The Divan.—Its Character as a representative Body.-By whom composed.—Mode

of assembling. Discussion, and Collection of the Votes.-Revenues,―The Beys.

-Their Rapacity.-Dey's Policy with regard to them.-The Caids, and their

numerous Oppressions.-Account of the Chiaux, or Dey's Messengers.-Their

Influence on the Multitude.-Reflections on Laws and Government.-Algerine

Code. The Cadi.-Their Appointment and Functions.-Civil Process in Barbary.

-Ignorance of the Judges, and novel Mode of deciding Causes.-Remarks and

Anecdotes. Criminal Process.-Punishments inflicted for various Crimes.-Con-

sequences of Adultery and Infidelity in the Females.-Punishment of Treason.

-Debtors.-How treated.-Anecdote of Ibrahim Dey.-Effect of the Dey's

personal Administration of Justice.-Anecdote of Cheban Dey.-Defects of the

Algerine Law. Excessive Severity of some Punishments.-Police Regulations of

ALGIERS.-Nightly Patroles.-Espionage and Informers.-Subterfuges of arbitrary

Power.

307

CHAPTER XVII.

Financial System of ALGIERS.-Various Modes of raising Money.-Hints to modern

Financiers.-The Hasena, or public Treasury.-Reflections on the Advantages of

hoarding. Different Sources of the Dey's Revenue. His praiseworthy For-

bearance. Anecdote of a Persian Prince. Thoughts on the Use of Public Money.

-Military Force of ALGIERS.-The Oldack, and Ortes.-Zouavi.—The Aga.

-His Functions, and Mode of being replaced.-Account of the AGA del Campo,

and Caia.-Mode of rewarding the Services of old Officers in ALGIERS.-Their

Privileges. Boulouc Bashas, and Vekilardi.-Method of obtaining Rank and Pro-

motion under the Algerine Government.--Cursory Ideas on the Subject of Military

Regulations in all Countries.-Quarters and Allowance of the Soldiery.-Their

Pay.-Punctuality with which the Arrears are paid.-Ceremony observed on

these Occasions.-Gradual Increase of the Soldier's Remuneration.-Different

Modes of adding to it, and his Prospect of future Repose.-Account of the Algerine

Army. By whom composed.-Bedouin Cavalry.—Annual Operations to collect

the Tribute, plunder the Tribes, &c.-Punishments awarded by the Caia.-

Order of the March.-General Treatment of the Soldiery.-Its Effects.-Qualities

of the Dey's Army.-Its Operations left to the Direction of the General.-Councils

of War.-Mode of Encamping, and Order of Battle.-Method of attacking, and

xxviii

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

re-forming when put into Disorder.-General Character of the Algerine Soldiers.

--Anecdote of an Italian Chief.—Character of the Turkish Militia.—Their Power

over the Moorish Population.-Reflections.-Allusion to the Victories of Cheban

Dey. Characteristics of the Janizaries.---The various Advantages enjoyed by them

over other Soldiers of Fortune.....

CHAPTER XVIII.

Piracy. The natural State of the Barbary Governments.-Their Political Maxims.

-Their Interest in going to War.-Mode of declaring it, and making Reprisals.

-Treatment of European Consuls and Subjects.-Method of justifying. their

Policy with respect to Foreign Powers.-Mode of carrying on Hostilities.-Argu-

ment in favour of it.-Northern Africa always the Retreat and Abode of Pirates.

-Cursory View of their Depredations.-Of Captures.-Their Sale, and Distribution

of Prize Money.-Mode of disposing of Slaves.-The Basistan.-Tegorarini-

Occupation of Christian Captives.-Of Ransoming.-The Fathers of Redemption,

or Trinity. Their mode of proceeding in ALGIERS.-Efforts of the Author and

others to promote the Liberation of Sicilian Slaves.-Allusion to the Exertions

of the British Government to emancipate them. Remarks in praise of

the Conduct of those Italian Sovereigns, who have made Peace with the Barbary

Powers. Various useful Hints to those who become Slaves.-Best Time of

escaping. Probable Result of a well organized Combination amongst the

Christian Slaves at ALGIERS.-Observations, &c.

.....

326

343

CHAPTER XIX.

Military and Naval Power of the Barbary States.-TRIPOLY.-MOROCCO.-

Thoughts on the Views of the latter State.-Relations of the above States with

ALGIERS and each other.-Origin of their Independence.-Influence of the

OTTOMAN PORTE Over the Barbarians.-Nature of its Relations with them.-

Various Reflections on the Grand Seignor's Policy.-State of Political Relations

between the Pirates and different European Governments..

CHAPTER XX.

