They are of a cold temperament, and never speak without meditating much on what they have to say, and stopping till others have finished; so that they find great fault with the vivacity of the Europeans, who are in the habit of interrupting each other, and speaking at the same time. In their juntas and councils they observe great silence and veneration for age, capacity, and merit; and no one is more regardful of the laws of hospitality than the Indian ; but with their enemies they are implacable and cruel, and dissemble their anger under the mask of friendship till they find an opportunity of executing their vengeance: nor will time deaden their animosity, for they will seek their enemy after the lapse of years, travelling to great distances, impeded neither by the asperity of the mountains and deserts, the dread of wild beasts, nor the impetuosity of torrents: they are in such a case alike insensible to the inclemency of the season, and the extremes of hunger and thirst, that they may glut themselves with his flesh. Notwithstanding this, they are not captious, but will submit quietly to affronts and insults. Liberty, taken in its widest sense, is their ruling passion; and for it they sacrifice all; leading, upon the whole, a life replete with misery and wretchedness. Although the women bear the weight of domestic drudgery and labour in general, yet are they much respected. Some nations tolerate polygamy, but this is not common to all. It is well worthy of remark, that although some of them are so incredibly stupid that they appear rather like brutes than rational beings, and even wanting at times the instinct of the former, others have been found to possess a nice and lively discrimination, and to have well formed ideas. If the total indifference of the Indian to temporal things were balanced by a corresponding regard to spiritual, they might well be called happy; for they enjoy an undisturbed tranquillity in all the concerns of life, prosperous or unfortunate. Their vesture is humble; if it is torn by accident, it concerns them not, nor do they even desire a better. They despise riches and authority, and it is equal to them whether they be a cacique or a vassal; and for this reason there is no reciprocal esteem amongst them. Their food is not less simple than their vesture; and, in short, nothing can move or excite them, nor can they be stimulated by fear, or obliged by force. So invincible is their stupidity, and so contented are they with their lot, that no endeavours can instruct them ; so slow, that it is corn mon to say of a work which is of little moment, but which will take much time, that it is the labour of an Indian; since they will, in making carpets, quilts, and other articles, actually count the threads one by one. They are naturally of a mechanical turn, and would, without instruction, make considerable improvements in the arts. They marry, in order that they may have servants in their wives, to do whatever may be necessary; namely, spinning, making shirts and shoes, dressing the food, preparing the maize, baking the rice, and making chicha; whilst they squat down (this being their general posture) before the fire, without moving but to eat. If any traveller loses his way, and arrives at the cabin, they hide themselves, and tell their wives to say that they are not at home; and although all that you might require of them were that they should attend you only for half a quarter of a league, nothing can induce them to acquiesce. Their habitations are small, the fire-place is in the middle, and they live with the animals which they keep, holding in great esteem the dogs, and seldom having less about them than three or four. The bed consists of two or three sheep-skins, without any thing else whatever. They sleep huddled together, and always without undressing. Superstition is general amongst them; it is from the most remote antiquity. They believe auguries and divinations, and are so infatuated that it is difficult to persuade them of their error, and to make them embrace the Catholic religion; and indeed, when this is the case, they are prompted to it by mere ceremony, or from fear of chastisement. Such is the general character of the Indians, although in the settlements of the missions of Paraguay, and amongst those who have been educated amongst the Spaniards in the province of Quito and other parts, there are some civilized, intelligent in the arts, and regular followers of their religion, these being called Ladinos. The discase of the small-pox, which was unknown to them before the arrival of the Spaniards, and which they have experienced every six or seven years, has destroyed