who dwell in the mountains e. of Bogotá, in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, at the entrance of the llanuras of Cazanare and Meta. These barbarians are few, and their customs are not well known. GUACIMAL, Arm of the, is a large branch of the river Apure, by which it communicates with the river of La Portuguesa. [GUACOCKINGO, a town in New Spain, 30 miles s. e. of Mexico.] GUACOMAN, a settlement and head settlement of the alcaldia mayor of Motines in Nueva España. It contains 52 families of Indians. GUACOTETEC, a settlement of the province and alcaldía mayor of San Salvador in the kingdom of Guatemala. GUACURAI, a river of the kingdom of Brazil, in the territory of the Cayapos Indians. It rises in the mountains, runs s. s. e. and enters by the n. side into the Grande of Paraná, between the Cururay and the Verde. GUADA, a settlement of the Nuevo Reyno de Leon; situate to the n. n. w. of the capital of Monclova. GUADALABQUEN, a district and territory of the Indians, of the kingdom of Chilé, comprehended in the province and corregimiento of Valdivia. It had this name in the time of the Indians. GUADALAXARA, one of the three districts or audiences of Nueva España in N. America; situate upon the s. coast. It extends from lat. 18° 50 to 21° 50′ n.; towards the n. e. it is bounded by San Luis, and s. e. by Valladolid; towards the n. it has Durango, and to the w. it is washed by the sea and gulf of California, extending itself along the coast upwards of 200 leagues, from n. w. to s. w. The interior of the country is very irregular, and particularly towards the n. and the widest part. It comprehends seven provinces, which are, that of its own name, which is the principal, Xalisco, Chiametlán, Zacatecas, Nueva Vizcaya, Culiacán, and Cinaloa. It enjoys different climates, according to the variety of its situation; some part of it being in the torrid zone, and others in the temperate. It is, however, for the most part milder than the rest of Nueva España, and reputed healthy; for, indeed, it is not uncommon to see persons whose age exceeds 100 years: nevertheless it is much infested with musquitoes, bugs, and other insects. The territory is for the most part mountainous and full of woods, having the appearance of a desert, and it is said that the Spaniards have taken the precaution of leaving it in this abandoned state, in order that strangers who visit it may not be encouraged to settle. It has many silver mines, and some of gold of immense value have lately been discovered; this precious metal being carried to Mexico on mules over the most craggy roads, in order to avoid the risk of any interception by strangers from sea. The rest of the country is most fertile, and produces wheat and maize in such abundance that the former yields 100, and the second 200 fold, although the crops are sometimes destroyed by the locust, as are the olives by the ants. The abundance of the finer sorts of European fruits, herbs, and roots, is incredible, and particularly of the sugar-cane and cochineal: the honey also, made by bees, said to have no sting, is remarkably fine. The meadows abound in all kinds of cattle, and the woods in animals of the chase, in pines and oaks; but they are, at the same time, full of wolves, snakes, and scorpions. Here grows a kind of medicinal pepper, which cures wounds, also a green stone, which we are assured is a specific remedy against the disease of the stone. Here are flowers of exquisite fragrance, fine drugs, and rich mines of silver, copper, and lead, and on the coast a pearl fishery. The Indians are cunning, treacherous, and weak: they use for arms bows and arrows, and their manner of attacking the Spaniards is by ambuscade, save when they are regularly headed by one of their caciques. The Spaniards of distinction live by commerce, and are masters of the mines; and the inferior sort give themselves up to the pursuits of agriculture and breeding cattle. In each settlement are two Spaniards and one cacique, whose business it is to regulate the government, and maintain good order amongst the natives: these are very indignant at affronts, and pride themselves on their valour: they are indolent and lazy, and never labour but for great wages. Their clothing consists of a shirt and a square cotton mantle made fast in front by two buttons, and their small-clothes are of the same. They sleep upon mats made of reeds, and they adorn their necks, legs, and arms, with beads of green stones. Their principal diversion is dancing to the sound of a hollow piece of wood. Horseflesh and broth of maize are esteemed by them as delicious aliments, and chocolate and a chicha of maize their favourite drinks. GUADALAXARA. The province which gives its name to the abovementioned district, and which is, as we have before said, a part of the same, is bounded e. and s. by the province of Mechoacán, n. by that of Xalisco, a corner of which is washed by the S. sea. Notwithstanding its situation, being under the torrid zone, it