dians, who live in different wards of the city. It abounds in grain, fruit, and cattle, and from the skins of the latter are made soles for shoes, belts and other sorts of leather, by which a great trade is carried on. In its territory is a fountain, the water of which, when congealed, is converted into a white and transparent stone, of which are made glass for windows, figures, and articles of ornament. It has also mines of silver, gold, and load-stone, but few of them are worked. It is the head of a bishopric erected by Paul V. in the year 1609, and suffragan to Lima. It comprehends eight provinces, which are, Guanta, Vilcas Huaman, Andraguailas, Guancabelica, Angaraes, Castro Virreyna, Parinacocha, and Lucanas. The natives are courteous, affable, liberal, and conversant as well in the sciences as in matters of business. This city contains many noble and rich families, and not a few descended from the first conquerors. It is the native place of the most illustrious Señor Don Manuel Gerónimo de Romani, canon of this holy church, bishop of Panamá and Cuzco; also of the Marquis of Valdelirios, actual counsellor, chamberlain of the royal and supreme council of the Indies, and of Doña Maria Teresa Cruzategui y Munivi, Marchioness of Feria, a lady of singular talent and education, possessing a knowledge of Latin and philosophy, the belles lettres, and different languages. This city is 188 miles s. e. of Lima, 176 n. w. from Cuzco, and 134 n. e. from Pisco. Lat. 12° 56's. Long. 73° 57' w.

Bishops who have presided in Guamanga. 1. Don Fr. Agustin de Carvajal, of the order of San Agustin, native of Cáceres in Estremadura, prior of the convent in Valladolid, assistant general of the order; promoted from the church of Panamá to this, in 1611; he governed until 1620, when he died.

2. Don Francisco Verdugo, native of Carmona in Andalucia, collegiate in the college of Maese Rodrigo de Sevilla, professor of canons and laws, advocate of the inquisition of Sevilla, and fiscal of that of Murcia, afterwards inquisitor of Lima; elected bishop of Guamanga in 1622; he was a model for charitable and just prelates, five times visited his bishopric, and died in 1636, having been promoted to the archbishopric of Santa Fé.

3. Don Fr. Gabriel de Zarate, of the order of Santo Domingo, native of Lima; he was prior in four convents of his religion, twice provincial, calificador of the holy office, and presented to this bishopric in the same year of 1636; he died the following year.

4. Don Fr. Antonio Conderina, of the order of

San Agustin, native of Bilbao; promoted from the bishopric of Santa Marta to this, in 1645; on his arrival, however, he became mad, and in his stead was nominated,

5. Don Antonio de Castro del Castillo, who did not accept the dignity.

6. Don Andres Garcia de Zurita, native of Sevilla, collegiate and rector in the royal college of San Felipe and San Marcos of the university of Lima, curate in the bishopric of Quito, canon and afterwards dean of the holy church of Lima, coadjutor to the bishopric of Guamanga, and then bishop, and from thence promoted to the bishopric of Truxillo, in 1650.

7. Don Francisco Godoy, canon of the churches of Buenos Ayres and Arequipa, and dean of this church, professor of arts; elected bishop of Guamanga in the same year, 1650.

8. Don Fr. Cipriano de Médina, of the order of Santo Domingo, native of Lima, professor of arts, difinidor and procurator-general; elected bishop of Guamanga, the cathedral of which he finished, and who died the same day that he was preceeding to make the visitation.

9. Don Vasco de Contreras, native of Lima, collegiate of the college of San Martin, and of his university, treasurer of that holy church, bishop of Popayán, from whence he was removed to this bishopric.

10. Don Sancho Pardo de Andrade y Figueroa, who was promoted to the bishopric of Quito,

in 1688.

11. Don Diego Ladron de Guevara; he passed from the church of Panamá, in 1699; was promoted to that of Guamanga, and from thence to that of Quito, in 1703.

12. Don Diego Deza y Ulloa, native of Mexico, who died in 1719.

13. Don Fr. Alonzo Roldan, of the order of San Basilio, native of Villarobledo in La Mancha, master in sacred theology, synodical examiner of the archbishopric of Toledo, calificador of the holy tribunal of the inquisition," abbot of his church of Alcalá and of the monastery of Ma drid, difinidor, provincial, and vicar-general of the provinces of Castilla and Andalucía; presented to the bishopric of Guamanga in 1723; he governed with singular integrity his church for 17 years; and although oppressed with years and persecutions, he endeavoured to renounce the mitre, yet was not this permitted him.

