320; equitable modifications of com-
mon law rules, 316-319; of rules of
the ecclesiastical courts, 319-320;
marshalling of, 318-319.
ASSIGNMENT OF CHOSES IN ACTION, 299,
334-335.

ASSUMPSIT, development of the action
of, effect on commercial jurisdiction of
common law courts, 117, 143; effect
on the development of equity, 294,
295, 298, 299, 301.

ASSUMPSIT, liability of executors to be
sued by action of, 419.

ATTAINT, writ of, evidence needed to
support, 420.

ATTEMPTS to commit crimes, 201, 203.
ATTORNEY-GENERAL, the, generally
raised to the bench, 341.

Attorney's Academy, the (Powell), 274,
381.

Attorney's Almanack, the (Powell), 381.
AUBREY, Dr., 6, 7, 46.
AUBREY, John, 406.

AUDITA QUERELA, writ of, 230.
AUDLEY, 224, 225.
AUGUSTINE, St., 29.
AUSTIN, 481, 482, 485.
AVERAGE, 85, 144.
Azo, 269.

B

BACON, Francis, the variety of his
achievements, 238-240; the man, 240-
246; the jurist, 246-250; the chan-
cellor, 251-254; his character con-
trasted with Coke's, 434-435; his esti-
mate of Coke's character, 436-438;
his summary of the defects of the com-
mon law, 485-486; his proposals for a
restatement of English law, 486-489;
his reading on the statute of Uses, 394,
395-396; his scheme for a book de
regulis juris, 398; his Maxims, 398-
399; other references to, 17, 150, 201,
224, 226, 233, 271, 300, 307, 342, 376,
377, 445, 472, 478.

BACON, Nicolas, 178, 224, 231, 342;
227-229.

Bacon's Abridgment, 377.
BAIL, release on, 190-191.
Bail and Mainprize (Coke), 460.
BALANCE OF POWER, the, 38, 41.
BALDUS, 52, 134.
BAN ROYAL, 87.
BANCROFT, Archbishop, 20, 22, 429, 430.
BANKING, 72, 73, 84, 91, 97.
BANKRUPTCY, law of, 84, 98, 135, 137,

139, 492; jurisdiction in, 150.
BARBOUR, 263, 286, 293, 294, 299.
BARCELONA, 70; maritime courts of, 101.
BARTOLUS, 45, 52, 57, 76, 126, 134.
BASILICAS, the, 76, 77.
BASLE, Council of, 37.

BATESON, Miss, 105, 114.
BATTLE, trial by, 413.
BEAUFORT, Sir Thomas, 127.
BEAUMONT, M. R., 260.
BECCARIA, Raymond de, 9.
Bellewe's Reports, 358.
BEN JONSON, 247, 411.
BENET, 259; impeachment of, 445.
BENEVOLENCES, Coke's views as to, 427,
476.

Benloe and Dalison's Reports, 363, 365,
368.

Benloe's Reports, 362, 365.
BENTHAM, 455, 485.
BERNARD, Richard, 9.
BESANCON, the fairs of, 91.
Bible Battels (Bernard), 9.
BILL, the, in the Star Chamber, 178-179;
in the Chancery, 285.
BILLBROKING, 72.

BILLS OF EXCHANGE, 73, 97, 144.
Black Book of the Admiralty, 120, 123;
contents of, 125-127.

BLACKSTONE, 20, 22, 396, 399, 401, 404.
BLOCKADE, 35.

BONA FIDE PURCHASERS, recognition of
the title of, 99, 104-105, 110-111.
BONET, Honore, 36.
BONNER, Bishop, 5.

BOOKS, Star Chamber, control of, 208.
BOOTY, rules as to distribution of, 34.
BOROUGH (or BURROUGHS), Sir John, 10,
43.

BOROUGHS, the, commercial law in, 104-
106.

BOTTOMRY, 144.

BRACKLEY, Viscount, see Ellesmere
BRACTON, 168, 216, 269, 378, 392, 430.
BRETIGNY, Treaty of, 37.
Brevia Judicialia (Brownlow), 380.
BRIAN, 473.

Bridgman's (Sir J.) Reports, 360.
Brograve's Reading, 394-395.
BROKERS, in fair courts, III.
BROMLEY, Sir Th., L.K., 224, 300; 229-
300.
BROMLEY, J., 348.
BROOKE, 141, 145.
Brooke's Readings, 394.
Brooke's New Cases, 276, 358.