millions; and when it occurs, death is almost inevitable, and whole settlements are swept off at once. As it is not possible to reduce under one article the whole history of the Indians, whoever wishes to be further instructed concerning them, may consult the chronologer Antonio de Herrera, Fr. Gregorio Garcia, Don Antonio de Ulloa, and the Father Laffiteau. [See also description of the natives of CUBA, and other islands, in this work. [We consider the account of the Indians, given by Alcedo, relating exclusively to.tnose inhabiting Some writers have conjectured the number of aboriginal inhabitants, or Indians, in America, to be under 2,500,000; but this we conceive to be egregiously under the mark; and can only account for the falsity of the calculation from the little genuine intelligence those writers possessed of every thing respecting the s. continent. It is true that at the time of the discovery of America, the island of Hispaniola alone contained at least 1,000,000 of inhabitants; Bartholomew de las Casas estimated the number at 3,000,000; and millions were said to be buried in the mines, or hunted to death by the Spaniards, both on the islands and continent. In the n. parts of America, numbers were doubtless destroyed in forming the English, Dutch, and French colonies; but notwithstanding the ruptures between the colonists and the Indians, very few comparatively perished by war. Famine, and its companion the pestilence, frequently destroy whole tribes. The diseases also introduced by the Europeans have made great havoc. The spirituous liquors, in the use of which they have been initiated by the whites, prove perhaps most of all repugnant to population. They waste as the Europeans advance, they moulder away, and disappear. The most numerous tribes are at the greatest distance from the settlements of the whites; and it is very certain that in proportion to their distance they are unacquainted with the use of fire-arms. All the nations n. of lake Superior, and those beyond the Mississippi, use only bows and arrows; so that when their scattered situation is considered, the various customs and superstitions which it would be necessary to reconcile, in order to produce unity of action, and what a small proportion of them have the apparatus, or understand the use of musketry, or possess resources to enable them to carry on lasting hostilities against the power of the United States, it must be obvious, that even partial defeats of the federal troops will hasten their ruin, notwithstanding the wonderful dexterity and intrepidity which they exhibited in several actions with the regular troops in the late war. But this neither is nor ought to be the wish of the inhabitants of the United States; they ought to teach them the blessings of peace, and curb the exorbitant lust of farther extent of territory. A list of Indian tribes, in Imlay's History of Kentucky, makes the aggregate number less than 60,000 who inhabit the country from the gulf of Mexico, on both sides of the Mississippi, to the gulf of St. Lawrence, and as far w. as the country has been generally explored; that is, to the head water of the Mississippi, and from thence a good way up the Missouri, and between that river and Santa Fé. Gun-men. The population of the Indian nations in the s. parts of the United States, somewhat different from Imlay, is, according to Mr. Purcell, who resided among them in 1780, as follows: Muscogees, commonly called Crecks, Chactaws, Chickasaws, Cherokees, Catabaws, Total. 5,860 17,280 4,131 13,423 575 2,290 2,800 8,550 150 490 The above Red nations have increased in a small degree since the general peace established among them in 1777. The whites incorporated among them are few in number, and lead a vagabond life, going from tribe to tribe as their restless disposition leads them. The increase of population is considerably checked by the quantities of adulterated and poisonous spirituous liquors, and the venereal distemper, introduced among them by the whites. Major-general Anthony Wayne put an end to the destructive war with the Indians, by a treaty of peace and friendship concluded at Greenville, Aug. 3, 1795, which was ratified by the president of the United States, Dec. 22, 1795. The Indian tribes signed the treaty in the following order: Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanoes, Ottawas, Chipawas, Ottawa, Patawatames of the river of St. Joseph, Patawatames of Huron, Miamies, Miamis and Eel River, Eel River tribe, Miamis, Kickapoos and Kaskaskias, Delawares of Sandusky, and some of the Six Nations living at Sandusky. These Indians ceded to the United States various tracts of land from two to 