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wards it was protected with ramparts, bastions, and other works of stone, found in abundance in the lake, on the n. shore of which the fort stands. It is a square of four bastions, being nearly a quarter of a league in circumference: its situation is extremely agreeable, since the banks of the river here form a delightful country; the same prospect continuing as far as the entrance of the lake, in which are various islands full of wood; also, not far from hence, is a port where all kinds of vessels may lie at anchor. Some of the first colonists who established themselves here, brought with them various kinds of birds and other animals, which have multiplied all of them in a manner truly astonishing: indeed, the colony itself was in such a thriving state that it would have been of the last importance, but for the difficulty of any communication with Quebec and Montreal, owing to the rocks and cascades with which the river abounds; nay, so much so, as to impede the navigation of the Iroquees Indians, who occupy either of its shores. On this account the fort was abandoned by the French, in 1689, when they destroyed the works: they afterwards, however, rebuilt the fort, and remained in it until 1759, when it was taken by the English, under the command of Colonel Bradstreet, and afterwards ceded to the Spaniards with all the province, in the peace of Paris, in 1762.

[A river has lately been surveyed by the deputy surveyor-general of Canada, from its entrance into the lake at Kenty, near Cadaraqui, to its source in lake St. Clie; from which there is an easy and short portage across n. to. to the n. e. angle of lake Huron, and another that is neither long nor difficult to the s. to the old settlement of Toronto. This is a short route from fort Frontenac to Michillimackinack. See KINGSTON.]

w.

FRONTERA, SAN LORENZO EL REAL DE LA, a city, the capital of the province and government of Santa Cruz de la Sierra [by which name it is at the present day better known] in Peru; founded by the Captain Lorenzo Suarez de Figueroa, in 1594. It is situate in a beatiful plain of more than 20 leagues long, and surrounded on all sides by country estates, on the source or head of the river Pirao, and not far from the kingdom of La Plata. Its population consists of 6000 souls, without mentioning 1500, who are servants, and are descended from the infidels taken from the woods by the people of La Cruz, when they made their sallies against the Chiriguanos, Chanaes, Tobas, Yuquis, Itonamas, Chiquitos, Baures, and Movibas; the same sallies having been made regularly twice a year, at the instigation of the founder

of the said city, but afterwards prohibited at the repeated instances of the regulars of the company of Jesuits. In this city there are no public shops, in as much as necessity has instructed every per. son to make whatsoever may be necessary for themselves. It is the head of a bishopric erected in 1605, contains a convent of the religious order of La Merced, and had a college of the regulars of the company of Jesuits. It is in lat. 17° 25′ s. Long. 64° 24' w.

FRONTERA, also with the dedicatory title of San Juan, another city of the province and corregimiento of Mendoza in the kingdom of Chile, founded by Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza, who gave it his name, being at the time president of the kingdom. It is beautifully and agreeably situate, fertile, and abounding in wheat and cattle, and no less in gold mines. It is small, and in its district are various estates, called San Miguel, El Leoncito, Vado, Hornillos, Quillayes, Babida, Jaques el Peñon Teatino, and Los Pedernales. It is 94 miles n. by e. from Mendoza, and 158 to the n. e. of Santiago, in lat. 31° 17' s. Long. 68° 36' w.

FRONTERA, another city, with the same dedicatory title as the former, the capital of the province and corregimiento of Chachapoyas in Peru; founded by the Mariscal Alonso de Alvarado, in 1536, in a beautiful plain, and very advantageous situation. It is not large, its population is small, and it is 120 leagues to the n. e. of Lima. It has been the native place of the Father Onofre Estevan, of the extinguished company of the Jesuits, an apostolic missionary of singular eminence, and a man of extraordinary virtues.

FRONTERA, a town and garrison of the province and government of Sonora in Nueva España.

FRONTERA, a parish of the province and government of Paraguay; situate on the Paraguay, about six miles s.e. from Asuncion, in lat. 25° 23′ 50′′ s. Long. 57° 35′ 26′′ w.

FRONTON, Isle of the, near the coast of Peru, in the province and co regimiento of Cercado, near the isle of San Lorenzo.

[FROWSACK Channel, or the GUT OF CHANSO, a strait between Nova Scotia and Cape Breton island, five French leagues long and one broad.]