BROWN, W., his precedents of pleadings,
385.

BROWNLOW, Richard, 380, 385.
Brownlow and Gouldesborough's Re-
ports, 360, 371.

BUCKINGHAM, the duke of, 7, 254, 255,
353, 442, 446-447, 448, 449, 450, 453-
BUDÉ, 274.

Bulstrode's Reports, 361, 365.
BURGHLEY, 231, 238, 425.
BURGUNDY, the duke of, 37.
BURH, the, 103.

Burrows' Reports, 373.

C

CESAR, Dr. Charles, 260, 261, 353;
Dr. Julius, 6, 7, 12, 46, 139. 261.
Calthorpe's Reading on Copyholds, 394.
Calthorpe's Reports, 360, 365.
CAMDEN, 228, 229, 230.
CAMPSORES, see Money-Changers.
CANCELLATION OF DOCUMENTS, 293.
CANON LAW, discouragement of, 12;
influence of, on commercial law, 76, 79-
83; influence of, on equity, 222, 260,
261, 267-269; influence of, on the
theory of contract in the mediæval
Chancery, 294-297; this theory aban-
doned by the Chancery, 321-322.
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT, Star Chamber
could not award, 188; reason for this,
188-189; effects, 189.
CAPITULATIONS, the Turkish, 42.
CAREW, Mathew, 259, 266; George,
259, 277.

CARGO, damage to, 122; care of, 124.
CARNE, Dr., 6.

CARRIAGE BY SEA, the contract of, 85,
122, 124.

Carta Fadi, the, 388.
Carthew's Reading, 395.
CARY, 227.

Cary's Reports, 277.

CASE, action on the, 301, 416-417.
CASES, authority of, in the Chancery,
275-276; effects of, on development
of equity, 337; growth of authority of,
in common law courts, 372-373;
approved by Bacon, 486.

CAUSA, the canonist idea of, 294-295.
CECIL, 187, 227, 348.

CERTIORARI, the writ of, 300.

CESTUIQUE USE, the interest of the,
334.

CHAMBERLAIN, 440-441.

CHAMPAGNE, the fairs of, 91, 92, 94,
116.

CHAMPERTY, 201.

CHANCELLORS, the, change from eccle-
siastics to lawyers, 218-220, 222-223,
224-227; effects of this on develop-
ment of equity, 275.
CHANCERY, the Court of, commercial
jurisdiction of, in the Middle Ages,
116-117, 119-120, 128; commercial
jurisdiction of, in the sixteenth century,
139-140; question of giving it a Bank-
ruptcy jurisdiction, 150; effect of its
commercial jurisdiction on its treat-
ment of choses in action, 335; criminal
jurisdiction of, in Middle Ages, 289-
291; criminal jurisdiction of, in six-
teenth and seventeenth centuries, 300;
equitable jurisdiction of, see Equity,
proposed Act to reverse decrees made
in, 445; records of the, 262-263; pro-

cedure of, see Procedure in Chancery;
process of the, 161, 335-336.
CHANCEY, 431.

CHARITABLE TRUSTS, 304-305.
CHARLES I., 8, 11, 49, 447-448, 452, 453;
his fears of Coke's influence, 454-455.
CHARTERPARTIES, 144.

CHATTELS, ownership of, 298-299; speci-
fic relief in cases connected with, 324.
CHIVALRY, the institution of, 33-34.
CHOLMLEY, C.J., 349.

CHOSES IN ACTION, treatment of, by the
common law, 334, 418; by the court
of Chancery, 299, 334-335; assign-
ment of, 202, 299.

Choyce Cases in Chancery, 274, 277.
CHURCHILL, John, 245.
CINQUE PORTS, the, 120.
CIVIL LAW, evidence as to rules of, in
common law courts, 147.

CIVILIANS, the administrators, lawyers
and judges, 4-8; the writers, 8-25;
employment of, in the Chancery, 225,
257-260; their training compared
with that of the common lawyers, 16-17.
CLARENDON, 227, 255, 256, 261, 342,
344, 345, 352, 354.

Clayton's Reports, 360, 365.
CLEMENT V., 82, 83.

CLOGGING THE EQUITY OF REDEMPTION,
331.

CODIFICATION, Bacon's views on, 486-
487.

