of criticism, directed upon the lines of pure scientific research without taking creeds or dogmas into account, which had flourished among Germans for well-nigh a century. 'Essays and Reviews,' though not in any sense a work of genius, coincides almost in point of time with Darwin's 'Origin of Species,' and like that famous dissertation, divides the former age from the present. Questions of schism, disputes concerning the Fathers and the Reformers, were now falling into the background. Those more abstruse and difficult controversies which take the Bible for their subject, had almost a generation earlier occupied the mind of Pusey as of Wiseman. They were returning in a more tangible and popular form. But we shall hardly allow, at this distance of time, that due preparation had been made to encounter them. Learning, on either side, was not brought to a focus; and the rare critic, as for example, Newman, who wished to hasten slowly in a matter so momentous, found little or no hearing, while those who joined themselves to the party of research were often as impetuous as they were slightly informed. Among English Roman Catholics these questions would have been scarcely mooted, had not some fallen under the influence of Döllinger at Munich, while more, like Newman himself, perceived that they were daily looming larger on the horizon at home. One of their magazines, The Rambler,' demanded, according to Mr. Ward's account, absolute freedom and candour in scientific, historical, and critical investigations, irrespective of results.' This elementary rule of honest reading and writing had been expressly insisted upon by Newman in his lectures at Dublin; and in it Wiseman, too, concurred, at least theoretically. It was,' continues Mr. Ward, the carrying out of the programme which he had advocated'; and his last public deliverance, at the London Academia,' founded under his patronage, abounded in this liberal sense. The Congregation of the Index, he declared, had never put to the ban works dealing with science only; as for the Church, she looks on, fearless but cautious, fearless of facts, but most cautious of deductions.' To the course of civilization the Church could give a wise direction; but she did not create its resources, although she was capable of preserving it from decay. In this large spirit Cardinal Wiseman desired to meet the coming age. Though he suppressed The Rambler,' which was thought by Newman also to have exceeded the bounds of moderation, and suffered Manning to dictate his policy in forbidding Roman Catholics to attend at Oxford, he was no friend to the crusade against liberty and progress now set in motion by the Univers,' and destined to win such immense proportions in the latter years of Pius IX. He spoke at the Congress of Malines in 1863 with his old confidence; he refused indignantly to take up arms against Montalembert, although at home his Ultramontane friends had thrown themselves into the contest; and when he advised Propaganda to disallow the principles on which a union of Christendom was promoted by the rising school of Anglicans, he gave up no jot or tittle of his Letter to Lord Shrewsbury,' which had recommended the same object in his own way. At Rome, during the magnificent ceremonies of 1862, he was by far the most conspicuous of the hundreds of prelates there assembled. He presided over their deliberations, which issued in a vehement defence of the Temporal Power; but he was far from counselling that it should be raised to a definition of the faith. In all these things he approved himself consistent with his invariable gentleness of dealing; but the control was passing into new hands. It is idle to conjecture what his influence might have been in the Vatican Council, where he would surely have sat as one of its presidents. The long disasters, mingled with astonishing triumphs in the spiritual realm, which had marked the reign of Pius IX., were to run their course; but Wiseman was to leave his throne to another, whom he had virtually chosen, yet whose unbending character formed the strangest contrast to his own. He died on February 15, 1865, at the age of sixty-three, before his time, as many held, though, felix opportunitate mortis, he escaped trials and contingencies to which he might have proved unequal. He had accomplished a remarkable work-not wholly by himself, for the season was propitious, and others had given him the inspiring motive-but he found his Roman Catholic brethren asleep in the catacombs, and he brought them up to the light of day. His victory over the Tractarians was complete, thanks to Newman's peculiar sense of historical parallels, to Ward's remorseless logic, and to the precipitancy and unwisdom of Bishops and Universities who had forgotten their own antecedents, nor entered deep enough into the comprehensiveness of a National English Church. The nearest approach to that spirit which dictated Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity' was perhaps made by Dr. Arnold; but even Arnold had no patience with the Oxford Malignants'; while they, as represented by Pusey, Keble, and their disciples, committed the strange error of submitting to Hebdomadal Boards and Chancellor's Courts, to the tumult of popular voting, or the hard logic and limited view of forensic debate,' debate,' the delicate and subtle questions which were raised all along the line from Hampden to Jowett. In the long run, it was the Laudian party which suffered most from the legal proceedings they had been eager to set in motion. They lost by secession; they underwent imprisonment; they spent years in litigation. Nor did they succeed in ejecting any one of the schools that existed in the Church before 1836. They, no less than their opponents, were fighting against the historic and indispensable conditions under which the great transaction of Elizabeth had taken place. When this came to be understood, the atmosphere cleared; it was seen that schools of opinion cannot be quelled by judgments emanating from the Privy Council; that a latitude has always been permitted which it would be as unfair to retrench as unwise to assail; and that spiritual things ask to be judged by spiritual methods. To this conclusion Pusey himself was tending as years went on, bringing with them an