9. From floor to ceiling Like a huge organ(rise) the burnished arms. 10. Unwounded from the dreadful close, But breathless all, Fitz-James arose) CAUTION.-Consider whether "Unwounded from the dreadful close, But breathless all" belongs to the subject or to the predicate. Be on your guard in similar cases. 11. Underneath this sable hearse Les the subject of all verse. 12. Within a windowed niche of that high hall Sate Brunswick's fated chieftain, 13. On the British heart were lost) The terrors of the charging host. 14. Full many a gem of purest ray serene V The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear. 15. Down the street with laughter and shout, Glad in the freedom of school let out, Come the boys. 16. Somewhat apart from the village, and nearer the Basin of Minas, Benedict Bellefontaine, the wealthiest farmer of Grand-Pré, 17. Far down the beautiful river, Past the Ohio shore and past the mouth of the Wabash, 18. Meanwhile, apart, at the head of the hall, the priest and the herdsman Sat, conversing together of past and present and future. III. 1. Down went the Cumberland all a wrack, With a sudden shudder of death, And the cannon's breath For her dying gasp. 2. Serene in the rapturous throng, Unmoved by the rush of the song, With eyes unimpassioned and slow, Among the dead angels, the deathless Sandalphon stands listening breathless. 3. Hearing his imperial name 4. 5. 6. Coupled with those words of malice, To confirm his words out-flew Millions of flaming swords, drawn from the thighs of mighty cherubim. Satan, above the rest In shape and gesture proudly eminent, Stood like a tower. His face Deep scars of thunder had intrenchea. Hurled headlong flaming from the ethereal sky, With hideous ruin and combustion, down To bottomless perdition. 8. On each hand the flames Driven backward slope their pointing spires. 9. The imperial ensign, full high advanced, Shone like a meteor streaming to the wind, With gems and golden luster rich emblazed. .: 10. Anon out of the earth a fabric huge II. Rose like an exhalation, with the sound From the arched roof, Pendent by subtle magic, many a rów IV. LONDON STREETS IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. The houses were not numbered; there would, indeed, have been little advantage in numbering them; for' of the coachmen, chair men, porters, and errand boys of London, a very small portion coult read. It was necessary to use marks which the most ignorant could understand. The shops were therefore' distinguished by painted signs, which gave a gay and grotesque aspect to the streets. When the evening closed in, the difficulty and danger of walking about London became serious indeed. The garret windows were opened, and pails were emptied, with little regard to those who were passing below. Falls, bruises, and broken bones were of constant occurrence; for', till the lastt-year of the reign of Charles the Second, most of the streets were left in profound darkness. Thieves and robbers plied their trades with impunity; yet' they were hardly so terrible to peaceable citizens as another class of ruffians. It was a favorite amusement of dissolute young gentlemen to swagger by night about the town, breaking windows, upsetting sedans, beating quiet men, and offering rude caresses to pretty women.-Macaulay: "History of England," chapter iii. 1 A connecting word, belonging neither to the subject nor to the predicate. CHAPTER III OF SUBSTANTIVE AND VERB1 31. Logic vs. Grammar.-The distinction between subject and predicate belongs to thought as well as to the expression of thought. It exists in a speaker's mind before he expresses his thought in words. The distinction is therefore a logical distinction rather than a grammatical one; for grammar has to do only with the expression of thought, that is, with words. We come now to consider the words used in forming the subject and the predicate, and here we enter the field of grammar proper. 32. Substantive and Verb Defined.-Compare the following sentences: Subject. Predicate. Stars twinkle. The beautiful stars, which are really suns about a million miles in diameter and trillions of miles away, twinkle brightly on frosty nights. You observe that one sentence is composed of two words, the other of many; but the fundamental structure of both is the same. Both make assertions about stars, and in both cases the assertion is that To the Teacher.-Only those features of the verb are treated in this chapter which are needed for an understanding of the general structure of sentences. The term "substantive" is in Part I preferred to "noun," because (1) it is a convenient term to include both nouns and substitutes for nouns, and (2) it furnishes the useful word "substantively." stars twinkle. But in the second sentence the fundamental words, "stars" and "twinkle," are accompanied by words and groups of words called Adjuncts ("joined to "). Definition.-A word used (with or without adjuncts) to denote an object of thought is called a Substantive. Definition.-A word used (with or without adjuncts) as the predicate of a sentence is called a Verb (Latin, "the word;" so named because of its supreme importance). When we say that a sentence must contain a subject and a predicate, we speak logically. Speaking grammatically, we say that it must contain a substantive and a verb. 33. Grammatical and Logical Terms Distinguished. In the sentence "The beautiful stars, which are really suns about a million miles in diameter and trillions of miles away, twinkle brightly on frosty nights," the substantive "stars" is called the Simple or Bare Subject to distinguish it from the Logical or Modified Subject, which consists of the simple subject and its adjuncts. "Twinkle" is called the Verb to distinguish it from the Predicate, which consists of the verb and its adjuncts. Other examples are: |
