2. Calls upon States to prohibit the export of spare parts for embargoed aircraft and other military equipment belonging to South Africa and any official involvement in the maintenance and service of such equipment;

3. Urges all States to prohibit the export to South Africa of items which they have reason to believe are destined for the military and/or police forces of South Africa, have a military capacity and are intended for military purposes, namely, aircraft, aircraft engines, aircraft parts, electronic and telecommunication equipment, computers and four-wheel drive vehicles:

4. Requests of all States that henceforth the term "arms and related matériel” referred to in resolution 418 (1977) shall include, in addition to all nuclear, strategic and conventional weapons, all military, paramilitary police vehicles and equipment, as well as weapons and ammunitions, spare parts and supplies for the aforementioned and the sale or transfer thereof;

5. Requests all States to implement strictly its resolution 418 (1977) and to refrain from any co-operation in the nuclear field with South Africa which will contribute to the manufacture and development by South Africa of nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive devices;

6. Renews its request to all States to refrain from importing arms, ammunition of all types and military vehicles produced in South Africa;

7. Calls upon all States to prohibit the import or entry of all South African armaments for display in international fairs and exhibitions under their jurisdiction;

8. Further calls upon States which have not done so to put an end to exchanges as well as to visits and exchanges of visits by government personnel, when such visits and exchanges maintain or increase South Africa's military or police capabilities;

9. Further calls upon all States to refrain from participating in any activities in South Africa which they have reason to believe might contribute to its military capability;

10. Requests all States to ensure that their national legislation or comparable policy directives guarantee that specific provisions to implement resolution 418 (1977) include penalties to deter violations;

11. Further requests all States to adopt measures to investigate violations, prevent future circumventions and strengthen their machinery for the implementation of resolution 418 (1977) with a view to the effective monitoring and verification of transfers of arms and other equipment in violation of the arms embargo;

12. Further requests all States, including States non-members of the United Nations, to act in accordance with the provisions of the present resolution;

13. Further requests the Security Council Committee established by resolution 421 (1977) concerning the question of South Africa, in pursuance of resolution 418 (1977), to continue its efforts to secure full implementation of the arms embargo against South Africa in order to make it more effective;

14. Further requests the Secretary-General to report to the Security Council on the progress of the implementation of the present resolution, the first report to be submitted as soon as possible but in any event no later than 30 June 1987; 15. Decides to remain seized of the matter.

223.

Statement by the Head of the Soviet Delegation to the U.S.-Soviet Nuclear Testing Experts Meeting (Petrosyants), November 29, 19861

The third round is over, and we may indeed sum up the results. But, from our viewpoint, the results are not positive. The point is that the Soviet delegation insisted that this round should take place under the banner of preparations for a treaty on ending and banning nuclear tests.

We understand, of course, that at short notice it is not possible to prepare a treaty because there is a whole series of issues: issues of monitoring, of levels of force of nuclear blasts, the number of nuclear blasts, duration of monitoring, and of introducing monitoring in accordance with the 1974-76 treaties.2

But unfortunately, the U.S. delegation shied away from a solution to questions linked with the ending of nuclear weapons tests. It posed only one issue, that of reconsidering the protocols of the 1974 and 1976 treaties.3 That is not a resolution of the question. It signifies a resolution of a secondary, or even, from our standpoint, a tertiary question. It will do nothing to bring us closer to terminating and banning tests of nuclear weapons.

What is the reason for this U.S. position? The reason is a very simple one: the fact is that the United States is continuing nuclear testing, continuing to experiment, continuing to modernize and improve its nuclear weapons, and therefore they are pushing the question of ending tests of nuclear weapons and banning tests of nuclear weapons into a remote corner.

