ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL.-Morn.: Service, Te Deum and Benedictus, Hopkins in F; Introit, 'Tis right that Angels thus should sing (Bach); Holy Communion, Stanford in B flat. Even.: Service, Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis, Stainer in E; Anthem, Come and thank Him (Bach). TEMPLE CHURCH.-Morn.: Service, Te Deum and Jubilate, King in C; Apostles' Creed, Harmonized Monotone; Anthem, In the days of Herod the King (Handel); Kyrie Eleison, King in C. Even. Service, Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis, King in C; Apostles' Creed, Harmonized Monotone; Anthem, In the beginning (Kent). LINCOLN'S INN CHAPEL.-Morn.: Service, Steggall in G; Kyrie, Steggall; Anthem, They that go down to the sea in ships (Attwood). Even.: Service, Steggall in G; Anthem, There were shepherds (E. C. Winchester). ST. AUGUSTINE AND ST. FAITH, OLD CHANGE.-Morn.: Service, Smart in F; Introi, While all things were in quiet silence; Holy Communion, Smart in F. Even.: Service, Smart in B flat; Anthem, O Zion that bringest good tidings. CHRIST CHURCH, CLAPHAM. Morn.: Service, Mass, Gounod (Messe Solennelle); Offertory Anthem, Behold, I bring you good tidings (Goss). Even.: Service, Smart in B flat; Anthem, O be joyful (Smart). FOUNDLING CHAPEL.-Morn.: Service, Te Deum, Dykes in F; Jubilate, Sullivan in D; Anthem, Arise, shine (Elvey). Aft.: Children's Service.. ST. JAMES'S PRIVATE EPISCOPAL CHAPEL, SOUTHWARK. -Morn.: Service, Introit, Sing unto the Lord (Novello); Com. munion Service, Mozart's Twelfth Mass; Offertory, Bethlehem (Gounod). Even.: Service, Smart in F; Anthem,' Christians, be joyful (Bach); after service, carols. S. JOHN THE DIVINE, KENNINGTON, S.E.-Morn.: Service, Sullivan in D; Communion Service, Kyrie and Credo, Eyre in E flat; Sanctus, Benedictus, Agnus Dei, and Gloria, Haydn's First Mass. Even.: Service, Tours in F; Anthem, There were shepherds, and, Glory to God (Handel). ST. MAGNUS, LONDON BRIDGE.-Morn.: Service, Opening Anthem, If we say (Calkin); Te Deum and Jubilate, Barnby in E; Kyrie, Reay. Even.: Service, Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis, Barnby in E; Anthem, The Lord is my strength (Goss). ST. MARGARET PATTENS, ROOD LANE, FENCHURCH STREET.-Morn.: Service, Te Deum, Smart in F; Benedictus, Dykes in F; Communion Service, Offertory Anthem, O come, all ye faithful (Novello); Kyrie, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, Agnus Dei, and Gloria, Schubert in B flat. Even.: Service, Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis, Steggall in G; Anthem, O Zion (Tours). ST. PAUL'S, AVENUE ROAD, SOUTH HAMPSTEAD.-Morn.: Service, Te Deum, Hopkins in G; Benedictus, Goss; Kyrie, Kramer in E flat; Offertory, Barnby. Even.: Service, Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis, Gounod in D; Anthem, The wilderness (Goss). ST. PAUL'S, Bow COMMON, E.-Morn.: Service, Te Deum and Benedictus, Chants; Holy Communion, Kyrie, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, Agnus Dei, and Gloria in excelsis, Mozart in B flat; Offertory, Stainer. Even.: Service, Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis, Eaton Faning in C; Anthem, For behold, The people that walked, and, For unto us (Handel); carols. ST. PETER'S, VERE STREET, W.-Even.: Service, Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis, Parry in D; Anthem, Arise, shine (Elvey). ST. SEPULCHRE'S, HOLBORN.-Morn.: Service, Te Deum and Jubilate, Smart in F; Anthem, Arise, shine (Elvey); Kyrie and Credo, Pearce in C. Even.: Service, Cantate and Deus Misereatur, Hayes in E flat; Anthem, O rest in the Lord, and, He that shall endure (Mendelssohn). COUNTRY. ST. ASAPH CATHEDRAL.-Morn.: Service, Chants; Anthem, Let our song of praise (Mendelssohn). Even.: Service, The Litany; Anthem, Sing, O heavens (Tours). ASHBURNE CHURCH, DERBYSHIRE. — Morn.: Service, Mendelssohn; Holy Communion, Marbecke. Even.: Service, Arnold in D; Anthem, Sing and rejoice (Barnby). BYFLEET (SURREY), SS. PHILIP AND JAMES.-Morn.: Service, Holy Communion, Kyrie, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, Agnus Dei, and Gloria, Tuckerman in F and Bordese; Anthem, In splendour bright, and, The heavens are telling (Haydn). Even.: Service, Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis, Tuckerman in F; Anthem, Sing, O heavens (Tours). DUBLIN, ST. PATRICK'S (NATIONAL) CATHEDRAL.