red caps; and the other cardinals come after, two and two, followed by the patriarchs, archbishops, bishops, and prothonotaries. When the pope is come to St. John de Lateran, the archbishop of that church presents him with two keys, one of gold, and the other of silver; then all the canons, paying their obeisance, and kissing his feet, he gives the general benediction.

POPE, Jurisdiction of.-The pope's jurisdiction extends to all the provinces called the Ecclesiastical Estate, which takes in Campagna di Roma, the patrimony of St. Peter, Terra Sabina, Umbria or Duchy of Spoleto, the Marquisate of Ancona, the Duchy of Urbin, Romagnia, Boulonois, the Duchy of Ferrara, the Territory of Perusa, Le Contado de Citta Castello. In the patrimony of St. Peter are, the Duchy of Castro, the cities of Caprarola, Ronciglione, &c. which belong to the Duke of Parma; and the Duchy of Bracciano, which has its particular duke. Between Romagna and the Duchy of Urbin is the little Republic of St. Marin. But to return to the dominion of the pope : la Campagna di Roma hath for principal cities Rome, Ostia, Palestrina, Frescati, Albano, Tivoli, Terracina, &c. The patrimony of St. Peter, the cities of Porto, CivitaVecchia, Viterbo, &c. The principal cities of Terra Sabina are, Magliano, Vescovio, &c. Umbria, in the Duchy of Spoleto, has Spoleto, Apisa, Todi, &c. The Marquisate of Ancona contains the cities of Ancona, Fermo, Our Lady of Loretta, Ascoli, Jesi, &c. The Duchy of Urbin hath four considerable cities, Urbin, Senigaglia, St. Leo, &c. La Romagnia hath Ravenna, Cervia, Faenza, &c. The principal city of the Boulonois is Bolonia la Grasse. The Duchy of Ferrara comprehends Ferrara, Comachio, &c. The territory of Orvietta hath Aquapendente, Orvietta, &c.; and that of Perusia takes in Perugia, Citta de Pieve, &c.; and in Contado stands Citta di Castello.

POPE, Officers of.-The pope has a Vicar who is always a cardinal. He that manageth that charge has jurisdiction over the priests and regulars, over the lay-communities, hospitals, places of piety, and Jews. His place may be worth to him two hundred ducats per month. He has two lieutenants, one for civil and the other for criminal affairs, and a vicegerent, who is a bishop, for the exercise of episcopal functions.

The Penitentiary has jurisdiction in cases referred to the pope; and gives to approved confessors power to absolve. At soleinn feasts he goes into one of the churches of Rome, where, sitting in a high chair, he has a switch in his hand, and hears the confession of particular cases. This place is worth eight thousand crowns a year.

The Chancellor was properly secretary to the pope, ab intimis. This charge is bestowed now upon none but a cardinal; and it may be worth to him fifteen or sixteen thousand crowns a year. His business is to despatch the apostolic letters, whose petitions are signed by the pope, except those which are despatched by a brief sub annulo piscatoris. He has under him a regent, and twelve abbreviators di parco maggiore, which are all prelates. The regent has power to commit all causes of appeal to the rota and referendaries. The abbreviators di parco maggiore draw the bulls, and send them when they are written. Besides which, there are abbreviatore di parco minore, which are scriveners, and other officers of the chancery, appointed to receive and sign bulls. The vicechancellor keeps a register of the collation of titles given to cardinals, and of promotion to bishoprics and consistorial abbeys.

The Chamberlain is always a cardinal, and hath for substitutes the clerks of the apostolic chamber, a treasurer, and a president. This office is worth to him fourteen thousand crowns a year. He takes cognizance of all causes within the verge of the apostolic chamber; and, besides, judgeth of appeals from the masters of the streets, bridges, and edifices. When the see is vacant, the chamberlain remains in the palace, in the pope's apartment, goes through the streets with the Swiss guards attending him, coins money with his own arms thereon, and holds a consistory. He is one of the three chief treasurers of the Castle of St. Angelo, whereof the dean is another, and the pope the third.