FRUTAS, a settlement of the province and captainship of San Vicente in Brazil; situate near the settlement of Tomido.

[FRYDUFFRIN, a township in Chester county, Pennsylvania.]

[FRYING-PAN, a dangerous shoal, so called from its form. It lies at the entrance of Cape Fear

river, in N. Carolina; the s. part of it is in lat. 33° 32′ n. six miles from Cape Fear pitch, and 24 s. e. by s. from the light-house on Bald-head.] [FRYSBURGH, or FRYBURGH, a township, pleasantly situated in York county, in the district of Maine, in a bow formed by the n. branch of Great Ossipee river. It was incorporated in 1777, has a flourishing academy, and contains 447 inhabitants. This is the ancient Indian village Peckwalket, through which the upper part of Saco meanders; 37 miles from the sea, and 100 n. of Boston. Lat. 43° 57' n. Long. 70° 53' w.]

[FUCA, Straits of JUAN DE, lie on the n. w. coast of N. America. The entrance lies between cape Flattery on the s. side, in lat. 48° 20' n. long. 124° 23' w. to the opposite coast of the Quadras isles, in lat. 48° 40 n. It communicates with Pintard's sound, and thus forms Quadras isles; in the s. w. coast of which lies Nootka sound. See PINTARD'S Sound. The Spaniards, jealous of their right to the American coast, established a settle ment at this place.]

FUEGO, TIERRA DEL, some islands situate to the s. of the straits of Magellan, thus commonly called on account of the fire and smoke that were seen to issue from them by their first discoverers, and which were caused by some volcanoes which, although they have not yet been observed in the day, may be plainly seen in the night, at a great distance. These volcanoes throw up a great quantity of pumice-stone, which is found in the sea surrounding these islands: the largest of them, and that which is with the greatest propriety called the Tierra del Fuego, extends itself along the whole coast of the straits of Magellan, nearly 400 miles from e. to w. It was formerly believed that it was united to the continent, until that Hernando de Magallanes discovered and navigated the straits, and discovered that the Tierra del Fuego was only an island ; others, who passed the straits, discovered that here were many islands divided by small channels, and that the largest next to this was that which lies farthest n. between the said island and the Magellan coast, being separated by a channel 30 leagues long, called the strait of San Sebastian. The other islands are smaller, and are not deserving of a description. Some assert that there is a more easy and secure pass into the S. sca, obviating the necessity of passing through this strait or by cape Horn, which may be left to the s. an e. course being taken through the bay of Nassau. One of the modern navigators, who gives an account of his voyage through this strait, says, that in 1719 he coasted along the Tierra del Fuego, on the s. shores of the

VOL. II.

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straits of Magellan, in a small vessel, in order to discover the pass, through which a French Tartan was said to have entered into the S. sea, but could not find it. The land of the Tierra del Fuego is, for the most part, mountainous and craggy, although it is not without some plains and fertile valleys abounding in pastures; it also abounds in bays capable of containing many vessels, and there are not wanting forests for timber, or stones fit for ballast. The winds, and particu larly the w. are so impetuous, and rise so suddenly, that there is scarcely time to furl the sails of the vessels; and these are often driven from their anchors, and stand a great chance of being wrecked; and thus it is requisite that those who are sailing w. should bear as much as possible to the The natives of this country are white, like Europeans; they go naked, and paint their bodies of various colours, each following their own whim, and carrying this to such a pitch, that some of them will be seen to be all red before, and white behind; they are tall, robust, and well formed, and their hair, which is very black and long, flows loose: the women also paint their bodies, covering one half with skins; they also carry necklaces made of fish bones. Their cabins are made of wood, but they are small and wretched. Their arms are bows and arrows, and darts, on the tops of which are fixed pieces of flint or bone. Their canoes are of the barks of trees, well made, and generally from 10 to 16 feet long and two wide; each contains six or eight rowers, who manage it with an extraordinary velocity; indeed, they have no dread of sinking it, since they all, men and women, swim like fish. Their customs and mode of living is similar to that of wild beasts; they have not the least notions of religion, and eat animals alive, like lions and tigers. If they at any time appear affable to foreigners, it is with a view to surprise and kill them : all this, however, can only be said of those who inhabit the s. and the vicinity of the bay of Nassau; since Mr. Bauchine Guin, spoken of by Rogers in his voyage that he made to the strait in 1699, represents them affable, and incapable of doing mischief.