CO-EXECUTORS, their rights inter se, 317.
COKE, career and character, 425-456;
before 1606, 425-428; as a judge, 428-
441; period of hesitation, 442-444; as
a leader of the Parliamentary opposi-
tion, 444-456; his writings, 456-490;
his literary equipment, 457-459; his
Readings, 460; his shorter tracts,
460; his book of Entries, 461; his
Reports, 461-465; his Institutes, 466
471; why his works were accepted as
the basis of the modern common law,
471-472; criticisms of, by historians,
472-478; he is a lawyer of the his-
torical school, 478-480; criticisms of,
by analytical jurists, 478-485; see
Hobbes and Hale; merits of his
writings, 489-490; his influence on
future development of English law,
490-493; his character contrasted with
Bacon's, 434-435; illustrated by a
letter addressed to him in 1616, 441-
442; his chapter in the 4th Institute
on the Star Chamber, 167; other
references, 7, 22, 45, 46, 57, 143, 145,
159. 160, 183, 185, 192, 195, 198, 199,
204, 206, 208, 210, 211, 217, 224, 229,
232, 234, 236, 239, 245, 247, 271, 339,
342, 343, 345, 347, 351, 353, 368, 372,
377.

Coke's Reports, 276, 358, 364, 365,
367, 371, 372-373, 415, 461-465; order
to revise, 440; Bacon's criticism of,
464; Bacon's appreciation of, 478,
490.

COLEPEPPER, Sir J., M.R., 261.
COLET, 30.

COLLISIONS AT SEA, 85, 122.
COLOGNE, the fairs of, 91.
COMBATANTS, distinguished from non-
combatants, 36.

COMMERCIAL COURTS, the continental
type, 148-149; question of their intro-
duction into England, 149-151; why
they were not introduced, 151-154.
COMMERCIAL CUSTOMS, acted on by
common law courts, 146-147.
COMMERCIAL LAW, small influence of
English fair courts on the development
of, 113-120; relation of, to the common
law, 144-146; incorporated with the
common law, 146-148; slow growth
of, in England, 492.

COMMERCIAL POLICY, influence of, on
International law, 41-42.
COMMERCIAL AND MARITIME LAW, its
cosmopolitan character, 60-61; not a
medieval characteristic, 61-62; why
emphasized in modern times, 62-64;
effect of Reception of Roman law on,
64-65; the Italian Law Merchant,
65-85; commercial pre-eminence of
the Italian cities, 66; their commercial
organization, 67-71; evolution of com-
mercial law in, 72-76; its character,
76-85; Reception of this Law Mer-
chant in N. Europe, 85-102; com-
mercial law, 85-100; market law of
towns and gilds, 86-90; the inter-
national fairs, 90-93; their effects on
the law, 93-100; maritime law, 100-
102; the Law Merchant in England,
102-154; the medieval Law Merchant,
commercial law, 103-120; maritime
law, 120-129; reception of foreign
doctrines, 129-148; sources, 129-135;
agencies, 135-148; peculiarities of the
English development, 148-154.
COMMISSIONS TO TAKE EXAMINATIONS,
in the Star Chamber, 181, 182, 183;
in the court of Chancery, 286.
COMMISSIONS OF ENQUIRY, powers of
the crown in connection with, 432-433.
COMMON LAW, condition of, in sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries, 412-423;
advantages over its rivals, 413; disad-
vantages, 413-414; its vigorous life,
414-415; restatements of old rules,
415; tenures and estates, 415-416;
crime and tort, 416-417; personal
property, 417; contract, 417-418;
commercial law, 418; law of persons,
418-419; pleading, 419; evidence,

419-420; control of inferior courts,
420; its supremacy in danger in this
period, 420-421; want of a definite
political theory, 421-422; this defect
cured by Coke's career and writings,
422-423; effect on, of work of rival
courts, 339-340; conflicts with its
rivals, 423; merged in the constitu-
tional question between king and
Parliament, 423-424; Coke's influence
on these conflicts, 424-425; reverence
felt for, 435-436; question of its power
to override Acts of Parliament, 475;
defects in its rules-mediaval period,
279-284; how remedied by equity,
284-287; non-existence of adequate
machinery, 287-289; failure in appli-
cation of its rules, 289-291; non-
existence of rules, 291-299; sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries--some defects

then remedied, 300-302; effect on
equity, 302-303; its relation to com-
mercial law, 144-146; incorporation
into, of commercial law, 146-148.
COMMON LAW COURTS, growth of com-
mercial jurisdiction of, in Middle Ages,
116-119, 128; in sixteenth century,
140-144; effect of, on relation of
common to commercial law, 144-146.
COMMONPLACE BOOKS, 378.
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD, project to
establish commercial courts, 150-151.
COMPANIES, jurisdiction of governing
bodies of, 130, 149; of foreign mer-
chants, 92; their influence on com-
mercial law, 93-100.