-Morn.: Service, Te Deum and Jubilate, Mendelssohn in A; Anthem, What star in its glory upriseth (Mendelssohn). Even.: Service, Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis, Smith in B flat; Anthem, God is a Spirit (Bennett), and, Ascribe unto the Lord (Travers). DUBLIN (ST. STEPHEN'S CHURCH).-Morn.: Service, Gater in A; Sanctus and Kyrie, Gater in A. Even.: Service, Calkin in D'; Anthems, O taste and see (Goss), and, Who are these like stars appearing (Mrs. J. Robinson). EDINBURGH (ST. MARY'S CATHEDRAL). — Morn.: Service, Chants. Lord a new-made song (Mendelssohn). Even.: Service, Chants; Aft.: Service, Bates in B flat; Anthem, Sing to the Anthem, Lord, for Thy tender mercies' sake (Farrant). O Lord our Governour (Gadsby); Kyrie and Credo, Steggall. ELY CATHEDRAL.-Morn.: Service, Steggall in G; Anthem, Aft.: Service, Steggall in G; Anthem, Sing praises unto the Lord (Gounod). Anthem, From heaven His everlasting (Handel); Introit, O LEEDS PARISH CHURCH.-Morn.: Service, Garrett in F; Thou, the true and only light (Mendelssohn); Kyrie, Creed, Sanctus, and Gloria, Dykes in F. Even.: Service, Garrett in F; Anthem, The wilderness (Wesley). LIVERPOOL CATHEDRAL. Aft.: Service, Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis, Stanford in B flat; Anthem, There were shepherds abiding in the field (Handel). MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL.-Morn.: Service, Te Deum and Jubilate, Ouseley in G; Anthem, In dulce jubilo (Pearsall); Holy Communion, Cobb in G. Aft.: Service, Ouseley in G ; Anthem, Blessed be the God and Father (Wesley). MANCHESTER (ST. BENEDICT'S, ARDWICK).—Morn.: Ser vice, Benedictus, Cobb in G; Kyrie, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, and Gloria in excelsis, Gounod (2nd Messe des Orphéonistes). Even.: Service, Magnificat and and Nunc Dimittis, Gounod in D; carols. MANCHESTER (ST. JOHN BAPTIST, HULME).-Morn.: Service, Kyrie, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, and Agnus Dei, Redhead in C; Gloria in excelsis, Tours in F. Even.: Service, Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis, Tours in F. ROCHESTER CATHEDRAL.-Morn.: Service, Garrett in D; Anthem, Not unto us (Aldrich); Holy Communion, Richardson in F. Even.: Service, Garrett in D; Anthem, Rise up, arise (Mendelssohn). SALISBURY CATHEDRAL.-Morn.: Service, Garrett in E; Communion Service, Garrett in E flat; Offertory, Garrett. Aft.: Service, Garrett in E flat; Anthem, The morning stars (Stainer). delssohn in G; Offertories, Barnby. Even.: Service, Anthem, SHERBORNE ABBEY.-Morn.: Service, Chants; Kyrie, Men. The Lord is my shepherd (Macfarren). tus and Kyrie, Attwood in G. Even.: Service, King in B flat; WELLS CATHEDRAL.-Morn.: Service, Rogers in G; Sanc Anthem, Praise the Lord (Goss). Anthem, O Lord, we trust (Handel). Even.: Service, Hatton WORCESTER CATHEDRAL.-Morn.: Service, Hatton in E; in E; Anthem, Blessed be the Lord (Bennett). ASCHERBERG'S PIANOS BIRMINGHAM (ST. CYPRIAN'S, HAY MILLS).-Morn.: Ser- SHOW ROOMS, vice, Whitfeld in F; Anthem, The angel Gabriel (Smart). Even.: Service, Whitfeld in A; Anthem, When the fullness of time was come (Webbe). CARLISLE CATHEDRAL.-Morn.: Service, Garrett in D; Introit, In Christ ye are circumcised (Macfarren); Kyrie, Garrett in D; Nicene Creed, Marbecke. Even.: Service, Garrett in D; Anthem, Praise the Lord (Mozart). 4.4 211, Regent Street. HREE MANUAL ORGAN 24 STOPS. TO the CLERGYN BUILDER, Duke's Road, Euston Road, late of St. Martin's Lane. Voicing and Tuning. Orders executed for the Trade. KING'S ROAD, ST. PANCRAS, LONDON, N.W. 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They have a most marvellous effect on persons who are out of condition; they soon rectify whatever is in fault, restore strength to the HE MUSICAL STANDARD is published every Saturday, price 3d., by post, 34d.; and may be had of any bookseller or newsagent by ordering its regular supply. SPECIAL.-Manufacturers and Publishers wishing to con tract for a series of Advertisements, will get full particulars of Messrs. Weekes and Co., Hanover Street, Regent Street, W., or of Mr. Harry Lavender, 185, Fleet Street, E.C. SUBSCRIPTION.