, Mr. Rassam, a Syrian by birth, but British by employment. There were thirteen other persons stated to be detained in captivity by King Theodore, whose case was especially recommended to the British Commander-in-Chief, although the military force was not proceeding to Abyssinia specifically to effect their release. These were, M. Bardé (French), painter, and teacher of languages, formerly secretary to Consul Cameron; Rev. H. Stern (Hesse), and Rev. H. Rosenthal (Mecklenburgh), missionaries; Mrs. E. Rosenthal, British born; Rev. Mr. Flad, missionary, Mrs. Flad, and three children, all Prussians; Rev. M. Staiger and Rev. M. Brandeis, missionaries, belonging to Baden; M. Schiller (Prussian), and M. Esler (Hungarian), natural history collectors. Lastly, there were