The s. coast of the Tierra del Fuego is but little known. In some maps we perceive a great number of islands without any name, from cape Horn to the strait called by the natives Jelonchete, which divides these islands from the island nearest that part. This island may be about 40 leagues from e to w. and 10 or 12 from n. to s.; in it are three ports, which are called San Martin, Vanelle, and La Navidad. The island contiguous to this, which is the last which belongs to the more w. part, con

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tains only two, which are port Felix and English, and terminates in the cape Pillar, the last of the straits of Magellan on the s. part, as the cape Victory is on the n. The island called "Of the States" forms the entrance of the straits of Maire, and between this and the e. part of the Tierra del Fuego, is a small strait, which is 10 leagues long, and from five to six wide; and at the distance of 12 or 15 leagues is the strait called "Of Brower," commonly used by vessels which are proceeding from the coast of Magellan to the S. sea, the same being reckoned more easy and secure to pass than that of Maire or Magellan; and this it was that was navigated by Mr. Bauchine Guin, when he returned from those seas, in 1701. The English admiral George Anson discovered, in 1741, on the w. coast of this country, a port with such conveniences and advantages, that according to his description, it should appear a very paradise. The navigators who have visited this country, have recounted so many fables about it, that one might almost be induced to think it altogether imaginary. See SARMIENTO, SEIXAS, ROGGERS, FREZIERE, DAMPIERE, ANSON, LE MAIRE, and

others.

FUENCLARA. See CONCEPCION. FUERTE, a town of the province and government of Cinaloa in Nueva España.

FUERTE, a settlement of the province of Ostimuri in Nueva España; situate at the source of a river which runs into the gulf of California. FUERTE, another, of the province and captainship of Pernambuco in Brazil; situate on the coast, near the cape of San Agustin.

FUERTE, an island of the N. sea, on the coast of the province and government of Cartagena, near the mouths of the river Sinú, opposite the point of Piedras.

FUERTE, a river of the province and government of Cinaloa, which runs into the gulf of Cali fornia, or Mar Roxo de Cortés, near the port Ahome.

FUERTE, a point of land or cape of the n. coast of the island of St. Domingo, in the French possessions, where they have built a fort. It lies between the rivers Little and Tapun.

FULCARSONS, a small river of N. Carolina, which runs n. e. and enters the Conhaway.

[FULL MOON Shoal. See HATTERAS.] FUME, Cape of, a point of land on the e. coast of the Royal island or Cape Breton, between the point Plate and the bay of Niganiche.

[FUNDY, a large bay in N. America, which opens between the islands in Penobscot bay, in Lincoln county, Maine, and cape Sable, the s. w.

point of Nova Scotia. It extends about 200 miles in a n. e. direction, and with Verte bay, which pushes into the land in a s. w. direction from the straits of Northumberland, forms a very narrow isthmus, which unites Nova Scotia to the continent; and where the division line runs between that province and New Brunswick. From its mouth up to Passamaquoddy bay, on its n.w. side, situated between the province of New Brunswick and the district of Maine, are a number of bays and islands on both sides, and thus far it contracts its breadth gradually it is 12 leagues across from St. John's, in New Brunswick, to the gut of Annapolis, in Nova Scotia, where the tides are rapid, and rise 30 feet. Above this it preserves nearly an equal breadth, until its waters are formed into two arms, by a peninsula, the w. point of which is called cape Chignecto: at the head of the n. e. arm, called Chignecto channel, which, with bay Verte, forms the isthmus, the tides rise 60 feet. In the basin of Minas, which is the e. arm or branch of this bay, the tides rise 40 feet. These tides are so rapid as to overtake animals feeding on the shore.]

FUNES, a settlement of the province and government of Pastos in the jurisdiction of the district of the kingdom of Quito; situate on the shore of the abundant river Guaitara, which is passed en taravita, which means a machine made of leather and osiers, attached by a cable to a tree on either side of the river; and the passenger getting into this machine, is thus hauled over by the cable running through a large ring fixed for the purpose, in each of the aforesaid trees; in the like manner baggage, chests, coffers, and all articles, are conveyed across; horses also are brought over in the same manner, after having been secured by slings.

[FUNKSTOWN. See JERUSALEM, in Mary

land.]

