perils which he had escaped. This | Newcastle," while later critics thought was the third brush that she had won so highly of her that, in "A Vision that season, she told him, and he ob- of Female Poets "1 Shakespeare and tained leave to have it mounted for her. Milton are represented as respectfully helping her to alight from her Pegasus. It was some months after these The imputation of insanity probably events that Lord Arthur, turning out troubled the duchess but little e; she of his club in Pall Mall, ran against Sir would console herself with the reflecThomas Clutterbuck, who said : tion that "great wits are sure to mad"So you're to be congratulated, Iness near allied; " and if, as some of hear. Well, she's a nice girl, and if a her biographers assert, her devoted man must needs marry, I don't know loyalty to her husband, in the extremely that he could do better than choose a disloyal court of Charles II., earned girl of that sort. For my own part, her the nickname of "Mad Madge," I've come to the conclusion that the it becomes a title of honor. less one has to do with women the more likely one is to enjoy life. It's possible to get along quite comfortably without 'em, I can assure you. Been consulting any more amateur vets lately?" There is no indication of madness in the laurel-crowned and graceful portrait prefixed to her "Description of a New World ;" simply robed, reclining easily in her chair, and absorbed in reflection, she looks an ideal young Muse — grave, calm, with firmly closed lips, rounded cheeks and chin, wavy hair flowing over a beautiful throat, and large, dark, Lord Arthur made a retrospective grimace. "I haven't had occasion to do so, I'm thankful to say," he replied. "Have you been making any more ex-earnest eyes. The engraving, pubperiments in the hair-restoring line ?" "My dear fellow, you wouldn't believe what a job I had to get rid of that infernal stuff! The end of it was that I was obliged to have my head shaved and go off on a sea-voyage for three weeks. However, I'm my own master now, anyhow, which is more than can be said for you. I think, Fulton, we may as well draw a decent veil over the episodes of our visit to your future wife's family. It makes a good story, I admit, but one isn't justified in telling tales about ladies, you know." "I suppose not," answered the other, guiltily conscious of having already told his future wife all about it. "Goodbye!" W. E. NORRIS. From Temple Bar. "LAMB'S DUCHESS;" MARGARET, DUCHESS OF NEWCASTLE. "THE whole story of this lady is a romance, and all she does is romantic," wrote Pepys of the subject of this paper, whom some of her contemporaries irreverently styled "Mad Madge, of lished in 1799 by Harding, is very finc. It is obviously taken from the large family group representing the duchess with the duke and his children, which forms the frontispiece. to "Nature's Picture drawn by Fancie's Pencil.” of The writings of the duchess in extenso by no means commend themselves to a busy and practical age, but such them as record her own and her husband's experiences can never lose their interest; while shrewd observations and poetic fancies are mingled with even her wildest speculations. Two comparatively recent editors have laid very judicious selections from her folios before the public, but there are still good gleanings left for those who refer to the originals,2 though it must be admitted that a great deal of chaff has to be winnowed away before the precious grain is discovered. 1 Connoisseur, vol. ii., p. 265, edit. 1774. 2 "Lives of William Cavendishe, Duke of Newcastle, and his Wife," edited by M. A. Lower, 1856; and "The Cavalier and his Lady" (Golden Treasury Series), edited by Edward Jenkins, which does not give the life of the duke, but selections from the works of both, including the autobiography of the duchess. In the passages quoted in this paper, Mr. Jenkins's plan of modernizing spelling and the use of capital letters, has been adopted. Margaret, daughter of Sir Thomas | tion was complete while Margaret was Lucas, was born at St. John's, near still a child, “loved virtue, endeavored Colchester. She does not give the merit, practised justice, and spoke year, but it is supposed to have been about 1624. She was the youngest of eight children, of whom she writes, "there was not any one crooked nor any ways deformed, neither were they dwarfish nor of giant-like stature, but every way proportionable, well-featured, clear complexions, brown hair, sound teeth, plain speeches, tunable voices-I mean not so much to sing, as in speaking." my Sir Thomas Lucas died when Margaret was an infant, and she only knew him by reputation as a gallant and unfortunate gentleman ("which title," she says, "is given and grounded by merit, not by princes; and 'tis the act of time, not favor"). "One