-The Musical Standard is posted to sub- scribers at 15s. a year; half a year, 7s. 6d., payable in advance. The rate is the same to France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Post Office Orders to be made payable to the Publishers, Messrs. Weekes & Co., 14, Hanover Street, Regent Street, W.; or the City Agents, Kent & Co., Paternoster Row. ADVERTISEMENTS.-The charge for ordinary advertisements in The Musical Standard is 2s. 6d. for three lines or less; and 6d. for each line (10 words) in addition. "Organist wanted," 35. 6d. for 3 lines or less. A reduction is made for a series.-APPOINT- MENTS are inserted at a charge of ts. 6d. FRONT PAGE.-Concert and auction advertisements, &c., are inserted in the front page of The Musical Standard, and charged one-third in addition to the ordinary rates. Other advertise- ments will be inserted on the front page, or in the leader page, WEEKES & CO., 14, Hanover Street, W if desired, at the same terms. No. 1067 VOL. XXVIII. FOURTH SATURDAY, JAN. 10, 1885. WEEKLY: PRICE 3D. INVENTIONS EXHIBITION AT SOUTH KENSINGTON. Manufacturers and Inventors intending to exhibit anything of interest to the musical world should forward particulars to Mr. HARRY LAVENDER, Musical Standard, 185, Fleet Street, E.C. OYAL ACADEMY OF MUSIC.-Instituted 1822. Incorporated by Royal Charter 1830. Under the immediate patronage of Her Most Gracious Majesty the QUEEN and the Royal Family. The NEXT STUDENTS' CONCERT will take place FEB. 20. TRINITY COLLEGE, LONDON. President-The Right Hon. The EARL of ABERDEEN. LENT TERM COMMENCES January 12th, when new students can be received for a complete course of musical training or for a single study. Forms of application and prospectuses, containing list of professors, fees, and all information, can be had post free on application to the Secretary. The next STUDENTS' INVITATION CONCERT, open to students, menibers, diplomés of the College, and their friends ((by ticket only), will take place on Tuesday evening, December 16th, at 7 o'clock. By order of the Academical Board. Mandeville-place, Manchester-square, W. WITH 25 PER CENT DISCOUNT FOR CASH, BORD'S PIANOS MISS ADA SOUTH, R.A.M Medalist. Mezzo-Soprano or Soprano. For Oratorios, Ballad, and Operatic Concerts, address, Oakwood, Brondesbury Park, N.W. TO SELL, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS of every MAKERS AND REPAIRERS. GEORGE WITHERS & CO. (Late of Coventry Street), WHOLESALE IMPORTERS OF MUSICAL STRINGS, From Rome, Padua, and Naples. A FINE COLLECTION OF ITALIAN INSTRUMENTS. Bows, Cases, Music Stands, &c. See Price Lists. 51, ST. MARTIN'S LANE, LONDON. ORGANIST wanted at Easter (Communicant) for Oswestry Parish Church. Salary, £50, and an Offertory. Apply to Owen G. Jones, E q., Llanforda Issa, Oswestry. SOPRA OPRANO wanted (Lady). City Church. Two Services on Sunday. Wednesday practice. Must be good reader. Salary, £20. Apply by letter to Organist, 129, Newington Butts. ORGANIST and CHOIRMASTER Wanted for the Wesleyan Chapel, Tottenham. Wesleyan preferred. Apply by letter only, enclosing testimonials, stating salary required, to X Y Z, care of W. C. Battley, Esq., Sussex House, Stamford Hill. One Penny Weekly; Six Months, 3s. 3d.; Three Months, 1s. 8d. THE MUSICAL REVIEW current Issue contains: Von Bülow and Liebert's How to Play Beethoven's Sonatas; Music Study in Germany, by Amy Fay, &c. For general contents, see Advertisement in December "MUSICAL TIMES." W. REEVES, 185, Fleet Street, London. To Subscribers, Is. 6d. ; Non-Subscribers, 2s. Cloth, 3s. 6d. MUSICAL DIRECTORY of Great Britain and Ireland. The new issue contains 500 pages. Largest, Correctest, Best, and Cheapest Musical Directory ever published. Trade and Profession kept quite distinct in General List and under Towns. W. REEVES, 185, Fleet Street, London. HE "PERFECT" HYDRAULIC ENGINE for THE supplying Wind to Church, Chamber, American Organs, and Pedal. Harmoniums, from the largest to the smallest made. Manufactured with all the latest improvements by J. F. 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BLENNERHASSET, IA, VERNON STREET, PENTONVILLE, LONDON, W.C. description, also Libraries of Music, Music Plates and Copyrights, Stocks-in-Trade, &c. (Sale devoted exclusively to this class of Propercy) every month, single instruments inserted. Consignments received at any time. Two minutes' walk to the right from the King's Cross Metropolitan PUTTICK & SIMPSON, 47, Leicester Square, London, W.C.