Primary Wood Processing: Principles and Practice

Voorkant
Springer Science & Business Media, 13 sep 2006 - 596 pagina's
Samuel Johnson (of Boswell fame) said about writing, ‘whatever is written without effort is in general read without pleasure’ and ‘the unexamined word is not worth reading.’ However, even the most thoughtfully written text is unlikely to be described as a good read. This book is not an exhaustive review. Rather it is an uneven selection of examples whose interplay across disciplines hopefully illuminates what drives the practice of forest production, wood processing and consumer preferences. The choice of material is arbitrary reflecting personal biases. It is a summary of material presented to students at the NZ School of Forestry at the University of Canterbury. This book takes liberties with other peoples’ ideas, weaving them into fresh themes that are at best a work in progress. The philosopher Francis Bacon argued that ‘science is a debate in progress not a body of knowledge’ and also ‘truth emerges more readily from error than confusion’. We have taken the position that it is preferable to venture a reasoned opinion and be proved wrong than to waffle; so don’t swallow every sentence – ‘doubt everything’. The reader’s task is to unravel the conceits of generalizing and the risks of particularizing.
 

Inhoudsopgave

BASIC WOOD CHEMISTRY AND CELL WALL
23
The Cellulose Microfibril and Cellulose Biosynthesis
30
The Structure of Lignin
43
The Cell Wall Structure of a Softwood Tracheid
52
Wood Extractives
64
DIMENSIONAL INSTABILITY IN TIMBER
95
IN CONTEXT
121
Industry Requirements
124
PLYWOOD AND VENEERBASED PRODUCTS 1 Introduction
391
Trends
392
Plywood
394
Raw Material Requirements
396
Plywood Manufacture
398
Competition and Technological Change
416
Sliced Veneer
418
TimberLike Products
420

Spatial Distribution Within Trees
125
Density
128
Size Compression Wood and Knots
142
Softwood Plantation Silviculture
144
Eucalyptus for Wood Production
155
MULTIFACETED OPPORTUNITIES 1 Introduction
159
Stiffness
160
Microfibril Angle
166
Breeding for Increased Stiffness
172
Acoustics to Select for Stiffness
175
Near Infrared to Predict Wood Quality
178
Strength and Adsorption of Energy
179
Fibre Length
180
Spiral Grain
183
Heartwood
186
Growth Stress and Reaction Wood
187
Endgame
202
SAWMILLING 1 Introduction
203
Basic Saw Types and Blades
204
Mill Design
217
Mill Efficiency
237
Aspects of Optimizing Sawlog Breakdown
238
Flexibility
250
DRYING OF TIMBER 1 Introduction
251
The Drying Elements
252
Surface Temperature
254
The Movement of Fluids through Wood
256
The External Drying Environment
268
Drying Methods
272
A Conventional Kiln Schedule
281
HighTemperature Drying above 100oC
285
Drying Degrade
286
Practical Implications of Drying Models
293
WOOD PRESERVATION 1 Introduction
297
Organisms that Degrade Wood
298
Natural Durability
304
Philosophy of Protection
306
Preservative Formulations
308
Treatment Processes
319
Health and Environmental Issues
334
GRADING TIMBER AND GLUED STRUCTURAL MEMBERS 1 Introduction
339
Theoretical Strength of Wood
340
Timber Grading for NonStructural Purposes
341
Visual Grading of Structural Lumber
357
MachineGraded Structural Timber
371
Adjusting Structural Timber Properties for Design Use
378
Glued Structural Members
380
Fire
389
Timber Structures
390
PARTICLEBOARD FIBREBOARDS AND ORIENTED STRAND BOARD 1 Introduction
427
Market
428
Characterising WoodBased Panels
431
History of WoodBased Composites
435
Raw Materials
436
Generalised Panel Production Line
439
Product Standards and Panel Performance
468
Conclusion
474
PULP AND PAPER MANUFACTURE 1 Introduction
477
An Overview of Processing Options
480
Paper
481
Wood Preparation
484
Mechanical Pulping
485
Cleaning Washing and Screening
491
Bleaching Mechanical Pulps
492
Semichemical Pulping
493
Chemical Pulping
494
Sulphite Pulping Processes
498
Sulphite Pulping Technology
500
Chemical Recovery of Sulphite Liquors
501
Process Chemistry and Alkaline Delignification Mechanisms
502
The Kraft Pulping Process
504
Extended Kraft Delignification
508
The Kraft Recovery Cycle
510
ByProducts of Softwood Pulping
514
Bleaching of Chemical Pulps
515
Effluent Loads and Disposal
518
The Manufacture of Paper
519
Beating of Chemical Pulps
520
Papermaking
524
Cylinder Machines for Paperboards
530
Fibre Characteristics
531
Some Definitions and Test Methods
532
A HIDDEN GOLIATH 1 Introduction
535
Characteristics of Wood as a Fuel
538
Charcoal
539
Fast Pyrolysis of Wood
541
Wood as a Feedstock for Liquid Fuels
545
Methanol Production
547
Ethanol Production From Synthesis Gas
548
Hydrolysis of Wood
549
Ethanol Production by Acid Hydrolysis and Fermentation
551
Ethanol via Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation
553
Liquid Fuels
554
Energy and Climate Change
555
REFERENCES
557
INDEX
589
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