is healthy, temperate, and fertile, producing not only excellent woods for building vessels, but much wheat and maize, as also other fruits of America and Europe, besides the rich treasures that are extracted from its mines. It is 50 leagues long, and nearly the same wide. [GUADALAXARA, Intendancy of. This intendancy, a part of the kingdom of Nueva Gallicia, is almost twice the extent of Portugal, with a population five times smaller. Its greatest breadth is 100 leagues, from the port of San Blas to the town of Lagos; and its greatest length is from s. to n. from the Volcan de Colima to San Andres Teul, 118 leagues. Guadalaxara is crossed from e. to w. by the Rio de Santiago, a considerable river which communicates with the lake of Chapala, and which one day (when civilization shall have augmented in these countries) will become interesting for interior navigation from Salamanca and Zelaya to the port of San Blas. All the e. part of this province is the table-land and w. declivity of the cordilleras of Anahuac. The maritime regions, especially those which stretch towards the great bay of Bayonne, are covered with forests, and abound in superb wood for ship-building. But the inhabitants are exposed to an unhealthy and excessively heated air. The interior of the country enjoys a temperate climate, favourable to health. The Volcan de Colima, of which the position has never yet been determined by astronomical observations, is the most w. of the volcanoes of New Spain, which are placed on the same line in the direction of one parallel. It frequently throws up ashes and smoke. An enlightened ecclesiastic, who has made several very exact barometrical measurements, Don Manuel Abad, great vicar of the bishopric of Mechoacán, estimated the elevation of the Volcan de Colima above the level of the sea at 2800 metres (or 9185 feet). This insulated mountain, as is stated by M. Abad, appears only of a moderate height when its summit is compared with the ground of Zapotilti and Zapotlan, two villages of 2000 varas (or 5505 feet) of elevation above the level of the coast. It is from the small town of Colima that the volcano appears in all its grandeur. It is never covered with snow, but when this falls in the chain of the neighbouring mountains from the effects of the n. wind. On the 8th December 1788, the volcano was covered with snow for almost two-thirds of its height; and from the best meteorological considerations, we are induced to assign nearly 3200 metres (10,498 feet) for the total height of the Volcan de Colima. In the beginning of 1791, the above gentleman made the tour of the volcano by Sayula, Tuspan, and Co lima, without seeing the smallest trace of snow on its summits. According to a manuscript memoir communicated to the tribunal of the Consulado of Vera Cruz, by the intendant of Guadalaxara, the value of the agricultural produce of this intendancy amounted, in 1802, to 2,599,000 piastres, equal to 13,644,750 francs, or 568,5317. sterling, in which there were computed 1,657,000 fanegas of maize, 43,000 cargas of wheat, 17,000 tercios of cotton, (at five piastres the tercio), and 20,000 pounds of cochineal of Autlan, (at three francs the pound). The value of the manufacturing industry was esti mated at 3,302,200 piastres, (17,336,550 francs, or 722,3517. sterling). The province of Guadalaxara contains, according to the latest accounts, two cities, six towns, and 322 villages. The most celebrated mines are those of Bolaños, Asientos de Ibarra, Hostiotipaquillo, Copala, and Guichichila near Tepic. The most remarkable towns are, Guadalaxara, Compostella, Aguas Calientes, Villa de la Purificacion, Lagos, and Colima. The population, in 1803, amounted to 630,500, and the extent of surface in square leagues was 9612, the number of inhabitants to the square league being 66.] GUADALAXARA, the capital of the former province, and of the kingdom of Nueva Galicia; founded in 1531 by Nuño de Guzman. It is of a somewhat hot temperature, great, populous, and handsome, through the symmetry of its buildings, squares, and streets, which are all straight, long, and wide, some being as much as 12 or 14 yards across. The houses are, for the most part, only one story high, so that they cover proportionably more ground. It has eight plazas, (public places), which are La Mayor, that of Santa Maria de Gracia, Santo Domingo, Del Carmen, the small place of San Francisco, where the custom-house is, that of La Palma, and that of the parish of Sagrario, besides another of Nuestra Señora del Pilar. The temples are as follows: Oratorio de San Felipe Neri, convents of monks of St. Domingo, of the observers of San Francisco, of La Orden Tercera, of San Antonio, of San Agustin, of Nuestra Señora de la Merced, a house of entertainment of the barefooted Carmelites, a college which belonged to the regulars of the company, and hospitals of San Juan de Dios and of Bethle mites, monasteries of the nuns of Santa Maria de Gracia and of Jesus Maria, both Dominicans, of