Mr. Brooks" did him an injury; (6 father by honor challenged him, with valor fought him, and in justice killed him," on which Lord Cobham, who was the protector, and as some suppose the brother, of the fallen man, used his influence with Queen Elizabeth to send Sir Thomas into an exile which only terminated with her life. He did not long survive his recall to England on the accession of James I. Lady Lucas is described by her daughter with love and veneration :— truth; they were constantly loyal and did know. The daughters 66 were bred virtuously, modestly, civilly, and honorably." Lady Lucas, unlike those mothers of the period, who by the testimony of Lady Jane Grey and others ruled by fear, and punished their shrinking children with "nips and pinches," was both tender and firm. My mother [says Margaret] naturally did strive to please and delight her children, not to cross or to torment them, terrifying them with threats or lashing them with slavish whips; instead of threats reason was used to persuade us, and instead of lashes the deformities of vice were discovered, and the graces and virtues were pre sented to us. In like manner the wise mother refrained from undue economy, never "honest restricting her children in Her beauty was beyond the ruin of time. She had a well-favored loveliness in her face, a pleasing sweetness in her counte-pleasures and harmless delights," lest, nance, and a well-tempered complexion, "if she bred us with needy necessity, neither too red nor too pale, even to her it might chance to create in us mean dying hour, although in years; and by her thoughts and base actions, which she dying one might think Death was enamored knew my father as well as herself did of her, for he embraced her in a sleep, and abhor." so gently as if he were afraid to hurt her.1 After the death of Sir Thomas Lucas, his widow "made her house her cloister, enclosing herself, as it were, therein, for she seldom went abroad except to church.” Her whole life was devoted to the education of her children, and the careful management of the estates which would ultimately become theirs. The sons of the house, whose educa1 The Cavalier and his Lady. Macmillan, 1872, p. 49. She brought them up "in plenty, not only for necessity, convenience, and decency, but for delight and superfluity. as for our garments, my mother did not only delight to see us beat and cleanly, fine and gay, but rich and costly. Maintaining us to the height of her estate, but not beyond it." So excellent was her management, that, says Margaret : Although after my father's death the estate was divided between my mother and her sons, paying a sum of money for portions to her daughters either at the day of their marriage or when they should come of age, yet by reason she and her children agreed with a mutual consent, all their affairs were managed so well, as she lived not in a much lower condition than when my father lived, and was never in debt, being rather beforehand with the world, buying all with ready money, not on the cut by reason she and her children were loyal to the king, for which they plundered her and them of all their goods, plate, jewels, money, corn, cattle, and the like down their woods, pulled down their houses, and sequestered them from their lands and livings. In such misfortunes my mother was of a heroic spirit, in suffering patiently when there was no remedy, and being industrious where she thought she could help. She was of a grave behavior, and such a For tutors, she says, in singing, danc- majestic grandeur continually hung about ing, writing and the like, they had "all her that it would strike a kind of awe into beholders, and command respect from the sorts of virtuosos," but "rather for rudest (I mean the rudest of civilized people formality than benefit," as Lady Lucas-I mean not such people as plundered her thought the formation of her children's and used her cruelly, for they would have characters more important than accom- pulled God out of Heaven had they had plishments. Their pastimes were "to as they did royalty out of his read, write, work, and walk with each other." score. power, throne).2 At this time, to the surprise and There was such perfect harmony in even grief of her family, Margaret, the family at St. John's that even after the youngest, shyest, and most studiseveral of its members were happily ous (or rather, perhaps, meditative, for married, they lived with Lady Lucas she admits that her "study of books when she was in the country; and was little," though she would walk though in London they were "dis-alone for hours" in a musing, considerpersed into several houses of their ing, contemplative manner") of them own, yet for the most part they met every day, feasting each other like Job's children." In winter they made parties to visit the theatres, or