schools will be reduced. Views are shown of the exterior of the Yorkshire College and of the textile lecture room.

The Bradford Technical College is an institution which has been equipped by private enterprise by the citizens of Bradford. This town has a population of 230,000, and the leading industries are wool combing, worsted spinning and weaving. Ladies' dress goods in both worsted and mixed fabrics are very largely manufactured here. Bradford is an important market for Yorkshire manufactured products. The institution has been established fourteen years, and the cost was defrayed by a contribution of $17,500 by the Cloth Workers' Company of London, and by contributions from private individuals and business firms from $15,000 downward. The sum of $33,000 was raised by a fair for the benefit of the institution. The building is a handsome one, a view of which is shown on page 288. It is situated about half a mile from the city hall, and is of irregular shape, averaging 180 by 130 feet in length and breadth. The main front is a handsome stone elevation, with columns and other architectural adornments, and is flanked by a conically terminated tower. About one-third of the area of the building is occupied by a large one-story building, in which are the weaving sheds and engineering shops. The cost of the structure and equipment was upward of $175,000.

The Bradford College has not only an excellent textile branch, in which may be classed the art department and the chemistry and dyeing departments, but there is also an excellent mechanical engineering department and a department of plumbing. The second branch of the school work is an important series of science classes, and there is also included in the operation of the school a male high school. In all these departments, with the exception of the high school, there are both day and evening classes, and the number of students registered for the year 1896-97 was 1,203.

The income of the school is derived from fees of the students, appropriations by the Bradford city conncil, and by the West Riding county council, augmented by private subscriptions.

The weaving department consists of several sheds, 1 power loom weave shed with 16 or 18 looms, both English and American types. There is an excellent collection of specially mounted Jacquard hand looms and a number of treadle and dobby hand looms. One section of the hand looms is set apart for experimental work of day students. The school has the usual equipment of card-cutting machinery, spooling, warping, and other machines. The course of instruction occupies three years, and includes mathematics, chemistry, machine drawing, cloth analysis, lectures on fabrics, figure designing, free-hand drawing, with the option of French, German, and dyeing, for those students requiring the same. The head master of the weaving department is Mr. A. F. Barker. There is no provision for the practical teaching of spinning in this school. The establishment of a carding and spinning department is under contemplation. There is a very successful evening textile school here. The full course which is recommended for the students occupies four years. There are over 100 students in the evening classes. Facilities are offered for instruction in special subjects, but in this school, like most of the other higher grade European schools, no diploma is given unless the student follows out the full course of instruction, passes with credit the examinations, and is able to show from pattern books and notebooks that he has carefully followed the lectures and other instruction throughout the three years' course. The dyeing department is under the charge of Mr. W. M. Gardner, and consists of a well-equipped experimental dyeing laboratory, chemical laboratory, chemical lecture room, and private laboratories. There are at present about 30 day students in the dyeing department and about 60 evening students. The department is somewhat cramped for room as is also the textile department, and a large extension at an early date is being contemplated to accommodate both departments.

Another important technical school is that at Bolton, England, which has developed from an institution in which formerly science and art subjects only were taught.

The Jubilee Technical School at Blackburn, England, is the development of the old science and art schools in that town. A class in cotton manufacturing was added, in 1884, to the existing science and art classes, with a primary attendance of 9 students. This developed into a department for cotton spinning and weaving, having, in 1888, 237 students, was devoted exclusively to evening students, and had very little machinery. The foundation stone of the present school was laid in 1887, the school being intended as a memorial of the 1887 jubilee, and it is a handsome structure, having an important weaving department. The spooling, warping, and weaving machinery is contained in a large shed, and comprises specimens of all the varieties of English cotton looms. There is a small day class in connection with this department, but the principal work of the school is in the evening classes. The headmaster of the textile department, Mr. Henry Neville, who is at present in China, is one of the three members of the British Commercial Mission, appointed to inquire into and report on the best means of increasing British textile trade with China, under the auspices of the English chambers of commerce. The Blackburn school has an extensive art department, a large number of science classes-principally evening-departments in cookery, dressmaking, embroidery, and some very large commercial classes, which take in England to some extent the place of business colleges in the United States.

The Technical School of Halifax, England, is quite a new institution, having been opened about two years. The school has the advantage of being transferred from the old Mechanics' Institute of Halifax to the new building.

Classes are held in the daytime in art, dressmaking, millinery and needlework, cookery, and laundry work; there is also a textile department. Evening classes are held in mathematics, physics, mechanical and electrical engineering, chemistry, building trades, physiography, botany, physiology, and hygiene, in addition to the evening repetition of the day classes.

