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[the same time the Cacique felt something in his hand. They lighted a fire, and discovered it to be a figure of the Virgin, which he had concealed in the thatch of his cottage: he fled into the woods, and died of a bite of a serpent.

A child of 12 years old found this little figure; he attached it to the relic which he wore about his neck. But this event was no sooner known than the people went to find it in a procession. They carried it to the church, and soon raised a temple more worthy of her, where all the faithful continually present her the homage of the most profound veneration. To vie with Our Lady of Loreto, she only wants the wealth of the Italian Virgin, for she is quite as much venerated, and quite as powerful.

Guanare is in lat. 8° 12′ n. and long. 69° 15' w. It lies 193 miles s. s. w. of Caracas, 64 s. e. of Truxillo, and 70 n. e. of Varinas.]

GUANARE, a town of the province and government of Venezuela, founded by Captain Juan Fernandez de Leon in 1593, by order of the governor D. Diego de Osorio, near the river from whence it takes its name, and also near another which surrounds it; each of these rivers abounding in fish. It is of a healthy temperature, though extremely hot. Here are large breeds of cattle, owing to the fine pastures of its extensive llanuras and sabanas. Here also are produced great quantities of cacao, tobacco, fruits, and garden herbs. In its church is venerated a miraculous image, with the dedicatory title of Nuestra Señora de Comoroto, which appeared here in 1652; and very numerous are the pilgrimages made to this shrine from all the immediate provinces. This town is 20 leagues to the s. e. of the city of Tucuyo. The aforesaid river rises from the aforesaid town, and enters the Portuguesa.

GUANARITO, a river of the province and government of Venezuela, which rises in the paramo of La Rosa, to the n. of the city of Truxillo, and runs e. forming an extensive curve, until it unites itself with the Tucupio to enter the Portuguesa.

GUANAS, CERROS DE, Some mountains of the province and government of Chaco in Peru, running along the shore of the river Paraguay.

GUANAVAL, a river of the province and government of Nueva Vizcaya in N. America.

GUANAXA, an island of the N. sea; situate near the coast of the province and government of Honduras, opposite the bay of Truxillo.

[GUANAXUATO, a province, wholly situated on the ridge of the cordillera of Anahuac, and the most populous in New Spain. The population is

also more equally distributed here than in any of the other provinces. Its length, from the lake of Chapala to the n. e. of San Felipe, is 52 leagues ; and its breadth from the Villa de Leon to Celaya, 31 leagues. Its territoral extent is nearly the same as that of the kingdom of Murcia; and in relative population it exceeds the kingdom of the Asturias. Its relative population is even greater than that of the departments of the Hautes-Alpes, Basses-Alpes, Pyrenees Orientales, and the Landes. The most elevated point of this mountainous country seems to be the mountain De los Llanitos, in the sierra de Santa Rosa. Its height above the level of the sea is 2815 metres, or 9235 feet.

The cultivation of this fine province, part of the old kingdom of Mechoacán, is almost wholly to be ascribed to the Europeans, who arrived there in the 16th century, and introduced the first germ of civilization. It was in these n. regions, on the banks of the Rio de Lerma, formerly called Tololotlan, that the engagements took place between the tribes of hunters and shepherds, called in the historians by the vague denominations of Chichimecs, who belonged to the tribes of the Pames, Capuces, Samues, Mayolias, Guamanes, and Guachichiles Indians. In proportion as the country was abandoned by these wandering and warlike nations, the Spanish conquerors transplanted to it colonies of Mexican or Aztec Indians. For a long time agriculture made more considerable progress than mining, The mines, which were of small celebrity at the beginning of the conquest, were almost wholly abandoned during the 17th and 18th centuries; and it is not more than 30 or 40 years since they became richer than the mines of Pachuca, Zacatecas, and Bolaños. They are also infinitely richer than those of Potosi ever were, and afforded, from 1796 to 1803, near 40,000,000 of dollars in gold and silver, or very near 5,000,000 of dollars annually; that is, somewhat less than one-fourth of the whole quantity of the gold and silver from New Spain; yet these mines, productive as they were, did not employ more than 5000 workmen of every description.