drove about London in their coaches "to see the concourse of people, and in the springtime to visit the Spring Garden, Hyde Park, and the like places, and sometimes they would have music and sup in barges upon the water." I observed [continued Margaret] they did seldom make visits, nor ever went abroad with strangers in their company, but only themselves in a flock together, agreeing so well that there seemed but one mind amongst them. And not only my own brothers and sisters agreed so, but my brothers and sisters in law. And their children, although but young, had the like agreeable natures and affectionate disposi tions. all, announced her wish to join the queen at Oxford, hearing that she had not the same number of maids of honor as formerly. The romantic and generous spirit of her house prompted this impulse. She had not been attracted by court gaieties and splendor, but when the throne was shaken her loyalty shone out. She could not fight for the king like her gallant brothers, but she could offer her dutiful service to the queen, flying in distress from her enemies. say's Lady Lucas understood her child, and did not oppose her resolution, although she let her go with pain. But the brothers and sisters were less easily reconciled, "by reason,' Margaret, "I had never been from home and seldom out of their sight." They feared that her inexperience might lead her to act to her own disadvantage, "which indeed I did," she confesses, "for I was so bashful when out of my mother's, brothers' and sisters' sight, whose presence used to give The Cavalier and his Lady. Macmillan, 1872, pp. 48, 49. "Love's Welcome at Welbeck," was written for this visit, and "Love's Welcome at Bolsover," for "a more stupendous entertainment, to the king and queen, given in the following year, which no man ever after in those days imitated." 1 The two visits cost the host £20,000. me confidence, thinking I could not doing, as had scarce ever been known amiss whilst any one of them were by, in England." Ben Jonson's masque, for I knew they would gently reform me if I did." This reserve and selfdistrust made Margaret, with all her beauty and talent, unpopular in the queen's circle. She was studying character, observing and pondering, and in her grave young mind reprobating levity and worldliness; and the courtiers who felt those serious eyes upon them tried to avenge themselves by turning her into ridicule. "Being dull," by which she apparently means quiet, "fearful and bashful," she says she heeded only "what belonged to my loyal duty and my honest reputation insomuch as I was thought a natural fool." er's advice, Margaret Lucas, instead of returning home, accompanied Henrietta Maria to France, and so decided her own fate, there meeting her future husband. In 1638, the then Earl of Newcastle was summoned to court and made privy councillor, and governor to the Prince of Wales. Strong personal regard, combined with the principle of loyalty, attached him to the Stuarts at all costs and hazards; but it is not possible here to follow in detail the series of sacrifices and exertions on behalf of Charles which, from 1641 to 1644, dissipated his fortune and nearly broke his heart. His second wife adds many picturesque touches to her narrative of this period, such as "the dismal sight of the horse of his Majesty's right wing, which, out of a panic fear, had left the field and run away with all the speed they could; and though my lord made them stand once, yet they immediately took themselves to their heels again, and killed even those of their own party This state of things became so painful to young Mistress Lucas that she soon wished to return to her mother, or to one of her married sisters, Lady Pye, with whom she often lived when in London, and whom she "loved with a supernatural affection." But Lady Lucas disapproved of a step which would have looked like caprice or irresolution, and counselled her daughter to remain, "though I put her to more charges than if she had kept me at home, and she maintained me so that I was in a condition rather to lend than to borrow, which courtiers usually that endeavored to stop them; and are not." In obedience to her moth-an encounter with a Scots regiment of foot, "in which my lord himself killed three with his page's half-leaden sword, for he had no other left him ; and though all the gentlemen in particular offered him their swords, yet my lord William Cavendish was born in 1592 refused to take a sword of any of (his wife, with her persistent disregard them."2 He was a gallant soldier, and of dates, does not mention the year), a most zealous and indefatigable serand on leaving Cambridge, having been vant of the king; but the royal cause made a Knight of the Bath at sixteen, was hopeless, and, according to Clarenaccompanied Sir William Wotton