136

The chief lines of Roman Road in Italy were; VIA APPIA, (regina viarum,) leading at first from Rome to Capua, continued afterwards to Brundusium:-the great high road to Greece.-VIA FLAMINIA,137 by Ocriculum to Ariminum.—VIA AURELIA, along the coast of Etruria to Pisa; continued afterwards to Savona, and at last to Arelate, Arles.-VIA ÆMILIA, first from Ariminum to Bononia, then through Placentia to Mediolanum, Verona, Patavium, and Aquileia.-VIA CASSIA, through Etruria, between the Aurelia and Flaminia.-VIA VALERIA, through the country of the Sabini, Equi, and Marsi, into that of Peligni.-VIA LATINA, through Tusculum, Anagnia, Venafrum, and Teānum Sidicinum to Casiliпит, where it joined the VIA APPIA.

SICILY also abounds with remains of antiquity.-The most remarkable are,--at Selīnus, the ruins of three Temples ;-at Agrigentum, the remains of four, among which is that of Jupiter Olympius, having pillars 29 feet in circumference ;-at Tauromenium, a Theatre, very entire ;-at Segesta, not far from Palermo, a beautiful Temple almost entire.

Birth-places of distinguished Men.-In ITALY, Patarium, of Livy, and of Thrasea Paetus, (Nero Virtutem ipsam exscindere concupivit, interfecto Thraseâ Paeto.-TAC. ANN. XVI. 21); Andes, near Mantua, of Virgil; Verona, of Catullus, Cornelius Nepos, and the elder Pliny; Arpinum, of Cicero and Marius, the duo Arpinates; Aquinum, of Juvenal; Volaterra, of Persius; Amiternum, of Sallust; Venusia, of Horace; Mevania, of Propertius; Sulmo, of Ovid; Interamna, of Tacitus the historian, and Tacitus the Emperor; Sarsina, on the Sapis, Savio, in Umbria, of Plautus; Velitrae, Veletri, E. side of the Alban hills, of Augustus ; Phalacrine, near Reate, of Vespasian; Arretium, of Mæcenas and Petrarch; Naples, of Statius; Tarentum, of Archytas; Heraclea, of Zeuxis the painter; Sorrento, of Tasso; Florence, of Dante and Galileo. In SICILY, Syracuse, of Archimedes, Theocritus, and Moschus; Himera (North), of Stesichorus.

136 Hoc iter (ad Forum Appii*) ignavi divisimus, altius ac nos Præcinctis unum: minus est gravis Appia tardis.-HOR. S. v. 6. 137 experiar, quid concedatur in illos,

Quorum Flaminiâ tegitur cinis, atque Latinâ.-Juv. SAT. I. 170.

* A place in the Pontine Marshes, still called Forappi.

Places remarkable for Sieges and Battles.-In ITALY, the banks of the Cremera, where 306 Fabii were destroyed by the Vejentes, A. U. 276: Veii, taken, after a ten years' siege, by Camillus, A. U. 359: the banks of the Allia, where the Gauls defeated the Romans, A. U. 365: Furce Caudina, near Beneventum, where the Roman army was passed under the yoke, A. U. 453: The banks of the Ticinus, where Hannibal first defeated the Romans, A. U. 545, and where Francis I. was defeated and taken prisoner by the Generals of Charles V.: Trebia, Lacus Trasimenus, Canna, where Hannibal defeated the Romans a second, third, and fourth time, A. U. 535, 6, and 7: Nola, before which Hannibal was worsted by Marcellus, A. U. 538 (Liv. xxiii. 43-46.): banks of the Metaurus, where Asdrubal, the brother of Hannibal, was defeated and slain by the Consuls Livius and Nero, A. U. 546 (Liv. xxvi. 46–9.) : Campi Raudii, a plain near the modern village of Raldone, not far to the east of the Athesis, where Marius and Catulus defeated the Cimbri, A. U. 652: Pistoria, where Catiline was defeated and slain, A. U. 691: Aquileia, taken by Attila, King of the Huns, after an obstinate resistance, A. D. 452.-In SICILY, Syracusa, besieged unsuccessfully by the Athenian army, under Nicias, A. U. 340, and taken by Marcellus, the Roman Consul, A. U. 509 (Liv. xxv. 23-31.): Cape Lilybaum, off which, at the Ægates Insula, C. Lutatius Catulus destroyed the fleet of the Carthaginians, and immediately after defeated their army at Eryx, thereby terminating the first Punic war, A. U. 511.138

Books of Description and Travels.-Cluverii Italia et Sicilia Antiqua, 3 vols. folio; Lalande, Voyage en Italie, 9 tom. 12mo.; Cramer's Ancient Italy, 2 vols.; Eustace's Classical Tour, 3 vols.; Kotzebue's Travels; Forsyth's Remarks during an Excursion in Italy; Swinburne's Tour in the Two Sicilies; Riedesel's Travels in Naples and Sicily, translated from German into French; Brydone's Tour in Sicily and Malta; Rose's Letters; Lettres de Chateauvieux; Keppel Craven's Tour in the Kingdom of Naples; Murray's Hand Book.

Flore virens, avet Ægates abolere, parentum

Dedecus, et Siculo demergere foedera ponto.-SIL. IT. I. 60.

IV.

ILLYRICUM, ILLYRIS vel ILLYRIA,—
DALMATIA.

ILLYRICUM, though, under the Empire, it extended inland even to the Danube, consisted chiefly of a stripe of sea-coast between the Hadriatic on one side, and on the other a chain of Mountains, called, in different parts, Albii, Babii, and Scardus or Scodrus, which run parallel with that Sea, and are connected with the Alps on the west side, and with Mount Homus on the east. ILLYRICUM lay between Lat. 42° and 45° 30′ N. and Long. 14° and 20° E. It was separated from Italy by the small river Arsia, and its south-eastern limit is generally reckoned the Drilo, Drin, though the country between that river and the confines of Epirus was also inhabited by Illyrian tribes.

ILLYRICUM1 was divided into two Provinces,-LIBURNIA, between the Arsia and the Titius, Kerca,-and DALMATIA, between the Titius and Drilo.

LIBURNIA' contained the towns, Flano, Fianona, on

1 Illyrici legitur plaga littoris: arva teruntur

Dalmatia: Phrygii numerantur stagna Timavi.-CLAUD. III. CONS. HON. 19.

Ibis Liburnis inter alta navium,

Amice, propugnacula,

Paratus omne Cæsaris periculum

Subire, Mæcenas, tuo.-HOR. EPOD. I. 1.

primus, clamante Liburno,

"Currite! jam sedit" (imperator), rapta properabat abolla Pegasus, attonitæ positus modo villicus Urbi.-Juv. iv. 75.

F