Santa Mónica, of the barefooted Carmelites, and the Beaterio de San Diego, which is a receptacle for female children. Besides these it has two col leges, the one of San Joseph, which is the seminary of the cathedral, and another of San Juan Baptista, which was a house for studies belonging to the regulars of the company, where there were professors of writing and of the Mexican language. The population of this city is greatly increasing, and consists of from 8 to 9000 families of Spaniards, Mustees, and Mulattoes, without those of the Indians who inhabit the wards and settlements of its precinct. It is the head of a bishopric, suffragan to Mexico, and erected in 1548; and in it resides the tribunal of the royal audience, established in the same year. It is situate on the shore of the river Barnaja or Esquitlán, which rises from the lake of Mechoacán, running with great rapidity to the s. .; and at the distance of four leagues it has a very large fall, after which it enters the S. sea between Xalisco and Chiametlán. The cathedral is magnificent; and the extensive plain on which it is situate is watered by various streams and fountains besides the aforesaid river: and all these tend to render the territory fertile in grain, herbs, and pastures. Five leagues distant from the city is a mountain of an extraordinary height, and so steep that its ascent is impracticable for loaded horses; the other mountains surrounding this are covered with pines and oaks. The natives of this city are excellent mechanics, and excel particularly in making articles of tortoise-shell. It enjoys delightful and salutary waters, which enter it on the w. through some aqueducts of good workmanship, and in which no expence was spared; the same having been under the superintendency of Don Juan Rodriguez de Alboerne, Marquis of Altamira, odor of the audience, then taken up by the Marquis del Castillo de Aiza, the president, and finished by Don Martin Blancas, who was also oidor. Streams also fertilize the environs of the town, and many cultivated estates, gardens, and orchards. The natives are for the most part of a peaceable disposition, handsome, and industrious. [The population, according to the latest accounts, and as estimated by Humboldt, amounts to 19,500 souls.] The city is 150 leagues w. with some inclination to n. w. of Mexico. Lat. 21° 8' n. Long. 103° 5' w. Bishops who have presided in Guadalaxara. 1. Don Fr Antonio of Ciudad Rodrigo, of the order of San Francisco, native of the city of his title in Estremadura, one of the 12 who founded the province of Mexico, and its second provincial; he returned to Spain on business touching religion, and was presented to be first bishop of Guadalaxara, but refused the dignity. 2. Don Juan de Barrios, native of Sevilla; he VOL. II. passed over to Nueva España; elected to be protector of the Indians; and promoted, in reward for the zeal he manifested, to the bishopric of Guadalaxara; but he did not take possession, from his death having taken place before he was conse. crated. 3. Don Pedro Gomez Maraver, native of Granada, a man of apostolical character, having been continually engaged in the visitation of his bishopric, and converting, in great numbers, the Indians to the faith; he also converted the Indian chief or cacique of the settlement of Tlajamulco, and gave him his own Christian and surname; and from him are descended the Maraveres Indians, heard of at the present day; he died in 1552. 4. Don Fr. Pedro de Ayala, of the order of San Francisco, native of Guadalaxara in Castilla; elected bishop in 1535; he assisted at the second council of Nueva España, as prelate of Xalisco, in 1565; laid the first stone of its cathedral, and died in 1569. 5. Don Francisco de Mendiola, native of Valladolid, oidor of the royal audience of Guadalaxara; and elected bishop of its holy church in 1571; he was most pious and charitable to the poor, dividing amongst them what he possessed, not even excepting his own bed, which he carried himself to a sick Indian; he died in 1576, and his body, even to this day, remaining uncorrupt, is a reasonable proof of his just claims to beatification. 6. Don. Fr. Domingo de Arzola, of the order of preachers, vicar-general and visitor in his religion, of the provinces of Peru and Nueva España, native of Mondragon, presented to this bihopric in 1579; he founded the convent of St. Domingo and the college of Jesuits, assisted at the third Mexican council of 1585, and died whilst at the visitation of the settlement of Atoyan, in 1590. 7. Don Fr. Juan de Truxillo, of the order of San Gerónimo; elected bishop in 1591; but he did not take possession. 8. Don Fr. Pedro Suarez de Escobar, native of Medellin in Estremadura, of the order of San Agustin, of the province of the name of Jesus de Mexico; elected in the same year; a man of singular literature, as his works attest; he died before he was consecrated. 