12 miles square, near the different posts in the N. W. Territory. The United States delivered to the Indian tribes above named goods to the value of 20,000 dollars; and agreed to deliver in goods to the value of 9500 dollars annually, for ever. The portion which each tribe is to receive will be seen in the account of the parti cular nation or tribe. Little is yet known of the Indians in the interior parts of N. America. In 1792, Mr. Stewart, said to be in the employ of the British court, returned from four years travels through the hitherto unexplored regions to the w. Taking his course w.s.w.] 2 [from the posts on the lakes, he penetrated to the head of the Missouri, and from thence due w. to within 500 miles of the shores of the Pacific ocean. He joined the interior Indians in several battles against the Shore Indians: all which coming short of his object, the procuring a peace, so that he might explore the continent from sea to sea; after some stay, he returned nearly by the same route he had pursued in going out. Beyond the Missouri, Mr. Stewart met with many powerful_nations, in general hospitable and courteous. The Indian nations he visited w. appeared to be a polished and civilized people, having towns regularly built, and being in a state of society not far removed from that of the Europeans, and only wanting the use of iron and steel to be perfectly so. They are always clad in skins cut in an elegant manner, and in many respects preferable to the garments in use among the whites. Adjacent to these nations is a vast ridge of mountains, which may be called the Alleghany of the w. parts of America, and serves as a barrier against the too frequent incursions of the Coast Indians, who entertain a mortal antipathy to the nations and tribes inhabiting the country e. of the mountains. See UNIT STATES.] INDIAS, OCCIDENTALES, a name given to America, to distinguish it from the E. Indies of Asia; the former being to the w, the latter to the e. of Europe. This name owes its origin to the solicitude of the first discoverers of America, who united the one India with the other, although in fact they are at a distance from each other of half the circumference of the terraqueous globe. See article AMERICA. [It is almost unnecessary to mention that the English acceptation of the term West Indies is totally different from that of our author. With us it means only certain islands of the w. hemisphere. See WEST INDIES.] Series of the Patriarchs of the Indies. This dignity was created at the solicitation of the Emperor Charles V. by his Holiness Clement VII. in 1524. 1. Don Antonio de Roxas, bishop of Mallorca, tutor to the infant Don Fernando, who was afterwards emperor, bishop of Granada, and president of the council of Castilla. 2. Don Fernando Niño de Guevara, archbishop and president of Granada, and bishop of Si principal religious attendant, almoner and head chaplain of the Kings Don Felipe II. and III. 5. Don Juan Baptista de Acevedo, bishop of Valladolid, inquisitor-general, and president of Castila. 6. Don Pedro Manso, oidor of Pamplona and of Granada, alcalde of the court, president of Valladolid, and afterwards of the council of Castilla, archbishop of Cesarea; elected patriarch in 1609. 7. Don Diego de Guzman, canon of the holy church of Toledo, of the supreme council of the inquisition, commissary-general of the crusade, chief chaplain and almoner to Don Felipe III. tutor of the infants Doña Ana, queen of France, and Doña Maria, empress of Germany, archbishop of Sevilla, and cardinal of the holy church, in 1610. 8. Don Francisco Gerónimo Pacheco, of the council of state, inquisitor-general, and elected patriarch in 1625. 9. Don Alonzo Perez de Guzman, chief chaplain and almoner to King Don Felipe IV. canon of the holy church of Toledo, and in the same, chief chaplain to the new kings; elected patriarch in 1626; he died in 1655. 10. Don Antonio Manrique de Guzman, archbishop of Tiro; nominated patriarch in 1655; he died in 1679. 11. Don Antonio de Benavides y Bezán, archbishop of Tiro, commissary-general of the crusade; nominated in the above year, 1679. 12. Don Carlos de Borja, chief comendador of Buey in the order of Alcántara, archbishop of Trebisonda, cardinal of the holy church; elected in 1707; he died in 1733. 13. Don Juan de Lancaster y Noroña, Duke of Abrantes, bishop of Cuenca, patriarch, chaplain-major, and almoner to the king; elected in the above year, 1733; he died in the same. 14. Don Alvaro de Mendoza Camaño y Sotomayor, principal religious attendant, canon and archdeacon of Trastamara in the holy church of Santiago, abbot of Alcalá la Real and of Burgo Hondo, knight of the order of Santiago, chaplain-major of La Encarnacion, and cardinal of the holy church; elected patriarch, almoner-major, and vicar-general of the army and armada in the aforesaid year, 1733; he died in 1761. 