-(Established 1794). Railway Station. E.H, HEINKE, 40, King's Road, Peckham-TRADE TERMS to the Clergy off every make of Pianofortes, American Organs A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLISH CATHEDRAL behaving with great integrity and uprightness, attending MUSIC. BY JOHN S. BUMPUS. ITS (Continued from page 383, Vol. XXVII.) PART III.-ENGLISH CATHEDRAL MUSIC AND COMPOSERS During the EiGHTEENTH CENTURY. One cannot fail to note that there were but few church musicians, really at work, at the time of the Restoration. It is true that there were still some alive who had held appointments prior to the Civil War, such as Rogers, Childe, and Christopher Gibbons (the two former of whom curiously outlived three of the most celebrated of the First Set of Children of the Chapel Royal, viz., Humphreys, Wise, and Purcell), but they had composed the bulk of their services and anthems during the palmy days of the Anglo-Catholic Church in the reign of Charles I., and had, if we may so say, "written themselves out," when the time came for them to be re-instated in their former positions. Rogers is known to have composed a few things while organist of Magdalen College, Oxford, among them a Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis in A minor dated 1670 on the original MS. copy, and four years after its composer's appointment. This Service, like all Rogers's church music, is an exceedingly beautiful and affecting composition, and certainly justifies Antony à Wood's quaint remark that, "Dr. Wilson the Professor, the greatest and most curious judge of music that ever was, usually wept when he heard some parts of Rogers' music well performed, as being wrapped up in ecstacy, or if you will, melted down, while others smiled, and had their hands or eyes lifted up at its excellency." assiduously to the interests of his college, and to the welfare of those under his care, and promoting, to the utmost of his abilities, learning, religion, and virtue." He took the utmost pains to secure a perfect and devotional rendering of the choral service at the Cathedral, which likewise serves as the Chapel for the College, and it was during Aldrich's tenure of the deanery, that the musical portion of the service reached a pitch of perfection it had never before, and certainly has never since, attained. "The method which he observed with regard to the music of his college is well worthy of record; and the subjoined account is the one given by Dr. Wm. Hayes to a gentleman who was a member of the college where Dr. Aldrich was Dean :-"First, he never admitted a boychorister unless he had been previously instructed, and had given sufficient proof of his abilities; by this means he had always a complete set, and a constant supply; for parents seeing that such children who had merit were certain of being preferred as opportunity offered, were very solicitous to get them instructed in readiness. Secondly, in admitting a Singing-Man or Chaplain, he made it a rule to give the preference to one who had merited his favour in a lower capacity, provided, nevertheless, he was properly qualified when he was a candidate for either of these places. By a strict observance of this method, there was not an useless member in his choir; for chaplains had then an equal share of duty with the singing-men, nor was there the least grumbling or complaint on that account; the Dean himself setting a noble example to the former by constantly singing a part in all the services and anthems. Thirdly: In order to keep up the spirit of music, and to promote social harmony, the On account of the comparative paucity of bona fide whole body attended him duly on a certain evening in Church music at the Restoration, it seems by no means the week at his lodgings, where he not only appointed the strange, that to supply the pressing needs of choirs, adap- pieces that should be performed, but assisted in the pertations from foreign sources should have found a ready formances himself. How glorious an example was this! acceptance, and for this purpose extracts