experience of the fruitless and disedifying lawsuits under which his friends were continually encountering defeat. By the mere threat to surrender his preferments he kept the Athanasian Creed in the Liturgy; is it to be supposed that legal action would have kept it there? All parties, at length, seem to acquiesce in turning from the courts to arguments more becoming the sacred character of that which is in question. Much of its spiritual prerogative has now been conceded to the Church of England; and the Oxford Movement, by relinquishing its first fierce thoughts, has, in this measure, attained the object which it had in view from the beginning. Pusey himself would fain have compassed a union of the Churches. He wrought valiantly as a peace-maker; but his customary lack of insight led him to address Newman on the subject when Newman was under a cloud, and to invoke the aid of French Bishops who at that moment were detested in the Roman Curia. He failed, as was inevitable. Perhaps it may be said that while the outward and visible union of societies so long divided was the merest dream, a certain give and take, in devotions, in philosophy, in criticism, has been going forward which tends towards a unity of mind and a sympathy of imagination, apart from which all treaties of reconcilement would be hollow indeed. There is a change for the better since the forces of unbelief have pitched their camp in the sight of Christians, and called upon them to forget their differences in the presence of a common enemy. If we endeavour to sum up the results of a movement in which various conflicting powers took their sides, it may perhaps be asserted that, on the whole, Religion has gained. The Christian host, though though still parted into squadrons, is not engaged in civil war; its regiments have drawn closer, and the hateful word polemics no longer applies, as it once did, almost exclusively to discussions among divines who were all bound by the Apostles' Creed. A deeper feeling has been drawn forth towards the spiritual elements of religion; and controversy is exchanged for development of life within the borders of each communion. Looking out on the world at large, it would seem as if the Nominalism, Materialism, and Secularism of sixty years ago had been weighed and found wanting. Men are prepared to give the Christian Church fair play, to let it take up the reins of spiritual government once more and guide civilization to higher issues. In this unexpected revolution, now visible throughout Europe as well as among the English races, Keble, Newman, Pusey, Wilberforce, Wiseman, Manning, Lightfoot, and others whom we do not name, have contributed their several parts. It has been, Gibbon would say, an age of great Churchmen-this second half of the nineteenth century. The new time opens with a prospect inviting enough to demand all the efforts and enthusiasm of Christians towards realizing their ideals. True it always will be that 'scientia inflat, caritas edificat.' Yet the conquests of learning survive, and the Church is all the stronger for them. A wider knowledge has led on to a more humane and at the same time a less anthropomorphic view of religious dogma. The modern Christian, if he understands his own age, will exercise his intellect, live detached from worldliness, aim at social improvement, and not shrink from the shadow of reform. That is a consummation which would not have appeared as a defeat of their dearest hopes either to Pusey or to Wiseman. It was the end they both had in view, and they differed less than they agreed in the choice of means to accomplish it. Vol. 187.-No. 374. 2 A ART. ART. II.-1. Industrial Democracy. By Sidney and Beatrice Webb. Two Vols. London, 1897. 2. Aristocracy and Evolution. By W. H. Mallock. London, 1898. HE winter of 1897-98 has been an eventful period in the history of Trade Unionism. The decision of the House of Lords on appeal in the case of Allen v. Flood, delivered on the 14th December, and the stand made by the Employers' Federation against the encroachments of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, are events of permanent importance. The facts in connexion with the legal decision above mentioned are shortly as follows: Flood and another were shipwrights employed by a shipbuilding company to do wood-work on a vessel. The company employed more men doing iron-work than shipwrights, and a strong feeling existed against Flood and the other respondents on the ground that they, being shipwrights, had done iron-work for another firm on a previous occasion. Allen, a Trade Union official, informed the managing director that his men did not like working with the two shipwrights, and that if they were continued on the job, the iron men would leave off work, or be called out. The managing director, therefore, dismissed the two men, who brought an action for damages against the Chairman and Secretary of the Trade Union, and also against the appellant, Allen, for having conspired together to induce the company to discharge the plaintiffs. The judge stated that no case had been established of conspiracy, or of coercion or intimidation. The jury found that there was no conspiracy, as the Chairman and Secretary had nothing to do with the matter, and judgment was given for them, with costs; but they found that Allen had maliciously induced the company to discharge the plaintiffs, and against him gave both the plaintiffs 201. as damages. From this finding Allen appealed, and carried the case to the House of Lords. There it was held that the appellant had committed no actionable wrong, and that the respondents had no cause of action against him for their loss of employment. Judgment, therefore, was entered for Allen, with costs, in the House of Lords, in both courts below, and at the trial. The lawyers decided, as all true Shandeans will remember, that the Duchess of Suffolk was not akin to her own son, but 'let the learned say what they will, there must certainly (quoth my Uncle Toby) have been some sort of consanguinity between the Duchess and her son.-The vulgar are of the same opinion (quoth Yorick) to this hour.' So in the present case the shipwrights had no ground of action, but it will be difficult to persuade an impartial observer that they have not suffered a gross |