Manchester, and the country many miles round it, and, by laying the foundation of a very extended commerce, to the kingdom in general, is fo well known, as to render a further detail unneceffary." PAPER.

"1. Of Silk Rags. 2. For CopperPlate Printers. 3. Emboffed. 4. Marbled.

"Under the encouragement of the Society, all thefe have been established or promoted; the firft, from the difficulty of difcharging the colours from dyed filk, has not been yet made perfectly white; but is manufactured in fmall quantities of different fhades of brown, or other colours, and is the beft paper for drawing on with chalks, or crayons: the fecond was neceffarily imported, at a confiderable expence, from France, till its manufacture at home was promoted by the Society: the third and fourth forts were alfo foreign manufactures; and the laft, being of very general ufe, was imported in great quantities, and to a great amount in value; but it is now made here to perfection, at several manufactories, and is become an article of exportation."

QUILTING in the LOOM. "When the propofition was firft made in the Society, of offering a premium to encourage the making, in the loom, an imitation of that fpecies of Needle-work, long known by the name of Marseilles Quilting, it was almost rejected as vifionary and impoffible; but the laudable fpirit of enterprize, which has always diftinguished this Society, determined them to publish the premium, and the confequence has juftified the meafure. This fuccefs animated them to continue their premiums, in hopes of further improvement, in which they were not difappointed. The manufacture is now fo thoroughly eftablished, and fo extenfive, being wrought in all the different materials of linen, woolen, cotton, and filk, that there are few perfons of any rank, condition, or fex, in the kingdom (and we may add, within the extent of British commerce, fo greatly is it exported) who do not ufe it in fome part of their clothing; fo that we LOND. MAG. Nov. 1783.

may fafely fay, if the whole fund and revenue of the Society had been given to obtain this one article of trade, the national gain in return fhould be confidered as very cheaply purchased.”

V. MECHANICKS. The effects of the Society's rewards are thus related:

"One great and general effect of the rewards given in this clafs, has been the removing, in many inftances, old vulgar prejudices against all new inventions. The moft ignorant are generally the moft obftinately attached to the ways of working wherein they have been brought up. The husbandmen of Surrey, Berkshire, and fundry other parts, can fcarcely be prevailed upon, at this day, to ufe the Norfolk and Suffolk plough in fimilar foils, though it operates at half the expence of their own. But the many valuable machines and models, the mechanical inventions or improvements produced in near thirty years (and every year increafing) being preferved in the Society's repofitory, for the infpection and information of the publick, and the feveral convincing experiments made under the aufpices of the Society, have begun, by means of its members and other gentlemen, to excite and diffufe a fpirit of improvement, particularly in inftruments of husbandry, through all parts of the kingdom."

SAW-MILLS.

"Intimidated by a groundlefs fuggeftion of a pretended prohibitory act of parliament, this country fubmitted, for

many years, to have timber cut into boards by the faw-mills of Holland and other foreign countries, till the public fpirit and the rewards of the Society interpoling, the prejudice was overcome; and to the great credit and emolument, both of the public, and of the particular undertakers, faw-mills are now firmly established in England."

WHALE-FISHERY.

"The invention of the method of ftriking Whales by the Gun-Harpoon, now confirmed by experience, will, moft probably, make the profits of that fifhery much more confiderable than they were before."

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PLANING

ruftom, I would attend to that particularly; not by forbidding laced coats, and other tinfel finery, for this rale would not be fufficiently fingular to bear a date in the annals of your reign; but I would attack the headpiece at once, and make a standard of eafure for all wigs, curls, queus, clubs, &c. &c. &c. referving to myfelf the right of wearing the largest wig, as being the greatest man in the univerfity. "King Leary the First inade his arm the ftandard of meafure for a yard; and as every inftance of arbitrary power fhould be adhered to as ftrictly as poffible, I would order, fuppofe, my little finger to be the length of every curl, and no queu, under pain of the fevereft penalty, to exceed the length of my great one. Thus, you will have the whole university under the command (you may fay) of your little finger; and have the credit of executing the full power of your office, with the character of an active and arbitrary magiftrate."

"To the Fellows.

"A Fellow of a College is a perfon of very high rank and confequence in the univerfity; his power, fo far as his jurifdiction extends, bears almoft an unlimited fway. The Under-Graduates of the College are put under fubmiffive obedience to his command, for a neglect of which he has a power of inflicting a very fevere punishment. His only bufinefs is, to eat, drink, and leep; his only care, the means of filing up his idle hours.