14. Don Fr. Francisco Galeano, of the order of La Merced, native of Lima, first professor of writing in the university of San Marcos, auxiliary bishop of that capital, with the title of Rosaliense,

and promoted to that of Guamanga in 1741; he died in 1743.

15. Don Miguel Bernardo de la Fuente Roja, native of Lima, promoted from the church of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in 1744; but he died before he could take possession.

16. Don Francisco Gutierrez; elected in 1745; he died in 1749.

17. Don Felipe Manrique de Lara, native of Lima, of the illustrious family of the Marquises of this title, dean of that holy metropolitan church; clected bishop of Panamá, which dignity he renounced, and then of Guamanga, in 1750; he died in 1765.

18. Don Fr. Joseph Luis de Lila, of the order of San Agustin, native of Panamá; elected in 1766; he died in 1769.

19. Don Miguel Moreno y Ollo, native of Panamá, dean of its holy church, and bishop; from whence he was promoted to the bishopric of Guamanga in 1771; he died in 1782.

20. Don Francisco Lopez, abbot of Motril; elected bishop of Guamanga in 1782.

GUAMANI, a cordillera of mountains, very lofty and covered with snow, which is united to the grand cordillera of the Andes, in the kingdom of Quito.

GUAMANTANGA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Canta in Peru. It is small, but celebrated for the continual pilgrimages which are made hither from different parts, by people who come to visit the effigy of Christ, which is highly venerated in one of the churches; and upon the celebration of the festival, which is on the day of Pentecost, the concourse of visitors from the other provinces is immense.

GUAMANTLA, or HUAMANTLA, a settlement of the province and alcaldía mayor of Tlaxcala in Nueva España. It contains more than 100 families of Spaniards, Mulattoes, and Mustees, who occupy themselves in making bits for bridles, stirrups, and many other nice works in iron, with such neatness, that these articles are in high estimation throughout the kingdom, and form the principal branch of commerce. It has a convent of the religious order of San Francisco; situate 15 miles e. of Tlaxcala, 27 n. e. of Puebla, and 48 w. by s. of Xalapa.

GUAMANZANA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Truxillo in Peru; situate near the river Morin, and the mountain of Pelagatos.

GUAMARA, an abundant river of the province and captainship of Seara in Brazil. It runs

many leagues to the x. n. e. and enters the sea close to the point of Colta.

GUAMARO, a settlement of the province and government of Cartagena; situate on the shore of the river of La Magdalena.

GUAMARU, a settlement of the missions that were held by the Carmelite fathers of Portugal, in the country of Las Amazonas; situate on the shore of the Rio Negro.

GUAMAS, a settlement of the province and government of Antioquia in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada.

GUAMAS, another settlement, in the province and government of Sonora in Nueva España; situate on the coast of the gulf of California.

GUAMAZAN, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Cuenca in the kingdom of Quito.

GUAMBA, an ancient and very fertile province in the territory of the province of Popayán, of the Nuevo Reyno de Grenada, discovered by Sebastian de Benalcazar in 1536. Its natives were ferocious and cannibals.

GUAMBACHO, a port of the S. sea, on the coast of the province and corregimiento of Santa in Peru.

GUAMBIA, a settlement of the province and government of Popayán in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada.

GUAMBOS, a river of the province and corregimiento of Chachapoyas in Peru. It rises in the valley of Tlayabamba, runs inclining to s. s. e. and enters the Moyobamba.

GUAMES, SAN DIEGO DE, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Pastos in the kingdom of Quito; situate on the shore of the river of the Lake.

GUAMES, a river of the same province and corregimiento, which runs e. for many leagues, collecting the waters of many other rivers, and of the lake Mocoa, when it enters with a very abundant stream into the Putu-mayu. It has a very handsome bridge of willow twigs.

GUAMES, another river, in the province and corregimiento of Tacunga, and of the same kingdom. It rises near the settlement of Pilláro, runs e.; and united with others, enters the Curaray in the country of the Canelos.

GUAMINI, a mountain of the province and government of Buenos Ayres, near the coast of the Patagones.