15. Don Ventura de Córdoba Espinola y la Cerda, canon and archdeacon of Talavera in the church of Toledo, abbot of Rute and Añate, cardinal of the holy church; elected in 1761; he died in 1777. 16. Don Francisco Delgado, archbishop of Se villa, vice-chaplain and chief almoner to the king, vicar-general to the armies and the armada, grand chancellor of the royal and distinguished order of Charles III. and cardinal of the holy church; elected patriarch in 1777; he died in 1781. 17. Don Cayetano Adzór, canon of Segovia, inquisitor of Córdoba and Valladolid, abbot of the collegiate church of San Ildefonso, consecrated bishop of Selimbria, and elected patriarch in 1781; he died six months after, in 1782. 18. Don Manuel Ventura de Figueroa, grand chancellor of the order of Charles III. patriarch of the Indies, pro-chaplain and chief alimoner to the king, vicar-general of the armies and the armada, canon and archdeacon of Nendos in the church of Santiago, of the council and chamber of Castilla, and governor of the council, commissary-general of the crusade, collector-general of the spils and vacant places, &c. and archbishop of Laodicea; he died in 1783. 19. Don Antonio Sentmanat, canon of the holy church of Barcelona, auditor of the Sacra Rota in Rome, bishop of Avila, which he renounced when he was elected patriarch, almoner and chaplain-major to his Majesty's grand chancellor of the order of Charles III. and vicar-general of his armies and armada, in 1784. Series of the Grand Chancellors of the Indies, 1. The Count Mercurio de Gatinara, nominated first chancellor by the Emperor Charles V. in 1528, and resigned the office by his death. 2. Don Francisco de los Cobos, Marquis of Camarasa; elected many years afterwards. The possession of the two audiences of the Indies were sold to the several vice-chancellors whom he named; and at his death the office became extinct. 3. Don Gaspar de Guzman, Count Duke of Olivares, in whom the office was renewed by King Don Felipe IV. in 1623; he died in 1645, and the right of inheritance was vested in his family. 4. Don Ramiro Nuñez Perez Felipe de Guzman, Marquis of Toral, and Duke of Medina de las Torres, Prince of Astillano; he came to the office from having married the eldest daughter of the Count Duke, and held it from the year 1627 to 1629, when his wife died. 5. Don Luis Mendez de Haro, Count Duke of Olivares, Duke of Montoro, plenipotentiary in the peace of Portugal; he died in 1661. 6. Don Francisco Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Montoro, Marquis of Carpio; and in him the office became again extinct by decree of the king, in 1706. 7. Don Fernando de Silva Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva, Marquis del Carpio, captain-general of the royal armies, major-domo mayor of the king, knight of the illustrious order of Toisón, also of the orders of Sancti Spiritus, San Genaro, and Calatrava, great cross of the order of Charles III. ambassador to the court of Paris, and grand chancellor of the Indies; having returned to resign his office by the decree of King Ferdinand VI. in 1575, he died in 1776; and by a subsequent decree the office was entirely abolished. Series of the Presidents and Governors of the Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies. This tribunal was instituted by the Emperor Charles V. in 1524, upon the footing of a president and grand chancellor (the same being a counsellor and president in the vacancy of the former), a fiscal, two secretaries, a lieutenant of the grand chancellor, three relators, a chamber-secretary, four accountants, a secretary to the chamber punishments, condemnations, and deposits, a chief chronicler, a cosmographer, a professor of mathematics, an alguazil-mayor, two fiscal agents, an advocate and procurator to the poor, an appraiser of processes, a chaplain, and four porters. Its jurisdiction extends for more than 4000 leagues, and no tribunal in the world, not even the Roman senate, ever had so complete an authority as this; since it took cognizance and had the unlimited controul of all affairs by sea and land, of concerns political, military, civil, and criminal, together with unrestricted faculty over the viceroys, presidents, royal audiences, house' of trade, the armadas, flotillas, and garrisons. It used, howroys, presidents, governors, judges, corregidors, ever, to consult the king in the making of viceand commanders; also in the appointment of the six bishops, their