224. Communique of the Warsaw Pact Committee of Defense Ministers, December 3, 19861

A session of the Warsaw Pact States' Defense Ministers' Committee was held in Warsaw, capital of the Polish People's Republic, 1-3 December 1986. Taking part in the session's work were:

Army General D. Dzhurov, minister of national defense of the Bulgarian People's Republic; Colonel General F. Karpati, minister of defense of the Hungarian People's Republic; Army General H. Kessler, GDR minister of national defense; Army General F. Siwicki, minister of national defense of the Polish People's Republic; Colonel General V. Milea, minister of national defense of the Socialist Republic of Romania; Marshal of the Soviet Union S.L.

'Moscow Domestic Service in Russian, November 29, 1986; FBIS Daily Report, December 1, 1986, vol. III, p. AA5.

2 I.e., the so-called Threshold Test Ban and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaties. For the texts, see Documents on Disarmament, 1974, pp. 225-227 and ibid., 1976, pp. 328-332. 3 Ibid., 1974, pp. 228–229; ibid., 1976, pp. 332-348.

'Moscow Pravda in Russian, December 4, 1986, first edition, p. 4; FBIS Daily Report. December 4, 1986, vol. III, pp. BB1-BB2.

Sokolov, USSR defense minister; Army General M. Vaclavik, CSSR minister of national defense; Marshal of the Soviet Union V.G. Kulikov, commander in chief of the Warsaw Pact States' Joint Armed Forces; and Army General A.I. Gribkov, chief of staff of Warsaw Pact States' Joint Armed Forces.

In addition, the session was attended by leading personnel from the Warsaw Pact states' defense ministries and the joint command of the Joint Armed Forces. The minister of national defense of the Polish People's Republic chaired the session.

The participants in the session of the Defense Ministers' Committee discussed the question of the results and conclusions of the Reykjavik summit meeting. In their unanimous opinion, Comrade M.S. Gorbachev's proposals constituted a real and constructive contribution by the socialist countries to the cause of the struggle for disarmament and universal security.

The Defense Ministers' Committee emphasized the great importance of the large-scale peace initiatives put forward by the Warsaw Pact States' Political Consultative Committee at the Budapest conference (1986) for reducing the level of military confrontation, improving the international situation, and averting the danger of nuclear war.2 The allied states' proposals to considerably reduce armed forces and conventional armaments in Europe with a corresponding reduction in military spending, which form a weighty supplement to the program for the elimination of nuclear and other types of mass destruction weapons, are particularly topical.

The session expressed profound concern at the worsened military-political situation in Europe and in the world resulting from the actions of the United States and NATO, which oppose the curtailment of the arms race and the halting of nuclear tests and continue to build up their military potential. At the same time, adherence to the treaties and agreements in the sphere of arms limitation and disarmament was reaffirmed, as was the need for the United States to strictly abide by the strategic offensive arms limitation agreements3 and the ABM Treaty, whose nonobservance will lead to the intensification of the arms race and its spread to space and to the destruction of the basis of the Soviet-U.S. talks on nuclear and space arms. The desire to further expand military cooperation among the allied countries and strengthen the unity of the fraternal armies was confirmed. Measures were outlined in the sphere of the Warsaw Pact Countries' defense capability with the aim of preventing the military parity that has taken shape between the Warsaw Pact and the NATO bloc from being upset and of maintaining by joint efforts the combat readiness of the Warsaw Pact States' Joint Armed Forces, which guarantee security.

The Defense Ministers' Committee adopted a decision covering all the questions under discussion.

The session was held in a businesslike atmosphere and a spirit of mutual understanding.

2 Document 104.

3 For the text of these agreements, see Documents on Disarmament, 1972, pp. 202 ff., and 1979, pp. 189 ff.

* The text of this treaty may be found ibid., 1972, pp. 197–201.