There are in the intendancy of Guanaxuato three cities, viz. Guanaxuato, Čelayo, and Salvatierra; four towns, viz. San Miguel el Grande, Leon, San Felipe, and Salamanca; 37 settlements, 33 parishes, 448 farms (or haciendas), 225 individuals of the secular clergy, 170 monks, and 30 nuns; and in a population of more than 180,000 Indians, 52,000 subject to tribute.

The hot wells of San Jose de Comangillas are in this province. They issue from a basaltic opening. The temperature of the water, according to]

[experiments made by Humboldt and M. Roxas, is 96.3 of the centigrade thermometer, or 205°.3 of Fahrenheit.

The population of this intendancy, in 1803, was 517,300; the extent of surface in square leagues 911, and the number of inhabitants to the square league 586.

The most remarkable towns of this intendancy are the following: Guanaxuato the capital, Salamanca, Celaya, Villa de Leon, San Miguel el Grande.] [GUANAXUATO, or SANTA FE DE GUANAJUATO, the capital of the above province. The building of this city was begun by the Spaniards in 1554. It received the royal privilege of town in 1619, and that of city the 8th December 1741. Its present population is, within the city 41,000

In the mines surrounding the city, to which the buildings are contiguous, at Marfil, Santa Ana, Santa Rosa, Valenciana, Rayas, and Mellado

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29,600

70,600 Among whom there are 4500 Indians. Height of the city at the plaza mayor 2084 metres, or 6826 feet. Height of Valenciana at the mouth of the new pit, 2313 metres, or 7586 feet. Height of Rayas at the mouth of the gallery, 2157 metres, or 7075 feet. More properly GUANAJUATO, which see; also FE, SANTA.]

GUANCABAMBA, a river of the province and government of Jaen de Bracamoros in the kingdom of Quito. It rises in the serrania to the w. of the city of Loyola, runs s. and then turning its course to e. enters, united with the Sinanchi, into the Marañon.

GUANCABELICA, a town and capital of the province of Angaraes in Peru, the head of the government; founded in 1572 by the viceroy of that kingdom, Don Francisco de Toledo, second son of the Count of Oropesa, in whose memory he gave it the title of Villa Rica de Oropesa. It is situate in a broken and uneven glen, formed by the cordillera; is one of the grandest and richest cities in that kingdom; it is also populous, and the temperature is extremely cold, and the weather constantly changing, as it is not uncommon to expeperience in the same day rain, frost, hail, and tempests of thunder and lightning. The buildings are of stones, more or less porous, which are indurated by certain streams of warm water found in that neighbourhood. This settlement is watered by a stream, which in the rainy season swells to a considerable size, from being joined by several others flowing down from the neighbouring moun

tain: it is crossed in various parts by bridges, and one of these is of stone, and has three arches; and another of two stones put together in their rough or undressed state. This town is the residence of the governor, who originally was always an oidor of the audience of Lima, by commission, and with him two royal officers, an alguazil mayor, and the procurator of the town. It has been much noted for its great mine of quicksilver, discovered in 1563 by Enrique Garcés, a Portuguese; and this is the only one which is worked throughout all America; not that there are wanting many other fine mines of this metal, but that the quantity produced from this is found sufficient for working the metal of all the silver mines of Peru. The mode of using this metal was discovered by Pedro Fernandez de Velasco, in 1571. The aforesaid mine is farmed and worked by a company of 40 miners, which number is not always complete; and with these the king fixes upon a price that he shall pay for each quintal of quicksilver; when the whole extracted from the mines is regularly poured into the royal coffers. In the working of these mines, a vast number of the inhabitants of the settlement assist, as do also the Indians. The appointment to this labour is called mita, and very many are those that perish in the employ. This mine does not produce so much metal at the present day as it formerly did, owing to the great depth it has acquired, as also from a fire which happened in 1760, and which threatened to render it useless: however, this only led to the discovery of other mines; and the fire has been by great labour extinguished. The town has in its vicinity 124 kilns for doing the business of the mine; and the mouth of the mine is one league distant from the town. In 1735, the king took away the government from the oidors of the audience of Lima, and ordered that in their place should be elected men intelligent in affairs of mineralogy. [It is 53 miles w. from Guamanga or Huamanga, 140 s. e. from Lama, 86 s. by e. from Tarma, and 87 e. from the nearest part of the coast. In lat. 12° 56' s. Long. 74°51' w.]