Compleat Parson, A (Dodderidge), 394.
Complete Copyholder, the (Coke), 460.
COMPOSITIONS WITH CREDITORS, 97.
COMPURGATION, in fair courts, 107-108,
110, 114; in common law courts, 413;
see Wager of Law.
Comyn's Digest, 377.
CONFESSIONS, 193.
CONSCIENCE, 216, 235, 268, 271, 274,
294, 295; Chancery, a court of, in
sixteenth century, 337-338.
CONSENT, to procedure per inquisi-
tionem, 172.
CONSIDERATION, the doctrine of, 296,
417-418; accepted by the Chancery
in relation to contract, 321-322; not
in relation to uses, 322.
CONSOLATO DEL MARE, 35, 70-71, 100,
134.

CONSPIRACY, 203-205, 417.
CONSTABLE AND MARSHAL, court of,
15-16, 127.

CONSTANCE, Council of, 31.
CONSTITUTION, the English, royal and
Parliamentary view of, 423-424.
CONSTRUCTION, of wills and other docu-
ments, 320, 327, 414, 416.

CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS, 305-306.
CONSULES, de communi, 68; hospites,
74; mercatorum, 68, 69.
CONTEMPT, Chancery process of, 335.
CONTRABAND, 35, 47-48; analogues of,
47.

CONTRACT, theory of, in the medieval
Chancery, 294-297; growth of law of,
417-418.

CONTRIBUTION, in maritime cases, 85,
123, 124.

CONVERSION, the doctrine of, 320.
CONVEYANCING, new forms of, 416.
COPYHOLD, 324, 416.
CORDELL, M.R., 260.
Cornwall's Tables, 386.

CORPORATIONS, rudimentary common
law ideas as to, 281.

Corporations, Fraternities and Guilds
(Shepherd), 391.
CORY, Th., 385.
COSIN, Dr., 8.

CO-TRUSTEES, liability for one another's
acts, 306-307.

COTTON, Sir R., 402, 403, 405, 406,
482.

COUNCIL, commercial jurisdiction of, in
Middle Ages, 116, 117, 119-120; in
the sixteenth century, 136-137; dele-
gation of commercial and maritime
cases by the, to the court of Requests,
139; relation of, to the judges in the
Tudor period, 347-348.

COUNCIL AND STAR CHAMBER, their
respective functions, 155; why they
were efficient bodies, 156.
COUNSEL, actions by, for fees in fair
courts, 111; denied to prisoners, 192.
COURTS, of the international fairs, 94-96;
models for commercial courts
different countries, 95; central, effects
of their conflicts on commercial juris-
diction, 151-152, 153-154.

in

COURTS OF RECORD, see Record, Courts
of.

COVENTRY, Th., 254-256.

Ꭰ

DALE, Dr. Valentine, 6, 7, 44, 45.
Davis's Reports, 359, 365.
DAVISON, trial of, 230.
D'Anvers Abridgment, 377.

De Antiquitatibus Juris, Bacon's pro-
posals for a book on this subject, 488.
De Augmentis (Bacon), 241, 248-250,
486, 487, 488.

De Dominio Maris (Welwod), 10.
D'EWES, 404-405; his autobiography,
404; his Journals of the Elizabethan
Parliaments, 405.

De Finibus Levatis Statutum (Coke),
460.

De Jure Belli (Gentili), 52, 53-55.
De Jure Belli et Pacis (Grotius), 55,
56-58.

De Jure Maritimo et Navali (Molloy),

131.

De Legationibus (Gentili), 52, 53.
De Legato, 10.

DE NON PROCEDENDO REGE IN CON-
SULTO, the writ, 439-440.

De Pace Regis et Regni (Pulton), 392-
393.

De Regulis Juris, Bacon's proposals for
a book on this subject, 488.