225. General Assembly Resolution 41/53: Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, December 3, 19861

The General Assembly,

Inspired by the great prospects opening up before mankind as a result of man's entry into outer space,

Recognizing the common interest of all mankind in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes,

Reaffirming that the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interest of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and shall be the province of all mankind,

Reaffirming further the will of all States that the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be for peaceful purposes,

Recalling that the States parties to the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,2 have undertaken, in article III, to carry on activities in the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, in accordance with international law and the Charter of the United Nations, in the interest of maintaining international peace and security and promoting international co-operation and understanding,

Reaffirming, in particular, article IV of the above-mentioned Treaty, which stipulates that States parties to the Treaty undertake not to place in orbit around the Earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction, install such weapons on celestial bodies or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner,

Reaffirming also paragraph 80 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly,3 the first special session devoted to disarmament, in which it is stated that, in order to prevent an arms race in outer space,

1 A/RES/41/53. The draft of this resolution was introduced by Sri Lanka at the 29th meeting of the First Committee on November 3. It was sponsored also by Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Romania, Sudan, Yugoslavia, and Zimbabwe. On November 20, the original sponsors and four additional states (Cameroon, Ireland, Sweden, Venezuela) submitted a revised draft resolution, which was later also sponsored by China, Czechoslovakia, GDR, and Peru. The changes included the addition to the eighth preambular paragraph of the reference to the Harare Declaration and the revision of operative paragraph 10 to its present wording. In the First Committee, operative paragraph 8 was adopted in a separate vote of 116 to 1 (U.S.), with 12 abstentions (Belgium, France, FRG, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Turkey, U.K.). The resolution as a whole was adopted in the First Committee by a vote of 130 to 0, with 1 abstention; in the General Assembly, by 154 to 0, with 1 abstention. The United States abstained in both votes. 2 For the text of the Treaty, see Documents on Disarmament, 1967, pp. 38-43. 3 The Final Document appears ibid., 1978, pp. 411-439.

further measures should be taken and appropriate international negotiations held in accordance with the spirit of the Treaty,

Recalling its resolutions 36/97 C and 36/99 of 9 December 1981, as well as resolutions 37/83 of 9 December 1982, 37/99 D of 13 December 1982, 38/70 of 15 December 1983, 39/59 of 12 December 1984 and 40/87 of 12 December 1985 and the relevant paragraphs of the Political Declaration of the Eighth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held at Harare from 1 to 6 September 1986,

Gravely concerned at the danger posed to all mankind by an arms race in outer space and, in particular, by the impending threat of the exacerbation of the current state of insecurity by developments that could further undermine international peace and security and retard the pursuit of general and complete disarmament, Mindful of the widespread interest expressed by Member States in the course of the negotiations on and following the adoption of the above-mentioned Treaty in ensuring that the exploration and use of outer space should be for peaceful purposes, and taking note of proposals submitted to the General Assembly at its tenth special session and at its regular sessions and to the Conference on Disarmament,

Noting the grave concern expressed by the Second United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space at the extension of an arms race into outer space and the recommendations made to the competent organs of the United Nations, in particular the General Assembly, and also to the Committee on Disarmament,"

Convinced that further measures are urgently needed for the prevention of an arms race in outer space,

Recognizing that, in the context of multilateral negotiations for preventing an arms race in outer space, bilateral negotiations between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America could make a significant contribution to such an objective, in accordance with paragraph 27 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly,

Noting with satisfaction that bilateral negotiations between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America have continued since 1985 on a complex of questions concerning space and nuclear arms, both strategic and intermediate-range, and in their relationship, with the declared objective, endorsed in the joint statement of their leaders on 21 November 1985, of working out effective agreements aimed, inter alia, at preventing an arms race in outer space,

Anxious that concrete results should emerge from these negotiations as soon as possible,

4

See A/41/697-S/18392, annex. [Footnote in original.]

See Report of the Second United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Vienna, 9–21 August 1982 (A/CONF. 101/10 and Corr. 1 and 2), para. 426. The Committee on Disarmament was redesignated the Conference on Disarmament as from 7 February 1984. [Footnote in original.]

6 Documents on Disarmament, 1985, pp. 866–870.