when don, "transported with passion and sent as ambassador to the Duke of Sa- despair," at the way in which the army voy. Returning to England, he mar- he had with such difficulty raised had ried Elizabeth Basset of Blore, "by been "thrown away," he left England whom was added a great part to his after the battle of Marston Moor. His estate." Honors were heaped upon | wife had died in 1643, and he was only him by King James and his successor, which, however, entailed costly recog- 1 Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, vol. i., nition, for when the latter monarch went to Scotland, he was entertained at garet, Duchess of Newcastle, edited by Mark AnWelbeck "in such an excess of feast-thony Lower. Russell Smith, 1872, pp. 61-63. P. 167. 2 Life of William, Duke of Newcastle, by Mar Which affection joyed at the fame of his worth, was pleased with delight in his wit, was. proud of the respect he used to me, and triumphed in the affection he professed for me. Those affections he hath confirmed to: me by a deed of time, sealed by constancy, his promise; which makes me happy in and assigned by an unalterable decree of despite of Fortune's frowns. accompanied by his two sons, his orable, being placed upon merit. brother, Sir Charles Cavendish, and some friends. All the money with which his steward could provide him was ninety pounds, aud it is not surprising to learn that on landing at Hamburg he had to dismiss some of his servants and to travel by wagon instead of coach. However, he managed to obtain more money1 with which in the following year he proceeded to Paris, And fortune frowned darkly on the where he immediately "went to tender early days of the marriage, for Marhis humble duty" to Queen Henrietta garet tells us that her husband, having Maria. There he for the first time met no estate or means left to maintain the young maid of honor, of whose himself and his family, was necessibeauty and talents he had heard much tated to seek for credit, and live upon from her eldest brother, Lord Lucas, the courtesy of those that were pleased his friend and comrade. The duke- to trust him. Which though they did or rather, as he was then, the marquis - was handsome, with a dignified and noble carriage, and a thoughtful, amiable expression; his reputation for chivalrous and self-sacrificing loyalty had preceded him. His behavior, says Margaret, was such "that it might be a pattern for all gentlemen. Courtly, civil, easy and free, without formality or constraint, and yet hath something lord, being always a great master of his in it of grandeur, that causes an awful respect towards him." They were mutually attracted at once, and after he had stayed in Paris some little time, "he was pleased," she says simply, "to take some particular notice of me, and express more than an ordinary affection for me, insomuch that he proposed to choose me for his second wife," and in her autobiographic sketch 2 she adds: for some while, and showed themselves very civil to my lord, yet they grew weary at length." To such straits were the bride and bridegroom then reduced that their steward announced that he was not able to provide a dinner for them, the creditors being resolved to trust them no longer. On this, observes the patient bride: "My The passions, showed himself not in any manner troubled, but in a pleasant manner told me that I must of necessity pawn my clothes to make as much money as would procure a dinner.” poor young wife had to confess. that her scanty wardrobe would not answer the purpose, and asked her waiting-maid to pawn some small toys" which she had given her. This was done, and, fortified by the meal, the marquis presented himself before Though I did dread marriage, and shunned men's company as much as I his creditors, and, "by his civil deportcould, yet I could not nor had the power to ment and persuasive arguments," inrefuse him, by reason my affections were duced them not only to furnish him. fixed on him, and he was the only person I with goods, but to lend him money to ever was in love with. . . . Neither title, redeem the pledged "toys." The wealth, power, nor person, could entice me marchioness then sent her waitingto love; but my love was honest and hon-maid to England, to ask Lord Lucas to 1 Partly by pawning his late wife's jewels. He had, as one of the Royalist leaders, been excluded from pardon by the Parliament, and his estates had been confiscated. They were in part restored to him (strange to say) after the return of Charles the forward her slender dowry, reduced by the losses to which her family had been subjected. Thither also the marquis despatched his son's tutor, to endeavor to raise funds amongst his friends, but Mr. Benoist effected little, "by reason everybody was so afraid of the Parlia ment they durst not relieve him who |