De

Republica Anglorum (Smith), the
additions to, 259.

De Usu et Authoritate Juris Civilis
(Duck), 16, 24.

DEBTOR, effect of appointment of a, as
executor, 317.

Decem Historia Anglicana Scriptores
(Selden), 408.

DECEIT, action of, 292.
DECREes of the StaR CHAMBER, their
loss, 162.

DEDIMUS POTESTATEM, the writ of, 286.
DEFAMATION, actions for, in the fair
courts, 109; in the central courts,
205-212, 417.

DEFENCE, restriction of, a prisoner's
liberty of, 171, 172, 174, 175.

14.

Descriptio Juris et Judicii Temporalis
(Zouche), 19.

DETINUE, 282, 299, 417.
DEVASTAVIT, 316.

DEVISE, the, 316.

the Chancery, 300-301; disputes with
the common law judges, 429-432.
ECCLESIASTICAL LAWYERS, the, 7-8.
ECCLESIASTICS, as civil lawyers, 4-5.
EDWARD I., 37, 39.

EGERTON, see Ellesmere.
EJECTMENT, action of, 323.

Elementa Jurisprudentia (Zouche), 17,

19.

Dickens' Reports, 278.

Digest des Briefs Originals (Theloall),
380-381, 387.

Digest of Case Law, Bacon's proposals
for, 487.

Digest of Statute Law, Bacon's proposals
for, 487.

DIGGES, Sir Dudley, M.R., 261.
DIPLOMACY, the art of, 39, 40, 41.
Direction or Preparation to the Study of
the Law (Fulbecke), 23-24.
Discourse of Law and Single Combat
(Eliot), 9.

DISCOVERY, 281-282, 332.
DISCOVERY, the voyages of, influence of
on International law, 42.
Disposition or Administration of Intes-
tate Goods (Selden), 409.
Dissertatio ad Fletam (Selden), 409.
Doctor and Student, the (St. Germain),
159, 217, 235, 269, 271, 273; 266-269;
influence of, compared with that of
Bracton, 269; theory of contract in,

E

EARNEST MONEY, 109.
ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS, their juris-
diction over defamation, 205-206;
encroachments on jurisdiction of by

ELIOT, John, 9.

ELIZABETH, 41, 45, 49.

ELLESMERE, his career, 231-238; other
references to, 180, 204, 217, 224, 226,
260, 271, 272, 276, 288, 306, 307, 326,
333, 342, 350, 364, 438, 478.
EMBASSIES, permanent, 38-39, 40, 46-47.
EMBRACERY, 202.
EMENDATORI, 75.

EMPLOYERS' LIABILITY, in fair courts,
III-112; at common law, 417.
ENEMIES, provision of Magna Carta as
to, 34.

ENEMY SHIPS, ENEMY GOODS, not the
law in the Middle Ages, 35.
England's Epinomis (Selden), 408.
English Lawyer, the (Dodderidge), 397-
398, 399.

Entries, Books of, 383-386; Coke's,
461; Rastell's, 384, 461.
ENTRY BOOKS OF DECREES, 264.
ENTRY, forcible, 199.
Epieichia (Ashe), 368.
EQUITY, its underlying principle, 215;
stages in its history, 212-218; relation
of to law, 217, 220-224, 225, 236-238,
251-252; nature of, 219, 235-236, 267-
269, 270-271, 274, 275-276, 299-303,
336-338; rules of-medieval, 278-
299; sixteenth and seventeenth cen-
turies, 299-336.

EQUITY OF REDEMPTION, the, 331-332,
334.

EQUITY TO A SETTLEMENT, germs of
doctrine of, 314.
ERASMUS, 30.

ERROR, writ of, 158, 159.

ESMEIN, 170, 173, 174, 175, 185, 189.
ESSEX, the earl of, relations with Bacon,

240, 241, 244.

ESTATES, the law as to, 415.
ESTREPEMENT, writ of, 230.
Etymologia, the (Isidore of Seville), 28.
EVER, Sampson, 386.

EVIDENCE, law of, rudimentary in six-
teenth century, 183, 193, 281-282; de-
velopment of by the court of Chancery,
332-334; growth of law of, 301, 419-
420; of experts, 419; written-in
continental procedure, 172, 173, 174;
in the Star Chamber, 181-184; in the
Chancery, 285.

EVIL MAY DAY, the, 348.