9. Don Alonso Fernandez de Bonilla, native of Córdoba, fiscal of the inquisition of Mexico, and dean of that holy metropolitan church; elected bishop of the same, and sent from thence to be visitor of the royal hacienda of Lima in Peru, and from thence presented to the bishopric of Mexico, in 1592. 10. Don Francisco Santos Garcia, native of Ma A A drigal, inquisitor of Mexico, and chanter of its holy church; elected bishop of this, which he took the charge of, in 1597; he lived 'till he was very infirm, and having passed over to Mexico, in order to be reinstated in health, died in that city. 11. Don Alonso de la Mota, native of Mexico, curate of the parish of Chiapa; he passed over to Spain, and returned, having been made dean of Mechoacán; and from thence he was promoted to be deacon of La Puebla, and afterwards that of Mexico, where he formed a most intimate friendship with the venerable Gregory Lopez; he did not accept the bishopric of Nicaragua, and was elected to this church in 1601; he visited the whole bishopric, pacified the barbarous Indians of the sierra of Topia, and was promoted to the bishopric of La Puebla de los Angeles in 1607. 12. Don Fr. Juan del Valle, native of San Miguel de Aragon, of the order of San Basilic, abbot of its monastery of Valladolid; presented to the bishopric of this church in 1607. He made a general visitation, and returned to Spain, where he renounced the dignity, and died at Madrid in 1620. 13. Don Fr. Francisco de Rivero, native of Alcalá de Henares, theological doctor and professor of that university, provincial of the province of Castilla; the 38th general of his religion; elected bishop of Guadalaxara through the renuciation of his predecessor, in 1618; he founded the convent of his order. In his time the bishopric was divided, and that of Durango erected, and he was removed to Mechoacán in 1630. 14. Don Leonel de Cervantes Carvajal, native of Mexico, archdeacon of Santa Fé, provisor and vicar-general of its bishopric, commissary of the holy office, and of the holy crusade; he was presented to the bishopric of Santa Marta, promoted to that of Cuba, afterwards to this of Guadalaxara in 1631, and from thence to that of Oaxaca in 1635. 15. Don Juan Sanchez, Duke of Estrada, native of Santa Cruz, near to Talavera de la Reyna, collegiate of the Mayor of Cuenca, curate of Fuencarral, canon of the church, collegiate of San Justo, and pastor of Alcala, professor of theology in its university; presented to this bishopric in 1636; he died in 1641. 16. Don Juan Ruiz Colmonero, native of the town of Budia, of the bishopric of Sigüenza, collegiate-major of San Ildefonso de Alcalá, professor of arts in its university, magisterial canon of Ciudad Rodrigo; he renounced the bishopric of Nochera in Nápoles, to which he was presented, and afterwards preferred to that of the church of Guadalaxara in 1647; he reduced many Indians to the faith, was much persecuted from being the defender of the ecclesiastical immunity, and died in 1663. 17. Don Francisco Berdin y Molina, penitentiary canon, provisor, and vicar-general of Murcia; he took possession of this bishopric in 1666, and was promoted to that of Mechoacán in 1674. 18. Don Manuel Fernandez de Santa Cruz, native of Palencia, collegiate of the Mayor of Cuenca in Salamanca, magisterial canon of Segovia; elected bishop of Chiapa, and before he embarked, promoted to Guadalaxara, where he entered in 1675; promoted to the bishopric of La Puebla in the following year, 1676. 19. Don Juan de Santiago Garabito, native of the town of La Palma in Andalucia, collegiate-major of Cuenca, in the city of Salamanca, professor of philosophy in that university, magisterial canon of Badajoz; elected bishop of Puertorico, and promoted to this holy church in 1677; he visited the whole of his bishopric, suffered much through the defence of the ecclesiastical immunity, and died in 1694. 20. Don Fr. Felipe Galindo y Chaves, native of the port of Vera Cruz; he took a monk's habit in the convent of Santo Domingo of Mexico, where he was prior, provincial of its province, apostolical missionary in the sierra Gorda, where he founded eight missions; nominated bishop of Guadalaxara, of which he took possession in 1696; he built the sacristy, the treasury, and the portico of the cathedral, twice visited the bishopric, and died in 1702. 21. Don Diego Camacho y Avila, native of Badajoz, collegiate-major of Cuenca, theological doctor and professor of philosophy in the university of Salamanca, magisterial canon in his country, preacher to the king, bishop of Manila; promoted to this bishopric in 1707; he died in 1712. 22. Don Fr. Manuel de Mimbela, of the order of San Francisco, native of Fraga in Aragon; he passed over to the province of Zacatecas as missionary apostolic, where he was lecturer of theology, and twice guardian of its convent; he returned to Spain as general, and was elected bishop of the churches of Panamá and Oaxaca, and promoted to that of Guadalaxara in 1714; he died in 1721. 