dignitaries, canons, and prebends. It had the charge of the missions sent to instruct and convert the Indians, and in short of every thing that could relate to the government of kings of Spain have at different times made some and dispensation of justice in the Indies. The and governors who have presided in it are as variations in its establishment; but the presidents follows: 1. Don Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca, brother of of Burgos, being at the time of his appointment the Señor de Alacjos, archbishop of Rosano, bishop dean of Sevilla; his government was confined to that which related to the fleets and armadas of the Indies, until that the King Don Fernando, the Catholic, called him to the court, in order that he might preside in the Indies. This he continued to do until the time that the Emperor Charles V. nominated his prime chancellor Mercurio de Gatinara to be su perintendant of all the councils. This person accordingly became a leading assistant in all the juntas that had been established. 2. Don Fr. Garcia de Loaisa, general of the order of St. Domingo, confessor to the emperor, bishop of Osma and Siguenza, archbishop of Sevilla, and cardinal of the holy church, in 1524. 3. Don Garcia Fernandez Manrique, Count of Osorno; he left Sevilla, where he was assistant for the presidency, through the absence of the cardinal; which office he filled two years, until the return of the latter, in 1536; and upon the death of the same he entered the office a second time, in 1538, and held it till his death, in 1547. 4. Don Luis Hurtado de Mendoza, Marquis of Mondeja, in 1547; afterwards removed to the presidency of the royal council of Castilla. 5. The Licentiate Don Juan Sarmiento, of the council of the Indies, president of the chancery of Granada; he was made governor in 1563. 6. The Licentiate Don Francisco Tello de Sandoval, being counsellor of the Indies; he was also sent to the presidency of the chancery of Granada, and from thence he returned to be governor of the council, in 1565. 7. Luis Mendez de Quixada, Señor de Villa Garcia, of the supreme council of war, tutor of the Señor Don Juan de Austria, in 1568. 8. The Licentiate Don Juan de Ovando, of the council of the inquisition, governor in 1571. 9. The Licentiate Don Antonio Padilla y Meneses, of the royal council of Castilla; he was made president of the orders, and afterwards of the Indies, in 1579. 10. The Licentiate Hernando de Vega y Fonseca, of the council of the inquisition; he came to the presidency of the royal estates, and then to that of the Indies, in 1583. 11. The Licentiate Don Pedro Moya de Contreras, the first inquisitor that ever arrived at Mexico, archbishop of that metropolitan church, and who removed thence to the presidency of the council in 1591; he died the same year. 12. The Licentiate Pablo de Laguna, of the council of Castilla and of the inquisition, president of the council of the royal estates and tribunals in that place, afterwards president of the council of the Indies, in 1593; in his time was established the camara or chamber; he left this for the presidency of the council of Castilla. 13. Don Pedro Fernandez de Castro and Andrade, Count of Lemos, a chamberlain to his Majesty, viceroy of Naples, and president in 1603. VOL. II. 20. Don Lorenzo de Cardénas y Balda, Count of La Puebla del Maestre, and Marquis of Bacares, with the title of governor, in 1629. 21. Don Garcia de Haro y Avellaneda, at that time Count of Castrillo; he became governor in 1632, and afterwards president. 22. Don Gaspar de Bracamonte, Count of Peñaranda, a chamberlain, ambassador plenipotentiary at the peace of Munster, and president. 23. The Licentiate Don Francisco Ramos del Monzano, Count of Los Francos, of the council and chamber of Castilla, master to the King Don Carlos II.; nominated governor. 24. Don Pedro Portocarrero, Count of Medellin, chamberlain and president; he died in 1679. 25. Don Luis de la Cerda, Duke of Medinaceli, president and afterwards prime minister of the monarchy. 26. The Prince Don Vicente Gonzaga, governor. 27. Don Joaquin Faxardo, Marquis of Los Ve lez, adelantado mayor of the kingdom of Murcia, president. 28. Don Fernando de Aragon, Duke of Montalto, president. 29. Don Joseph de Solis, Duke of Montellano, chamberlain and afterwards president. 30. Don Pedro Nuñez de Prado, Count of Adanero, president. 31. The Duke de Uceda, president; and in his absence, as intermediate president, the Duke de Atrisco. 32. Don Rodrigo Manriquez de Lara, Count of Frigiliana, viceroy of Valencia, admiral of the armada, of the council of state and war, of the junta of the government at the death of Charles II. pre P P |