The Prefect of the signature of justice is also one of the cardinals, and has two hundred ducats in gold per month. His business is to make rescripts of all the petitions and the commissions of causes which are delegated by the court. Every Thursday the signature of justice is held in the palace of the cardinal prefect, where assist twelve prelates referendaries, that have votes, and all the other refe

rendaries, with power to propose each two causes; as also an auditor of the rota, and the civil auditor of the cardinal vicar, having no vote, but only to maintain their jurisdiction in what relates to them. The prefect of the signature of grace signs all the petitions and grants which the pope bestows in the congregations held in his own presence once a week. The prefect of the briefs is always a cardinal; he revises and signs the copies of the briefs.

The General of the holy church is created by a brief of the pope, who gives him the staff himself in his chamber, and takes his oath. In time of peace he has allowed him a thousand crowns per month, and three thousand in time of war. He commands all the troops and all the governors in the places and fortresses of the Ecclesiastical Estate. His lieutenant has three thousand crowns a year, and is made also by a brief from the pope, as is the general of the artillery, who has twelve hundred crowns per

annum.

The governor of the castle of St. Angelo has six thousand crowns per annum. The pope has four Masters of Ceremonies, who are always clad in purple, and have great authority in public affairs. Besides which, there are other masters of the ceremonies, which are in the congregations of privileges, whereof one discharges the office of secretary, and the other dispatches orders.

The Master of the Sacred Palace is always a Dominican. He reviews and approves all the books that are printed, being assisted by two priests of the same order. The palace, besides a table, allows him a coach.

The Major-domo, or steward of the household to the pope, is always a prelate. The chamberlains of honour are persons of quality, who come not to the palace but when they please.

The Master of the Stables is a gentleman who has the office of master of the horse, without the title of it; for the pope bestows no such upon any person. He is sword-bearer, and sometimes one of the greatest lords in Rome, as was Pompey Frangipani under Leo II.

The Vestry-keeper is an Augustin monk, who hath the same allowance as the master of the palace. He takes care of all the riches in the pope's vestry. He goes like a prelate. And if he be a titular bishop, takes place among the assistant bishops.

The pope's Secretary is always a cardinal, and very often his nephew. This place is united to that of superintendent of the Ecclesiastical Estate. He writes and subscribes all the letters sent to the princes and nuncios. All ambassadors and all ministers at Rome, after having negotiated with the pope, are obliged to give him an account of their negotiations. The secretaries of state are subject to the secretary superintendent, or cardinal patron, whose orders they receive, and to whom they send their letters to be subscribed. They live in the palace, and are prelates clad in purple.

There are twenty-four Secretaries of Briefs, the chief whereof lives in the palace. Their business is to subscribe and despatch all the briefs that are received by the cardinal-prefect of the briefs. The secretary of the secret briefs takes care to prepare them when the cardinalpatron or some one of the secretaries of state commands him. These briefs are shown to nobody, nor signed by the prefect of the briefs, but when they are sealed sub annulo Piscatoris, and accompanied with a letter from the cardinal-patron. The copies of these briefs are carefully kept; and, when the pope is dead, they are carried to the Castle of St. Angelo.

The Mareschal of Rome has under him two civil judges, one whereof is called the first collateral judge, and the other the second collateral, with a judge for criminal affairs. He, together with these judges, takes cognizance of matters between the citizens and inhabitants of Rome. He is always a foreigner, and lives in the Capitol; while, at the discharge of his office, he appears clad like an old senator, having a robe of cloth of gold that hangs down to the earth, with large sleeves to it, lined with red taffety. He has a seat in the pope's chapel, near unto the emperor's ambassador.

As to the government of the pope's dominion. He governs the province of Rome himself; but all the other provinces are governed by legates or vicelegates. Besides which, every province has a general, who commands the soldiers; and each city a governor, chosen by the pope. But the Podestas and other officers are chosen by the inhabitants; except the forts, castles, and ports, whose officers, as well as governors, depend upon the pope's choice. Onuphr. Passevin.