GUANCAY, a silver mine of the province and corregimiento of Guamachuco in Peru. It is on the shore of the river Chicama, which divides on this part its jurisdiction from that of Caxamarca.

GUANCAYO, a large, rich, and commercial settlement of the province and corregimiento of Xauxa in Peru; situate in an extensive and fertile llanura, near the river of its name: this river has at its entrance a beautiful stone bridge. The settlement contains two parishes, and abounds

in exquisite fruits. It is eight leagues from its capital.

GUANCHACO, a settlement and port of the province and corregimiento of Truxillo in Peru. It is poor and scanty, and the natives maintain themselves by catching fish and carrying their spoil to a market at the capital, or other place in the vicinity, also by assisting vessels or by directing the boats making the port. This, although it is but little sheltered from the winds, is much frequented by vessels coming from Lima and Panamá; and these would suffer imminent hazard of being wrecked upon the bar of sand and rocks which lies at the entrance of the port, but for the practice and cunning of the natives. The church is large and beautiful, and being built on a lofty eminence, serves as a direction and land-mark to vessels. In it is venerated an image of Nuestra Señora del Socorro, held in great devotion. M. de la Martiniere says, that this port of the S. sea is in Brazil, forgetting that the coasts of Peru and Chile are exactly on the opposite side of America to those of Brazil. This settlement is in lat. 8° 5' s. Long. 78° 58' w.

GUANCHACO, a point of land on the coast of the same province and corregimiento as the former settlement.

GUANCHANAMA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Loxa in the kingdom of Quito.

GUANCHES, a river of the province and kingdom of Tierra Firme; it runs into the N. sea, to the w. of the city of Portobelo.

GUANDARÓ, a settlement of the province and government of Canta in Peru; annexed to the curacy of Huamantanga.

GUANDES, a river of the province and government of Moxos in the kingdom of Quito. It rises between those of Ubay and Guapaire, runs nearly due n. and enters the Baures.

GUANE, a large settlement of the province of Velez in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada. It is of an hot and disagreeable temperature, and the little water that there is, is bad: it contains 150 Indians, whose habits are most perverse, and who are great drunkards and idlers, also 30 white inhabitants. In its vicinity is found a flat stone two yards and an half long, and as many wide, encased in the earth, and having engraved upon it in bass-relief three human figures, with garments carved in the same manner; the middle figure has sandals and a beard, and at the foot of the whole are five lines, written in letters that no one who has looked at them can make out. Close to the same stone runs

a quebrada, or broken and uneven territory, called De los Santos.

GUANEROS, a barbarous nation of Indians, of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, to the n. e. at the foot of the mountains of Bogotá, and to the n. of the river Apure. They are of a docile and pacific nature, and many of them have been reduced to live in a settlement.

GUANEROS, a river of the province and government of Maracaibo. It rises in the sierra Nevada, runs s. and inclining to the s. e enters the Apure.

GUANGO, a settlement and head settlement of the district of the alcaldía mayor of Valladolid in Nueva España, and of the province and bishopric of Mechoacán; situate in the bottom of a hollow. It is of a cold temperature, inhabited by 12 families of Spaniards and Mulattoes, and 82 of Indians. It has a convent of monks of the order of San Agustin; and in its district are various cultivated estates, in which reside 33 families of Spaniards, 20 of Mustees, and 66 of Mulattoes, all of whom are employed in agriculture. It is 14 leagues s. of the capital, Pasquaro.

GUANICA, a port of the island San Juan de Puertorico, on the s. coast.

GUANÍCO, SIERRAS DE, some very lofty and long-extended mountains of the province and government of Santiago de Veragua, in the kingdom of Tierra Firme. They run from e. to w. in the extremity washed by the S. sea, being eight leagues distant from the same.

GUANIMORO, a settlement of the head settlement of Tuxpán, and alcaldía mayor of Maravatio, in Nueva España, and of the bishopric of Mechoacán. It contains 18 families of Indians, and lies half a league to the n. of its head settle

ment.