FUNZHA, a large and abundant river of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, in the province of Bogotá. See this article.

FUQUENE, a settlement of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, in the ancient province of Ebaté, founded upon a hill. It was very large and populous in the time of the Indians: at the present day it has fallen into such a state of decay that it is a miserable place.

FUQUENE, a large lake in the same province and kingdom. It is ten leagues long and three wide: it is also called Siguazinsa, and from it rises the river Sarabita. It is near a settlement to which it gives its name.

FUREADO, JUAN, a settlement of the island of Joanes de Marajo on the Brazil coast; situate

on the s. part, on the shore of the arm of the river of Las Amazonas.

FUSAGASUGA, an ancient province of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, also called De los Sutagaos, by the nation of this name, who inhabited it. It is 18 leagues long, and from six to seven wide; its territory is mountainous and craggy, and of a diversity of climates: it abounds in wild wax, honey, tobacco, pita, and coca; it is watered by the river of its name, from which the province is called, and also by the rivers of Sumapáz and Lexia. It is bounded e. by the mountains of Bogotá, and w. by the nation of the Panches Indians at present it belongs to the corregimiento of Pasca.

FUSAGASUGA, a settlement of the former province and corregimiento. It is of a hot temperature, abounding in sugar-canes, maize, and plan

tains. It is near a large river of the same name, contains 150 housekeepers and 100 Indians, the greater part of them having come hither from the city of Alta Gracia, which became extinct, and being known by the name of Chuchumecos. This settlement had for its doctrinal curate the celebrated Don Lucas Fernandez de Piedrahita, bishop of Santa Marta and of Panamá, and author of the history of the conquest of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada.

FUSAGASUGA, a large river of the same province, on the shores of which are, found innume rable crocodiles or alligators of an enormous size. This river runs into the Magdalena.

FUTUMAYO, a smail river of the province and corregimiento of Patáz or Caxamarquilla in Peru. It runs n. n. w. and enters the sources of the Guallaga.

GALAN, S. a small province and corregimiento of Peru, bounded n. by the province of Carabaya, s. by those of Omasuyos and Larecaxa, w. by that of Asangaro, and e. by the missions and mountains of Apolabamba.

GALAN, S. the settlement, the capital of the same province, which is at the present day destroyed.

GABARON, or GABARY, a bay of the s. coast of Royal island or Cape Breton, to the w. of Louisburg.

GABORY, Bay of, on the s. coast of Royal island or Cape Breton, at the entrance of the same, and 20 leagues distance from the island of San Pedro. It is one league wide, and lies amongst islands and rocks, close to which ships may safely ride; some of them are a league and a half long. This bay runs two leagues inland, and its anchorage is good.

GABOTO, Tower of, a fortress of the province and government of Buenos Ayres in Peru, constructed by Sebastian Gaboto, who gave it his name, on the shore of the river La Plata, at the mouth of that of Caracarañal, in 1526. It remained but a short time, since the Spaniards abandoned it, after having suffered much from hunger nd a siege by the infidel Indians, who destroyed it.

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The ruins of it are, however, still to be seen 80 leagues above Buenos Ayres.

GABRIEL, S. an island of the river La Plata, near its n. coast, and opposite the colony of Sacramento, which was held by the Portuguese; in it is a castle of the same name.

GABRIEL, S. a settlement of the head settlement of Tlacotepec, and alcaldía mayor of Tepéaca, in Nueva España. It contains 11 families of Indians, and is two leagues distant from its head settle

ment.

GABRIEL, S. another, of the head settlement of Coronango, and alcaldía mayor of Cholúla, in the same kingdom, It contains 44 families of Indians, and is half a league n. of the capital.

GABRIEL, S. another, of the head settlement and alcaldía mayor of Peribán in the same kingdom. It contains 23 families of Indians, and is three leagues to the n. of its capital.

GABRIEL, S. another, of the head settlement of Tlapacoya, and alcaldia mayor of Quatro Villas, in the same kingdom. It contains 21 families of Indians, who cultivate some cochineal, seeds, and fruits, and employ themselves in cutting woods. It is somewhat more than four leagues to the n. of its head settlement.

GABRIEL, S. another, of the head settlement

of Tuzcacuesco, and alcaldía mayor of Amola, in the same kingdom. It contains 50 families of Indians, who serve as labourers in the estates and the ranchos of the district. It is 10 leagues e. by n. of its head settlement.