POPES, Works relating to.-The prin

cipal writers who record the lives and transactions of the popes, are,-Anastasius, surnamed the Bibliothecarius, or the Librarian, who lived in the ninth century, and records the lives of the popes from Peter to Nicholas I., who died in 867. His work is full of legendary stories. It was first published at Mentz in 1602. The best edition is that of Bianchini, at Rome, 1718-1735, four vols. folio and quarto; Platina, who wrote in the fifteenth century, who follows Anastatius, and others, and brings down the lives to 1471. His work was published at Venice in 1479; an abridgment of it in English, by Sir Paul Ricaut, appeared about 1700. They were brought down by Onuphrius Passevinius to the year 1566. His work was published in 1567. In English, the reader will find much in formation respecting them in Dupin's Ecclesiastical History. Bowyer's History of the Popes, which began to be published in 1748, and was finished in a very imperfect manner, in 1754, in quarto, is the only original work entirely devoted to this department of ecclesiastical history in our language. Unfortunately, it is not always to be depended on, especially in the last volumes. Baronius, Bellarmine, and the other church historians, are full of references to the lives and transaction of the popes. One of the best epitomes of lives of the popes, is a work in German, by C. W. J. Walch, of Gottingen, which appeared in English, under the title of "A Compendious History of the Popes, from the Foundation of the See of Rome to the Present Time." Lond. 1759, 8vo. It is brief, but impartial, and the fruit of much research.

POPERY comprehends the religious doctrines and practices adopted and maintained by the Church of Rome. The following summary, extracted chiefly from the decrees of the Council of Trent, continued under Paul III., Julius III., and Pius IV., from the year 1545 to 1563, by successive sessions, and the creed of Pope Pius IV. subjoined to it, and bearing date November 1564, may not be unacceptable to the reader. One of the fundamental tenets strenuously maintained by popish writers, is, the infallibility of the Church of Rome; though they are not agreed whether this privilege belongs to the pope or a general council, or to both united; but they pretend that an infallible living judge is absolutely necessary to determine con

troversies, and to secure peace in the Christian Church. However, Protestants allege, that the claim of infallibility in any church is not justified by the authority of Scripture, much less does it pertain to the Church of Rome; and that it is inconsistent with the nature of religion, and the personal obligations of its professors; and that it has proved ineffectual to the end for which it is supposed to be granted, since popes and councils have disagreed in matters of importance, and they have been incapable, with the advantage of this pretended infallibility, of maintaining union and peace.

Another essential article of the popish creed is the supremacy of the pope, or his sovereign power over the universal church. See SUPREMACY.

Further, the doctrine of the seven sacraments is a peculiar and distinguishing doctrine of the Church of Rome: these are, baptism, confirmation, the eucharist, penance, extreme unction, orders, and matrimony.

The Council of Trent (sess. 7, can. 1) pronounces an anathema on those who say that the sacraments are more or fewer than seven, or that any one of the above number is not truly and properly a sacrament. And yet it does not appear that they amounted to this number before the twelfth century, when Hugo de St. Victore and Peter Lombard, about the year 1144, taught that there were seven sacraments. The Council of Florence, held in 1438, was the first council that determined this number. These sacraments confer grace, according to the decree of the Council of Trent (sess. 7, can. 8), ex opere operato, by the mere administration of them: three of them, viz. baptism, confirmation, and orders, are said (can. 9) to impress an indelible character, so that they cannot be repeated without sacrilege; and the efficacy of every sacrament depends on the intention of the priest by whom it is administered (can. 11.) Pope Pius expressly enjoins that all these sacraments should be administered according to the received and approved rites of the Catholic Church. With regard to the eucharist, in particular, we may here observe, that the Church of Rome holds the doctrine of transubstantiation; the necessity of paying divine worship to Christ, under the form of the consecrated bread or host; the propitiatory sacrifice of the mass, according to their ideas of