23. Don Pedro Tapis, native of the town of Andosilla in Navarra, abbot of the parish church of Santa Maria del Burgo, of the city of Alfaro, vicar-general of the said city and district of Agreda, bishop of Durango, and promoted to Guadalaxara, when he had already died, in 1722. 24. Don Fr. Juan Baptista Alvarez de Toledo, of the order of San Francisco, native of the city of San Salvador, in the kingdom of Guatemala; presented to the bishopric of Chiapa, promoted to that of Guatemala, and from thence to that of Guadalaxara, in 1723; and this he afterwards renounced, through a weight of years and infirmities, in 1726. 25. Don Nicolas Carlos Gomez de Cervantes, native of Mexico, collegiate of the chief college of Santos, doctor of sacred canons, professor of Clementine constitutions, retired legal dignitary in that university, curate of Sagrario, medio-racionero and canon, inspector of the accountant and notary offices of that capital, bishop of Guatemala, promoted to this in 1725; visited the whole of the same, made the greater part of the convent of monks of Jesus Maria, and gave immense sums to that of Santa Monica; he died in 1734. 26. Don Juan Gomez de Parada, native of Compostela in the diocese of Guadalaxara, collegiate of the Mayor of Los Santos of Mexico, theological doctor and professor of philosophy in the university of Salamanca, canon of the metropolitan church of Mexico, the cabildo of which sent him to Spain on business of great weight; he was elected, in 1716, bishop of Yucatan, passed from thence to the bishopric of Guatemala, and promoted to the church of Guadalaxara in 1735; he visited the greater part of the bishopric, and died in 1751. 27. Don Fr. Francisco de Buenaventura Martinez de Texada Diez de Velasco, native of Sevilla, and religious recoléte of San Francisco, lecturer of philosophy and theology, guardian of the convent of Nuestra Señora de Loreto of that city, auxiliary bishop of Cuba, with the title of Tricoli; he was promoted to the bishopric of Yucatán, and from thence to this, in 1752; he was humble and sparing in the expences of his establishment, supporting himself by alms; he twice visited the bishopric as far as the most distant province of Texas, where he contracted the illness of which he died, in 1760. 28. Don Diego Rodriguez Rivas de Velasco, native of Riobamba in the kingdom of Quito, doctor in both laws of the university of Alcalá, collegiate of the renowned college of Los Verdes, titular archdeacon of the holy church of Guatemala, sent by its cabildo to the court of Madrid on business of importance; elected bishop of Comayagua, and promoted to Guadalaxara in 1762; he died in 1772. 29. Don Fr. Antonio de Alcalde, a monk of the order of San Francisco; elected in 1773. GUADALCANAL. See SALAMON. GUADALCAZAR, a province and alcaldía mayor and real of the mines of the kingdom of Nueva España, and bishopric of Mechoaca bounded by the windward coasts, the Nuevo Reyno de Leon, San Luis de Potosi, and the jurisdiction of the town of Valles, with which it joins between an e. and s. direction. It is more than 100 leagues long and 30 wide; very fertile and pleasant, on account of its being irrigated by many rivers. The greater part of it is uncultivated; inhabited by infidel Indians; for the reduction of whom to the faith have been established many missions by the religious order of San Francisco. In its district are three mines of gold and silver, so abundant that they might, at a comparatively small expence, be made useful; but that the want of means in the inhabitants renders the advantages offered unattainable; these mines are in consequence abandoned and left unworked. The capital is the town of its name, founded by the order of the viceroy the Marquis of Guadalcazar, in 1614. It is small, of a cold and moist temperature, inhabited by 100 families of Spaniards, Mustees, and Mulattoes, whose only commerce is derived from the short crops of maize, and in breeding some large and small cattle and horses. It is 210 miles n. by w. of Mexico, in lat. 29° 46' n. long. 100° 13' w. The other settlements of this jurisdiction are, San Antonio de Tula, Santa Cecilia de las Pal mas, Santa Maria, San Juan Baptista de Jaumave, Santa Rosa de Monte Alverne, El Valle del Maiz. GUADALCAZAR, with the dedicatory title of Santiago, a city of the province and government of Tucumán, founded by Captain Martin de Ledesma in 1628, with a good castle for its defence against the infidel Indians: these, nevertheless, destroyed it entirely at the end of the last century. GUADALUPE, an island of the N. sea, one of the Larger Caribes or Antilles, called the Leeward: thus called by Christóval Colon, who was the first that discovered it, from the resemblance its mountains bore to some in Spain of the same name. The Caribes called it Curquera and Carriceura. Its discoverer with his Spanish followers were saluted upon their landing on this island with a shower of arrows shot by women, who immediately fled back with terror at hearing the fire-arms of the Spaniards. These immediately sacked and burnt the |