In the first year of the school's work there were 1,052 students in the textile department. Instruction is largely given by means of lectures, as the equipment of machinery is not large. Instruction includes woolen and worsted carding and spinning, cotton carding and spinning, weaving, designing, calculations, cloth analysis, color in woven design, free-hand drawing, designing, etc.

In by far the larger number of the textile schools in England where textiles are taught instruction is exclusively in the evening classes, being formed for the benefit of the artisans at a nominal fee, in which the course of instruction extends for two, three, or four years, and is given almost exclusively in the form of lectures on spinning, weaving, dyeing, bleaching, etc. In almost all the schools facilities are provided for cloth dissection, for the study of art, of mechanical drawing, chemistry, applied and theoretical mechanics, steam, and other sciences appertaining to the textile industry.

There are probably 100 schools of this kind in operation. They are usually managed by the local authority (that is, the town or village council) and are supported by appropriations from the fund derived from the beer tax under the technical instruction act previously named.

In other than textile districts small schools exist, having for the subject of instruction in the technical department the staple trade of each district. So numerous are these schools, that in the year 1895 26,600 students attended registered classes in addition to those attending unregistered classes. Of these, 6,117 attended classes in spinning, weaving, bleaching, printing and dyeing, in classes registered under the City and Guilds of London Institute-regarding whose work see page 273.

Among some of the more important British textile schools may be mentioned those in Glasgow and in Dundee, Scotland, the Rochdale Technical School, the Huddersfield Technical School, the Morley Technical School, Stockport Technical School, the Wigan Mining School (which has a textile department), the Burnley Mechanics' Institute, and the Accrington Technical School.

ED 98-19

GERMAN SCHOOLS.

The royal school of Mülheim-am-Rhein, the oldest school in Germany, having been in existence for forty-eight years, appears at the first instance to be much less satisfactory than such schools as those of Aachen and Crefeld, but on close inquiry the systems and methods of teaching are to be commended, especially in the theoretical work, which here, and elsewhere, appear to be thought much of. The excellence of the teaching is largely due to their able director (Director Ehrhardt), who proceeds next year to a town in Saxony to establish a new school for the Saxon Government.

The school under description is located at Mülheim, a few miles from Cologne, in the center of what was once a large handloom weaving district, and is still comparatively important as a manufacturing center. The school is under the supervision of the Prussion Government, and its rules of government follow the general lines of all the Prussian schools. The local management of the school is by a committee appointed by the town, the mayor presiding. As indicating the importance attributed to technical instruction, it is a fact worthy of note than an appointment on this committee can not be refused except by those holding a conflicting municipal office. The building for the school is provided by the municipality, and the school is supported jointly by the State and municipality. The school is a large three-story building, having a large power weave room, containing 12 to 14 power looms, engaged on cotton, linen, and goods made from a combination of these yarns. Special attention is given to handloom work, perhaps more than in any other European school. There are some very excellent, though old, specimens of handlooms, about thirty in number. There are the usual arrangements for the spooling, warping, and twisting of yarns, several class rooms, and director's office; a private residence for the director is also in the school. There is a dyeing department attached to the school, which now appears very small and antiquated in comparison with the splendid dyeing establishments at some other schools, yet this dyeing department attracted the attention of an English trade commission reporting and inquiring into foreign textile schools in 1876. The school is open in the daytime only, and is intended largely for the sons of manufacturers, of whom from fifty to sixty are in attendance. There are occasionally as many as one-third foreigners attending this school, including Italians, French, Austrians, Belgians, and a few English. There are four teachers for practical weaving, one for chemistry, one for dyeing, two for power-loom construction, which, with the director, makes a total staff of ten. Their hours of attendance are from 8 till 12 and from 2 till 6. Not more than six students are allowed to one teacher in practical work. No student is allowed to enter who has not attained his 16th year. Lady students are taken in the design course.

Fees for native Prussians are $50 per annum, for other Germans, $75, and $200 for foreigners. All fees are payable in advance, and no return of fees is made unless the student leaves for some cause not under his own control. The course of instruction is a very complete one, and includes drawing and pattern designing, cloth analysis, instruction in cloth construction and in weaving, warp preparation, power weav ing, finishing machinery, short courses in dyeing, and lectures on kindred subjects.

BELGIAN SCHOOLS.

The city of Verviers, in Belgium, possesses an institution which promises to be, when completed, one of the best textile schools in Belgium. It is beautifully situated on high land overlooking the town, and consists of a two-story main building, consisting of a center block with two wings; the wings are joined by a one-story building, the inclosure thus forming a courtyard. Behind the main building is a series of one story sheds, occupied by spinning and weaving machinery, dyeing and chemical laboratories, engineering room, power house, etc. The spinning, weaving, and dyeing only form departments of what is really a large school of