GUAMO, a settlement of the jurisdiction of Ibagué in the government of Mariquita, of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada; annexed to the curacy

of the settlement of Cuello. It is of a hot temperature, fertile, and abundant in the vegetable productions of its climate, and contains 400 housekeepers. GUAMO, a small river of the province and government of Maracaibo, which rises n. of the city of Mérida, between this city and the Great lake. It runs n. and empties itself into the said lake.

GUAMOCO, a city of the province and government of Antioquia in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada. It is rich, and abounds in mines of silver of the purest kind; is situate on the shore of the river Alara, in the midst of some extensive sierras, from which it has taken its name, the same abounding in washing places of gold, found amongst the quebradas or broken and uneven grounds which abound here: these washing places are called San Francisco, Bijagua, Platanár, Ariza, Trinidad, San Pedro, La Cruz, Tupe, Espolon de Sabalo, Ambulama, Saltillo, Encarnacion, Santa Margarita, Santa Isabel, San Lorenzo, Cultura, Caceri Grande, Cacerito; and there are many others, which have produced an infinite quantity of gold, causing the city to increase in fame, commerce, and population. Since, however, the decay of the mines, it has been reduced to a miserable state, and is merely the ruins of what it formerly was. [It is 32 miles n. e. of Antioquia. Lat. 7° 9' n. Long. 74°

57' w.

GUAMOS, a barbarous nation of Indians, of the llanuras of the Orinoco, to the n. and to the e. of the river Apure, near which they dwell amongst the woods bounded s. by the nation of the Pacs, and e. by that of the Palenques. They are very numerous and valorous.

GUAMOTE, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Riobamba in the kingdom of Quito.

GUANABACOA, a town of the island of Cuba. GUANABO, a small river of the island of Santo Domingo, near the coast of the e. head. It runs into the sea at the mouth of the great bay of Samaná, close to the cape of San Rafael.

GUANACAS, a settlement of the province and government of Popayán in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada; founded on the confines of that of Quito, by the regulars of the company, in 1620, when they entered the kingdom to reduce to the faith the Paeces Indians.

GUANACAS, a paramo or desert mountain, which is very lofty and covered with eternal snow, in the same province and kingdom as the former settlement, on the skirts of which it is situate. It lies in the direct road in going down from the kingdom of Quito, and many travellers have been frozen in

their journey, through the intense cold which prevails here.

GUANACATI, a river of the province and government of Panamá in the kingdom of Tierra Firme, e. of the settlement of Chepo. Its shores are very fertile, and adorned with numerous cultivated estates and gardens. It runs into the S. sea, on the w. of the river called Cheminá, in lat. 8° 53' n.

GUANACEVI, a settlement and real of the silver mines of the province of Tepeguana, and kingdom of Nueva Vizcaya; situate on the shore of the river of Las Nasas, 15 leagues to the n. n. w. of the capital Guadiana.

[GUANACHES, several lakes of the kingdom of La Plata; situate about 55 miles to the n. e. of Mendoza in the kingdom of Chile. Into these lakes run the rivers De Mendoza, O'Tamiya, and Blanco, and several others: the largest of these lakes is called Lag. Grande, which is about 54 miles long, out of which lake runs the river Desaguadero or Colorado, and empties itself into the sea between the river Plata and the peninsula De San Josef.]

GUANACOCHA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Cuyo in the kingdom of Chile; situate on the shore of the river Mendoza.

GUANAGUANA, a settlement of the province and government of Cumaná in the kingdom of Tierra Firme; situate in the interior of the serranía. It is one of the missions that belong in that province to the Aragonese Capuchin fathers.

GUANAHANI, or SAN SALVADOR, or by the English called Cat Island, one of the Bahamas; in the ocean, and the first land of America discovered by Admiral D. Christopher Columbus in 1492. He gave it the name of St. Salvador, since he had already considered himself as lost, and since his people had threatened to kill him, unless, as he had promised them, they might find land. Lat. 24° 15'. Long. 75° 40'. [See Sr. SALVADOR.]

GUANAHUCA, a volcano of the kingdom of Chile, in the mountains of the cordillera, near that of Osorno. Lat. 40° 50' s. Long. 71° 45' w.

GUANAJA, a settlement of the island of Cuba, on the n. coast, 62 leagues from the point of Hicacos.

GUANAJIVE, a river of the island of San Juan de Puertorico, which rises n. of the town of San German, runs w. and enters the sea between port Frances and the river Mayagues.