GUANIPA, MESA DE, a lofty promontory of land, in the province and government of Cumaná. Its skirts consist of a long stretch of hilly country, and of broken, uneven, clayish grounds. It is from 35 to 40 leagues across, and in some parts 50. Its top is all level, forming a continued flat plain; the soil is sandy, parched, and lacking water. On the sides of the Mesa are, however, large openings or chasms, and in the centre of these are woods of palms resembling those of dates, called here moriche. From these chasms issue out water, in such quantities as to form some considerable rivers.

GUANIPA, a river of the province of Barcelona, and government of Cumaná. It rises in the former table-land, and enters into the Guarapiche.

GUANO, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Riobamba in the kingdom of Quito; situate on a delightful spot, abounding in the most exquisite of the European fruits, besides those peculiar to the region. It is of a benign and healthy climate, celebrated for its good manufactures and woollen stockings made by the Indians, and with which article a great trade is maintained with the provinces of Popayán, Chocó, and Barbacoas. In its district is a rich country estate called Elén. The settlement is seven miles n. e. of Riobamba, on the shore of the river of its name; in lat. 1° 34' s. and long. 78° 28′ w.

GUANO, a small island of the S. sea, near the coast of the province and corregimiento of Arica in Peru, to the s. of this town, and n. of the settlement of Atacama; in lat. 20° 19' s.

GUANOAS, a barbarous nation of Indians, on the confines of the province and government of Paraguay, to the n.; amongst whom dwell many refugee Spaniards. Of these Indians we know nothing more than that they are very idle, and lead a loitering life through the woods, and on the shores of the rivers, maintaining themselves by fishing and the chase. This nation is above 100 leagues distant from the settlements of the missions of Paraguay.

GUANÓZAN, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Loxa in the kingdom of Quito; situate on the bank of a stream which enters the river Girón.

GUANTA, a province and corregimiento of Peru, bounded n. and n. w. by the province of Xauxa, n. e. and e. by the mountains of the Andes, and s. and s. w. by the province of Angaraes, and partly by the jurisdiction of Guamanga and that of Castro Virreyna; on the s. e. it touches upon the provinces of Andahuailas and Vilcashuaman it extends in length, from the province of Xauxa to that of Andahuailas, 60 leagues in a direction from n. w. to s. e. being 40 leagues wide. Its situation is, for the most part, on heights or mid-lands, where the cold is considerable; the rest consists of quebradas or broken glens, of a good and even warm temperature, although it is altogether scarce of llanuras. In this province are cultivated all kinds of fruits and seeds, nor is it without sugar-cane grounds. Towards the part bounded by the mountains, are gathered tolerable crops of coca and other fruits. Here are breeds of all kinds of cattle, although not in the greatest abundance; also various estates belonging to the settlements of San Pedro de Guanta and San Juan de Tambos, where the quantity of coca is

the greatest, the crops being gathered three times a year, and regularly exceeding 88,000 arrobas, of 32 lbs. each, and the same being carried to Guancabelica, and other parts where there are mines, and sold at eight dollars the arroba: this, indeed, forms the greater part of the commerce of this province. In the woods are found many curious things, such as dragon's blood, cinnamon, bees honey, which is found in the trunks of trees; and some of these are so large that eight men, with their arms extended, cannot encompass them. Here are likewise bees which breed under ground, tigers of more beautiful skin than those of Africa, mountain-cats, hedge-hogs, bears, wild boars, cows, and wild horses, turkeys, doves, partridges, also a tree called pilco, the shade of which causes an universal itching over the whole body to those who come near its influence, and lastly, many rare herbs, which would afford much occupation and amusement to the botanist. There is scarcely any silver mine here worth mentioning; but there are mines of lead and of salt so abundant, that of this latter article large quantities are taken to the immediate provinces for working the silver. Amongst the rivers of the province, the largest is that which flows down through the province of Xauxa, and which rises in the province of Tarma from the lake called Cinchaicocha, the same preserving the name of the Marañon, which was given it by the Spaniards, although amongst the Indians it still preserves the name of Angoyaco. This river divides this province from that of Angaraes; and making an inflexion from s. w. to e. forms a peninsula called the island of Tayacaxa: it abounds in many delicate sorts of fish, and has, for a pass into the aforesaid province, a strong bridge, the same being the route by which lays the royal road leading from Cuzco, and called the Bridge of Iscucacha. There is also another bridge, called Criznejas, on the other side of the island, in the settlement of Mayoc. The inhabitants amount to 10,000, of all sexes and ages. The principal settlement is San Pedro de Guanta, six leagues from the city of Guamanga. Its corregidor used to have a repartimiento of 119,200 dollars, and it paid an alcavala of 953 dollars yearly. The population consists of the following settlements, divided into 12 curacies: S. Pedro de Guanta, San Juan de Tambo, S. Juan de Guamanguilla, Seque, Huaillay,

