neral ideas are made. This shows Man's power and its way of operation to be much the same in the material [as in the] intellectual world. For, the materials in both being such as he has no power over, either to make or destroy, all that Man can do is either to unite them together, or to set them by one another, or wholly separate them. I shall here begin with the first of these, in the consideration of Complex Ideas; and come to the other two in their due places. As Simple ideas are observed to exist in several combinations united together, so the mind has a power to consider several of them united together as one idea; and that not only as they are united in external objects, but as itself has joined them. Ideas thus made up of several simple ones put together I call Complex; such as are beauty, gratitude, a man, an army, the universe; which, though complicated of various simple ideas, or complex ideas made up of simple ones, yet are, when the mind pleases, considered, each by itself, as one entire thing, and signified by one name. Made voluntarily.-In this faculty of repeating and joining together its ideas, the mind has great power in varying and multiplying the objects of its thoughts, infinitely beyond what Sensation or Reflection furnishes it with; but all this still confined to those simple ideas which it received from those two sources, and which are the ultimate materials of all its compositions. For, simple ideas are all from things themselves; and of these the mind can have no more or other than what are suggested to it. It can have no other ideas of sensible qualities than what come from without by the senses; 71 nor any ideas of other kind of operations of a thinking substance than what it finds in itself; but when it has once got these simple ideas, it is not confined barely to observation, and what offers itself from without; it can by its own power put together those ideas it has, and make new complex ones which it never received so united. Are either modes, substances, or relations.-Complex ideas, however compounded and decompounded, though their number be infinite, and the variety endless wherewith they fill and entertain the thoughts of men, yet I think may be all reduced under these three heads(1) Modes. (2) Substances. (3) Relations.* Modes.-First, Modes, I call such Complex ideas which, however compounded, contain not in them the supposition of subsisting by themselves, but are considered as dependences on, or affections of Substances; such are the ideas signified by the words triangle, gratitude, murder, &c. And in this I use the word "mode" in somewhat a different sense from its ordinary signification; it being unavoidable, in discourses differing from the ordinary received notions, either to make new words, or to use old words in somewhat a new signification: the latter whereof, in our present case, is perhaps the more tolerable of the two. Simple and mixed modes. Of these Modes there are two sorts which deserve distinct consideration. First, Mich are only variations, or different There are some combinatio ture of he simple idea, without the mix- nly called LOCKE'S · Categories" but the ideas of so many distinct units added together: and these I call Simple Modes; as being contained within the bounds of one Simple idea. Secondly, There are others compounded of simple ideas of several kinds, put together to make one complex one; v. g. beauty, consisting of a certain composition of colour and figure, causing delight in the beholder; theft, which, being the concealed change of the possession of any thing without the consent of the proprietor, contains a combination of several ideas of several kinds: and these I call Mixed Modes. Substances single or collective.-Secondly, The ideas of Substances are such combinations of Simple ideas as are taken to represent distinct particular things subsisting by themselves, in which the supposed or confused idea of Substance, such as it is, is always the first and chief. Thus, if to Substance be joined the simple idea of a certain dull whitish colour, with certain degrees of weight, hardness, ductility, and fusibility, we have the idea of lead; and a combination of the ideas of a certain sort of figure, with the powers of motion, thought, and reasoning, joined to substance, make the ordinary idea of a Man. Now, of substances also there are two sorts of ideas; one of Single Substances, as they exist separately, as of a man, or a sheep; the other of several of those put together, as an army of men, or flock of sheep; which Collective ideas of several Substances thus put together, are as much, each of them, one single idea as that of a man, or unit. Relation. Thirdly, The last sort of Complex ideas is that [which] we call Relation; which consists in the consideration and Comparing one idea with another. Of these several kinds we shall treat in their order. · The most abstruse ideas from the two sources.-If we trace the progress of our mind, and with attention observe how it repeats, adds together, and unites its simple ideas received from Sensation or Reflection, it will lead us farther than at first perhaps we should have imagined. And I believe we shall find, if we warily observe the originals of our notions, that even the most abstruse ideas, how remote soever they may seem from sense, or from any operation of our own minds, are yet only such as the Understanding frames to itself, by repeating and joining together ideas that it had either from objects of sense, or from its own operations about them; so that those even large and abstract ideas are derived from Sensation or Reflection; being no other than what the mind, by the ordinary use of its own faculties, employed about ideas received from objects of sense, or from the operations it observes in itself about them, may (and does) attain. This I shall endeavour to show in the ideas we have of Space, Time, and Infinity; and some few others that seem the most remote from those originals. CHAPTER XIII. OF THE SIMPLE MODES OF SPACE. Simple Modes.-Though I have often mentioned Simple ideas, which are truly the materials of all our Knowledge; yet, having treated of them rather in the way [by which] they come into the mind than as distinguished from others more Compounded, it 72 BOOK IL-CHAPTER XIL but the ideas of so many distinct units added together : ■ Substances single or collective.-Secondly, The ideas of are as much, each of them, one single idea as that of a man, or unit. Relation-Thirdly, The last sort of Complex ideas is that [which] we call Relation; which consists in the consideration and Comparing one idea with another. these several kinds we shall treat in their order. Of |