GUANAJUATO, an alcaldia mayor of Nueva España, in the province and bishopric of Mechoacán. It is for the most part of a cold temperature, since its situation occupies the sierra Madre. Its

productions are gold, silver, and copper, of which metals there are very abundant mines, the which at the present day are dug to a great depth, and are much troubled with water, so that their expence of working is very great. Within its district also are other mines, called the Real de San Nicolas, three leagues to the n. that of Peregrino, San Lorenzo, La Trinidad, El Realejo, four leagues to the w. with those called La Puerta, La Ovejara, La Mora, San Bernabé, El Rosario, and La Medalla, all of gold and silver; but all yielding sparingly, through the scanty means of working them possessed by the natives. Besides these there are in the sierras those of Peregrina, La Sirena, Las Bayas, Santa Ana, and La Atalaya, each forming a moderate village, having its church and chaplain for the administration of the sacraments. The same is the case in 43 estates in which the silver is manufactured. These estates lie in certain glens, in which reside hordes of labourers, who consume annually more than 100,000 load of maize, 18,000 sheep, 5000 oxen, and 18,000 load of meal, the same being used in the aforesaid 16 villages, and in the settlement and head settlement of Irapuato, which is united to this jurisdiction. The capital is Santa Fé.

GUANAMBI, a settlement of the province and government of Cartagena; situate between the seacoast and the Dique, which communicates with the Rio Grande de la Magdalena.

GUANAMBU, or JUANAMBU, a large and rapid river of the province and corregimiento of Pasto in the kingdom of Quito. It runs from e. to w. and after having collected the waters of the Mayo, unites itself with the Guaitara; when these, united, join the Patia with such rapidity, as neither to admit of vessels to pass, or any bridge to be built upon it. It is consequently passed en taravita, by a sling, which consists of a strong cable attached on either shore to some stout trees. On the cable is hung, by large iron rings, a large basket; and this, in which are placed the persons and burthens that are to be brought over, is drawn backwards and forwards by horses on either shore, by cords attached to the basket. This river empties itself into the Patia, in about lat. 1° 26' n. Long. 77° 25' w.

GUANANAS, a barbarous nation of Indians of Paraguay, who inhabit the vicinities of the river Paraná. They are being reduced by degrees to the faith, and are forming themselves into settlements. They are of a docile nature, laborious, and fond of agriculture.

GUAÑANDO, a settlement of the province and

VOL. II.

corregimiento of Riobamba in the kingdom of Quito.

GUANAPA, a settlement of the alcaldía mayor of Guajuapa in Nueva España, containing 100 families of Indians.

GUANAPA, a river of the province and government of Guayana or Nueva Andalucia. It runs n. inclining to the e. and enters the Aruy, near the city of Real Corona.

GUANAPALO, a river of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, which rises in the mountains of Bogotá. It abounds in delicious fish, and is navigable by canoes; runs from n. to s. and enters by the n. into the Meta, near the settlement of San Francisco Regis.

GUANAPALO, another river, of the province and government of Maracaibo. It rises to the e. of the town of St. Domingo, runs inclining to the e.; and forming a curve of very great extent, enters the river of La Portuguesa.

GUANAPATO, a river of the province and government of La Guayana, which enters the Meta according to Mr. Bellin. No doubt, be meant the former river, and has mistaken the name.

GUANAPAY, a river of the province and government of Paraguay. It runs e. and enters the Paraná, between those of lluci and Yagui.

GUANAPE, a port in the S. sea, in the province and corregimiento of Truxillo in Peru; little frequented, from its insecurity and exposure. It is 10 leagues to the s. e. of its capital, which is the nearest of any population or town. It has been rendered very desolate, from want of water, and the whole of its inhabitants are comprehended in about a dozen ranchos of Indians, who live by fishing, and by helping vessels to unload which come here and are pressed for time.

GUANAPE, FARALLONES DE, four small isles; one larger than the rest, opposite the former port. They are desert and barren.

GUANAPO, a river of the province of Barcelona, and government of Cumaná. It rises in the mountains not far from the coast, runs e. and enters the Unare.

GUANAPU, a river of the province and captainship of Pará in Brazil. It rises in the mountains, and empties itself by the s. into the mouth of Las Amazonas.