GABRIEL, S. a celebrated port of the river La Plata, in the province and government of Buenos Ayres, formed by seven islands. It is 30 leagues from the mouth of this river, and eight from the capital.

GABRIEL, S. a channel in the straits of Magellan, formed by the s. coast and different islands, from the mountain of Three Points to Handsome bay.

"GACHANEQUE, a very lofty mountain of the province and government of Tunja in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, on the s. part. It is one of the many which form the cordillera of Bogotá: from its e. side rises the river Meta, and runs to the llanos or plains of San Juan.

GACHANZIPA, a settlement of the corregimiento of Lipaquira in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada; situate in a beautiful, fertile, and delightful valley, abounding in wheat, maize, potatoes, barley, and other fruits of a cold climate. Such indeed is its temperature, though at the same time salutary. Here are made quantities of pots, jars, and other earthen vessels for preparing salt, and with which the salt earths of Nemocon and Lipaquira are supplied. It contains 80 white inhabitants, and more than 100 Indians, and it is close to the settlement of Tocancipa, in the same road that leads to Tunja, seven leagues to the n. of Santa Fé.

GACHETA, a settlement of the corregimiento of Guatavita in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada. It is of a hot temperature, abounding in sugar-canes, plantains, and yucas. It contains some salt earths, from whence much salt is collected, the same being very white, and of the best quality of any in the kingdom. It also abounds in cattle; and its population is composed of more than 300 housekeepers and 150 Indians. It is 17 leagues to the e. of Santa Fé.

[GACHPAS, an Indian tribe, formerly in alliance with the Delawares.]

GAEBAR, S. JUAN DE, a town of the province and corregimiento of Copiapo in the kingdom of Chile; situate on the confines of the province of Tucumán.

[GAGE'S Town, a settlement in Sunbury County, New Brunswick, on the lands granted to General Gage, on the w. side of St. John's river, on the n. shore of the bay of Fundy. The Generai's grant consists of 20,000 acres of land; the up

land of which is in general very bad. There is some intervale on the river side, on which are a few settlers: exclusive of these settlements, there is very little good land of any kind.]

GAGUELLAGUAI, a settlement of Indians of the kingdom of Chile; situate in the interior of the kingdom, on the shore of the river ComoLeuvú or De los Sauces.

GAIRA, ENSENADA DE, a bay on the coast of the province and government of Santa Marta, much frequented by strange vessels, who come hither to carry on a contraband trade. It has a port, the inhabitants of which were a conversion of the religi ous order of St. Domingo; situate on the sea-shore, and to the s. of the capital.

GAIRA, a river to the w. of this province and government. It rises from the mountains of the Sierra Nevada; and after running many leagues, enters the N. sea, forming the former bay, which is full of sand-banks, constantly changing their position, and rendering the entrance dangerous for large vessels.

GAIRA. See GUAIRA.

GAJOLOLIPAC, SANTIAGO DE, a settlement of the head settlement of Huitepec, and alcaldía mayor of Ixquintepec, in Nueva España. Its population was formerly very numerous, but it was almost depopulated in 1736, by the epidemical disorder of the matlazahua, for it was felt more severely in this jurisdiction than in others. It is two leagues s. by e. of its capital.

GALAND, Cape of, on the n. coast of the straits of Magellan, one of those which form the port of the same name.

GALAPA, a settlement of the province and government of Cartagena.

GALAPAGOS, or GALIPAGOs, some islands of the S. sea; also called the Enchanted Isles. They are many, and of different sizes; the larger of them are Mascarin, Tobacco, Devil, Health, Barnabas, and Santiago, this being the only one in which there is sweet water. The English captain Cowley gave them other names at his own discretion, calling the first Charles, the second Crosman, the third Bindlos, the fourth Eures, the sixth Norfolk, and after the same manner christening several others. All these islands are barren and desert, but the climate is mild, delightful, and healthy. They are situate almost under the equinoctial line, and some rather to the s. of it, by a degree and some minutes, others being to the n. by two degrees. They are about 200 leagues to the w. of the coast of Puerto Viejo of Peru. They abound greatly in tortoises ; and from this circumstance they take their name. The largest of them should be about 10 leagues

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