S. Juan de Chilcas,
S. Miguel,

San Salvador de Osno,
S. Marcos de Chilua,
Pasayata,
Macachacre,

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Nequehuaicondor, Vinchos de la Sal,

Acocra,

Ayari,

Paucarbambilla, Santiago de Tucuma, Ancháe,

S. Pedro de Pampas,

San Pedro de la Sal,
Mayóc,
Paucarbamba,
Santa Clara de Cosme,
Tocllacuri,
Huaribamba,

Santiago de Piechos,
Ayacacha.

GUANTANAMO. See CUMBERLAND. GUANTAR, a river of the province and government of Cumaná.

GUANUCO, or HUANUCO, a province and corregimiento of Peru, bounded n. and e. by the province of the infidel Indians, s. e. and s. by the province of Tarma, and w. by the s. part of the province of Guamalies. Its temperature is benign and healthy, its territory fertile and abounding in fruit and seeds. In it is gathered a tolerable quantity of pepper and cotton, and here are good breeds of cattle; also at the entrance of the mountainous part much coca, which is usually carried to Tarma. The district is, as it were, situate in a valley, which begins at Tarma, and ends in the mountains. This province is watered by two rivers, the one called Pilcomayo, which flows from Tarma, the other Visacaca, in the limits of the province of Guamalies: these rivers unite at a small distance from the city of Guanuco, and run n. through the mountains. Contiguous to this province are the Panataguas Indians, amongst whom there were formerly good reducciones; but these have been lost through the natives having retired to the mountains, after having killed their pastors of the religious order of S. Francisco. At present, however, there are existing other missions, which are kept up by the monks of the college of Ocopa; such is the settlement of Nuestra Señora de la Rosa, and such are many others which have not yet acquired any very great perfection. La Martiniere, following the errors in the descriptions of Juan Laet, says that this province is watered by the river Marañon, although the same is 22 leagues to the w. in the province of Tarma. It has only

Nayota,

Chaulán,

Its repartimiento was 50,000 dollars, and it used to pay an alcavala of 400 yearly.

Of the same name is the capital of this province, founded by Gomez de Alvarado, in 1539, with the title of Leon de Guanuco de los Caballeros. It was afterwards re-established by Pedro Barroso, in 1540, and then finally perfected by Pedro de Puelles in 1542. Its first inhabitants were principally those who followed the royal standard in the wars of Pizarro and Almagros. Shortly after its first establishment in the spot called Guanuco el Viejo, it was removed to where it now stands, by order of the Licentiate Vaca de Castro, governor of Peru. In the time of the viceroy the Marquis of Cañete, there was given to it the title of Most Noble and Most Loyal, and a shield for its arms. It was a very populous and large city, of an handsome plant and beautiful edifices; its cabildo, which consisted of officers and corresponding employments, was much distinguished, and the corregidor's jurisdiction extended to the provinces of Conchucos, Guamalies, Caxatamba, Chinchaicocha, Tarma, and Guailas; and even after that there were made separate corregimientos, there was reserved to this the authority of chief judge of appeals in the first instance. At present it is reduced to a miserable village. It stands in the royal road of the Incas; and every here and there are to be seen the ruins of some of their superb edifices, and most conspicuous amongst the rest the royal palace and temple of the sun. It is near the river Pilcomayo, which passes by, united with the Visacaca. Its territory is pleasant and fertile in all kinds of fruit of excellent quality, and of which are made conserves much esteemed at Lima and in the other provinces. The parochial church, as well as its three convents, are extremely poor; so also are its inhabitants, although they are composed of some of the most noble families; indeed, the only mark of grandeur remaining to it is the privilege of receiving in its cabildo the corregidors and ministers of the five provinces aforesaid, which were formerly subject to its jurisdiction. It is in lat. 10° 6' s. and long. 75° 36' w.

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