GUANARE, a settlement of the missions that are held by the Capuchin fathers, in the province and government of Guayana; situate on the shore of the river of its name. [Guanare received from its founders, in 1593, the civil and religious institutions given at that period to every village then

CC

[established; that is, a cabildo and a curate. Those who selected the situation deserve praise for the wisdom of their choice. In the first place, a river, which has given its name to the town, furnishes the inhabitants with good water, for drinking as well as for the purposes of culture, and for the use of their flocks. In the next, there is nothing to prevent the winds circulating well through the town, and refreshing the atmosphere.

If one considers the situation of Guanare with respect to rural works, it will be seen that the lands in the e. part are fertile, and fit for every description of produce; and that to the s. and e. the pasture of the immense plains are evidently destined by nature for the propagation of cattle. It is in this speculation that the inhabitants are chiefly engaged. Their greatest wealth is in cattle, the number of which is infinite. They sell a number of oxen for the consumption of the province, and also a number of mules for its use. The surplus is exported from Coro, Porto Cavello, or Guayana. Formerly very good tobacco was cultivated in the valleys of Tucupio and Liporora, as well as on the banks of the river Portuguesa; but since the government monopoly, these plantations have suffered the fate of all those that unfortunately were not within the jurisdiction designed by the ministers for the cultivation of tobacco on the king's account. The population of Guanare amounts to 12,300 persons. The streets are in a line, broad, and formed by houses, if not magnificent, of a very passable construction. There is an hospital with a very pitiful revenue; but the parish church is large, handsome, and ornamented in a superior manner. It owes a part of its splendour to the possession of Our Lady of Comoroto, whose virtues and miracles oblige us to give an account of her apparition, and of the causes of the great concourse of people which she attracts from the neighbouring provinces. It was ascertained by an investigation made by D. Carlos de Herrera, rector (cure-rector) of the cathedral of Caracas, that in 1651, an inhabitant of the name of John Sanchez made a journey from the town of Espiritu Santo to Tucuyo, by a road which led over some dry savannas. A Cacique stopped him to acquaint him that a woman exceedingly beautiful had appeared to him in a ravine which he pointed out to him, and that she had told him to go with his people, and find the whites, who would make him throw water on his head, as the only means of securing his way to heaSanchez, being in a hurry, deferred the examination of the matter until his return, which was in eight days. The Cacique was punctual in re

ven.

pairing to the same spot at this period, continuing as much affected with what the woman had said to him as he was on the first day. The alcaldes were informed that the whole Cacique nation would repair to the church to receive baptism. This was punctually executed, and in less than one hour more than 7000 souls were put into the way of salvation.

After this solemnity, all the daughters and children of the baptized Indians beheld the woman in the ravine where she had made her first appearance. As it was the place where they went to fetch water, they always stopped longer than their errand required, and were often scolded and beaten by their parents. The same fault and the same chastisement were repeated every day, until at last the children declared that a woman appeared to them, under so beautiful a form that they could not weary themselves with admiring her.

No adult could see her; but on the report of the children, prodigious virtues were attributed to the waters in this ravine. What carried their belief to its height was the bishop Diego de Baños having sent some of this water to Madrid in 1699; as it arrived there, after a voyage of ten months, as fresh as if it had been just taken from the ravine. The governor D. Nicholas Eugenio de Ponce sent some to his wife, at the Canary islands. It arrived equally fresh.

People who are in want, repair with a lighted lamp to bathe in the ravine. Every where they send for this water. Even the flint stones have become relics, and are worn about the neck. What is very singular, is that every body had an entire faith in these miracles, excepting the very Cacique who had given the information to Sanchez. He persisted in an invincible unbelief.

On the 8th of Sept. 1652, they wished to force him to assist at the divine ceremonies; he refused, and retired to his dwelling, which was two leagues off. He was no sooner arrived there than the Virgin appeared to him arrayed in a splendour which shone as bright at midnight as the meridian sun. Immediately the Cacique saw her, he said to her, "Omadam! dost thou come here also, thou mayest as well return, I am not more disposed to obey thee; owing to thee, I find myself in trouble; wish to retire to the woods, which I have to repent having ever left." The Indian's wife said to her husband, "Do not insult the woman, be not of a bad heart." He then took his bow and arrow to shoot the Virgin; but she approached near enough to him to prevent it. He wished to seize her, she vanished, and the room was again in darkness. In]