were made from Could any of the band be remiss or negligent when the Masses, Motets, and other sacred pieces of Palestrina, animated by such a leader? Lastly: His method of Vittoria, Carissimi, Marenzio, etc., and suitable parts of punishing delinquents was equally as singular as it was them adapted to English words, by no means unskilfully-effectual. If one of the choir absented himself without a striking contrast to the miserable attempts in the same giving a sufficient reason for such his absence, the punishway, made by composers nearer our own time, when ment was, exclusion from his presence the next meeting scraps of the Masses of Mozart and Haydn, and other also; and for being tardy or coming late, he was allowed foreign sacred works were arranged to namby-pamby nothing to drink except small beer! This kind of treatwords to suit their performance in " Protestant "ment had so much a better effect than the severest mulct churches, Dissenting chapels, and strait-laced families. or reprimand could have had, that very seldom either of Imagine Mozart's lovely dying inspiration, "Ave Verum," the above-mentioned cases happened. To these musical sung to such stuff as "Saviour, source of every blessing" entertainments a certain number of the noblemen and (for so it has been done), and no attempt whatever made, Gentlemen-Commoners of his College were constantly until very recently, to give the proper English paraphrase invited; and although it was chiefly mere matter of "Jesus, Word of God Incarnate." Even some of our pleasure and amusement to them (some indeed were perfine anthems of the earlier school, such as those of formers) yet were they as cautious in offending by absence Gibbons and Rogers, were bereft of their original words, as a singing-man would be; for their punishment was and twisted and tortured about, to suit such twaddle as the same." (Vide account of Dean Aldrich in Mr. Benj. "Lord, dismiss us with Thy blessing," and so on, and St. J. B. Joule's Words of Anthems, 1859). by no less a person than the late eminent organist and theorist, Dr. Gauntlett-a man who certainly ought to have known better. Some of these deplorable adaptations may be seen in a collection of hymns and other pieces, published under the title of The Comprehensive Tune Book, edited by Gauntlett and Kearns in 1851. In a very different manner were the adaptations of the period shortly after the Restoration effected; the works of Palestrina, Di Lasso, Vittoria, and others, being in many ways analogous to those of our Byrde and Gibbons, English words, selected chiefly from the Psalms and always from Holy Writ, were fitted with very little difficulty. Perhaps one of the most successful of these adapters was Dean Aldrich of Christchurch, Oxford, who was born in 1647, and educated in Westminster School during Busby's celebrated tenure of the head mastership. From thence he passed to Christchurch, Oxford, where he soon rose to eminence as a tutor. In the controversy with the Roman Catholics under James II., Aldrich took a very considerable part, and Bishop Burnet ranked him as one who "examined all the points of Popery with a solidity of judgment, a clearness of arguing, a depth of learning, and a vivacity of writing far beyond anything which had appeared before that time in our language." In short, he made himself so conspicuous that when, at the Revolution, the Roman Catholic Dean of Christchurch went to Italy, the deanery was conferred on him and he was installed on June 17th, 1689. "In this eminent station he presided," as one of his biographers informs us, "with a dignity peculiar to his person and character, As before stated, the Dean did much for the furtherance of Church music, and that at a time when his help was most urgently needed-not merely by his adaptations but also by his original compositions. Among the former perhaps, his arrangements from Palestrina and Carissimi, respectively, "We have heard with our ears," and "I am well pleased" are most widely known, while of the latter his two Services in G and A are most familiar. The Service in G, an excellent piece of antiphonal writing, modelled on Gibbons and Childe, is in constant use in every cathedral; that in A is a more elaborate composition, interspersed with