Departure from ALGIERS.-Feelings on quitting Companions in Misfortunes.-

Passage to MINORCA.-Arrival at PORT MAHON.-Entrance into the Lazzaretto.-

Anecdote of a modern Traveller.-Theatrical Scenes.-Liberal Conduct of an

English Consul.-Some Account of MINORCA, and those with whom the Author

became acquainted there.-Sir Sidney Smith.-Embarks on board an English Ship.

-Passage to SICILY, and Arrival in PALERMO.-Various Reflections on the

Civil and Political State of the above Island.-Departure from SICILY.-Reflec-

tions during the Voyage.-Arrival at Ponza, together with some Account of that

Island. Return to TUSCANY and Reflections suggested by it.......

.... 369

CHAPTER XXI.

Recent Conduct and new Insults of the Barbary Powers.-Negociations of Lord

Exmouth, and General Sir Thomas Maitland.-Bombardment of ALGIERS.-Sub-

mission of the Dey.-Observations on the Treaties lately made between the Euro-

pean Powers and Barbary States.-Remarks on the Conduct of Great Britain,

compared with that of other Governments.-Singular Enigma.-Reflections sug-

gested by it.-Necessity of taking greater Precautions than those already adopted.

-How far we are justified in relying on the Faith of Treaties.-Morality of a

Barbary Chief.-His Motto.-Actual Disposition of these Powers, manifested by

their general Conduct........
.... 388

CHAPTER XXII.

--

ITALY more exposed than ever to the Depredations of the Barbary Corsairs.-Conse-

quences of no more Captives being made.-Prisoners of War. Their probable

Treatment by the Barbarians.-Illustrations.-Necessity, Justice, and Utility of

more powerful Measures.-Various Reflections; and Anecdote of an English Sea-

man.-Importance to Europe of colonizing Northern Africa. Its amazing Fecun-

dity. Facility of penetrating into the Interior from that Direction.-Splendor of

the Enterprize. Its Advantages to Antiquarian Research, Science, and the useful

Arts. Observations, &c.........
..... 406

CHAPTER XXIII.

Difficulties likely to attend the Enterprize.-Remarks on the Moorish Character.

-Observations on the Result of those Expeditions hitherto sent against the Infidels.

-Want of Union, and popular Nature of the Barbary Governments favourable

-

PAGE.

to an invading Army.-Reasons why the Moors are not likely to adhere to the

Fortunes of their present Rulers.-As easy for the united Powers of Europe to

colonize Northern Africa, as it was for single Nations of other Times to do so.-

Hints to an invading Force.-Best Time to effect a Landing.-Kind of Warfare

most adapted to Africa.-Necessity of Perseverance.-Importance of calling in the

Aid of Political Intrigue.-Comparison between the Moors and savage Nations.—

Probability of the former's adopting European Manners and another Religion.—-

Singular Tradition prevalent in Barbary.-Recollections by which an European

Army would be animated on landing in Africa.-Why that part of the World is not

as susceptible of undergoing a great political Change as other Countries.-Necessity

of employing a sufficient Force, and of the Powers of Europe being unanimous in

the Cause. Nations that ought to direct the League.-Reflections........
.... 417

CHAPTER XXIV.

Author's Motives for proposing the Colonization of NORTHERN AFRICA.-Most equi-

table Line of Policy to be pursued, should a Descent ever be made in that Country.

-Anecdote and Reflections.-Appeal to Princes, Ministers, People, Philosophers,

Orators, Poets, and periodical Writers of every Country.-Eulogium on the Anti-

Piratical Institution.-Conclusion......

429

NARRATIVE

OF

A VOYAGE TO ALGIERS.

CHAPTER I.

Memoirs.-Origin of the Voyage.-Fatal Delay.-THAMES.-The Ocean.Continuance of the Voyage.-Rencontre.-Coast of Fez.-Straits and Bay of GIBRALTAR.-Passage up the MEDITERRANEAN.-Arrival at the Island of SAN PIETRO.

"What

WE are daily in the habit of hearing people exclaim : strange adventures mine have been! Why, Sir, my life is a perfect romance! I have really a great mind to write my history!” When those who have played an important part in the theatre of life, and made sublime experiments on fortune, fall from power and splendor, they naturally enough become a prey to ennui: in order, however, to shed a little light on the obscurity of their retreat, to preserve some recollection of that name, glory, and even life; which, to use the expression of Pope, seems to breathe from other lips; they take to writing their warlike and political actions---and being no lonable to wield the sword or staff of office, have recourse to the ger pen removed from the worldly stage, by choice or necessity, they assume the more modest part of authors. Hence the numberless volumes constantly appearing with the flattering titles of Memoirs, Historical, Political and Military; including the campaigns of Gene

B