verses of a very chastened and pathetic character, while the choruses are exceedingly dignified and impressive. Another Service (a Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis in E minor) written in triple timea measure, however, by no means to be recommended for frequent use in service music-is not so well known, but contains some effective passages and evinces considerable ingenuity. Of these three Services, the first was printed, originally in Boyce's Cathedral Music, the second and third in Arnold's. It is very probable that many of the anthems bearing Aldrich's name are merely adaptations from Italian composers, although they are not frequently printed as such; e.g., "God is our hope and strength," usually printed as Aldrich's own, is in reality an adaptation from Carissimi; likewise "O give thanks," and "O praise the Lord all ye heathen" from Palestrina. The anthem "Thy beauty of Israel" is said to have been written by Aldrich on hearing of the untimely death of Michael Wise; another anthem, is in some cases invaluable. Its employment in some instances has absolutely saved a patient from certain death. In cases of rapid swelling (oedema), by which suffocation is threatened, the fluid may be released and the power of breathing restored. The lancet is sometimes used for opening an abscess, and it may occasionally be serviceable for scarification. It should, however, be used cautiously and only by a skilled hand. The instrument itself is similar in shape to other laryngeal instruments. Guarded lancets are more generally employed, the points being pushed forward at the moment desired, and springing back into the sheath when the pressure is removed. The unguarded lancet is sometimes mounted on a handle, or the entire instrument may be composed of one piece of steel. The latter is said to afford more power and precision. Electrolysis within the Larynx. This is a very delicate operation, and may be used in the treatment of growths within the vocal organ. The galvano-cautery may be used for destroying the old and new growths. Faradisation of the larynx has proved very successful in functional aphonia, or loss of voice. It is performed by the agency of a properly insulated electrode in the form of a laryngeal sound. This is attached to the wire of one pole of a battery, and is conveyed to the larynx, the other pole having previously been applied to the neck. pressing the index finger upon a spring, situated upon the upper surface of the instrument, the circuit is completed. This operation only requires a small battery and usually proves beneficial. By In certain cases of aphonia which are associated with hysteria, the almost instant restoration of voice is somewhat surprising. This recovery is not of long duration, however, since the loss of voice is extremely liable to return. In these cases constitutional treatment must never be lost sight of. It must be remembered that a stimulus of any kind, even simply pencilling the larynx, will cause quite as wonderful a result. In the aphonia resulting from catarrh of the larynx, and in cases in which the voice has been overstrained, the effect of electricity is frequently rapid. In an early stage of laryngeal consumption a certain amount of paralysis is present and then the electric current may afford temporary relief. Laryngeal Growths, or Neoplasms. Before the introduction of the laryngoscope the occurences of morbid growths in the vocal organ was not thought to be so frequent as it has been proved to be since. For the removal of these bodies several mechanical means have been employed, such as wire loops, ecraseurs, guillotines and forceps, but the one more generally used is the forceps, of which the following is the description. The forceps may be of various shapes and sizes, and it consists of a handle, shaft, and blades. The blades are either similar to those of the ordinary dressing forceps, or they are provided with cutting edges. Some continental laryngoscopists are in favour of a forceps in which a curve is formed between the shaft and the blades, but in our own country Drs. Morell Mackenzie and Prosser James prefer a right angle. It is necessary to have one pair of forceps opening antero-posteriorily and another pair opening laterally. |