As we have juft faid how confequential an office this is, a Fellow ought to be thoroughly fenfible of it, and endeavour, as much as poffible, to keep up his dignity: and in fome things he may obferve the rules laid down for the proctors; fuch as, if an under graduate neglects to cap him, to punish him feverely, keep him always ftanding, and the like-I would only advife him at the fame time, that, as his power is rather of lefs extent than the former, fo he ought to keep exactly to its limits, eft quodam prodire tenus, fed

non datur ultra.-He should have all the dependant members in abfolute, fubmifiive obedience; punish them fe

verely for the leaft fault, and extend his authority to the very utmost. - Here fhould be his ne plus ultra; he muft now yield to a principle no lefs urgent than the former; viz. felf-intereft. If an under graduate pays him, as tutor, but eight guineas addition per annum (for moft refident Fellows have fome pupils) and is a profitable member of fociety, let this be a fufficient recompence for any thing he may commit within his cognifance, either in contempt of his own authority, in defiance of the rules of the college, or the ftatutes of the univerfity. In short, let him fubmit to any thing, if it will be the means of adding to his prefent finecures, or of keeping thofe which he has got.

"If, in the long vacation, he should condefcend fo far as to vifit his friends, and mix a little with the world, let him be fure to keep up his college rules and manners, and not yield to thofe of fashion; which he ought to contemn, as the parent of folly, and mere child of whim and fancy. -Let his whole demeanour and converfation fhow his contempt of thefe, as if the whole world was inferior to him, and that true and proper manners were only to be learned in a college library.Let him not fail, however, to catch the firft oppertunity of fhowing his own tafte and learning: let him pour forth his fentiments in abundance, with quotations from old Greek and Latin authors, and tell his long, dry, legendary tale; this will give him, in the opinion of the ladies, the character of deep knowledge, and profound wifdom.-Should any one fpeak indifferently, fuch as concerning the weather, or any external object, merely for the fake of faying fomething, let him inmediately endeavour to account for it philofophically, quoting the opinion of each author, from Copemicus down to Fergufon. Now and then, however, he may attempt to shake off the Fellow, and let the company fee he can be any thing, by telling a merry ftory which happened at college fifty years ago: as foon as he has finished, he fhould not wait for the approbation of the company, but shew that he thinks it 3 La

an

an extraordinary good thing, by raifing a laugh louder than all the reft.-By fuch behaviour ought a Fellow of a College to diftinguish himself from the croud of other mortals. How contemptible! how infignificant! is the fashion and cuftom of the world; when compared to thofe rules, which have antiquity for their origin, and which ach fucceffive order of Fellows have conftantly obferved with the most scrupulous exactnefs! Let not, therefore, any one of you be fo far forgetful of thefe rules, as to give them up for thofe which whim first invented as a pattern for ignorance and folly."

"To the Quiz.

A Quiz, in the common accept ation of the word, fignifies one who thinks, fpeaks, or acts differently from the rest of the world in general. But, as manners and opinions are as various as mankind, it will be difficult to fay who fhall be termed a Quiz, and who thall not; each perfon indifcriminately applying the name of Quiz to every one who differs from himfelf: not to lofe myfelf, therefore, in the labyrinth of opinions, fuffice it to fay, that thofe to whom the term has moft commonly been applied have held it in a good fenfe, and, by the skilful alteration of a letter, produced the opinion of Horace in their favour; Vir bonus eft quis."Others, by the contrary rule, have held it in an oppofite fenfe.

"But, to confine myself within the precincts of the univerfity, from whence I believe this amphibious creature originally fprung; I conceive him to be One of thofe dull, pedantic, fpiritlefs animals, who jog on in the fame beaten track, pulled along, as it were, by rules, and frightened, every ftep he advances, with a continual terror of fconces and impofitions. Influenced in his conduct rather through a dread of punishment, than through a real defire of doing what is right.

"A Quiz, therefore, ought, by every little art and appearance, to enhance his own merit, and depreciate, as much as poffible, that of others, in the opinion of those who are placed in authority over him.

"If he is tired of being in his room

all the morning, let him not ftir, on any account, within the walls of the college, without a large Greek folio under his arm, appearing to mufe, every ftep he advances, on fome intricate point of difpute, or on fome subject the most dry and remote from common obfervation.

"When he wants to lounge with another perfon, he fhould appear as if he went merely to folve fome deep queftion of this kind, and fuffer himfelf to be detained not without the greateft difficulty; with a continual complaint of the idienefs and folly of others, who can fo lounge away their time, which to him is fo precious, and which he devotes conftantly to study.

"Whilft his room is cleaning out, let him handle his folio again, which fhould be always ready for that purpofe, and march, reading, with flow ftep, up and down the quadrangle; obferving to choofe that part oppofite his tutor's window, and to have his book open towards the latter end. -- When he is in his room, he fhould be always fure to fut the outer door, that he may appear to avoid loungers, taking particular care, at the fame time, to let every one in who comes; to fhew them the folios which he has read, and the notes, commentaries, criticifins, &c. &c. which he has tranfcribed.——— Manufcripts of this latter kind he fhould frew all over his room; and keep his folios, fome open, and fome piled up, one upon another, on each table.

"The Lectures of the College fhould be his particular study, that he may be able, in the eye of his tutor, to outfhine the rest of his clafs. Should another perfon at lecture not be able immediately to prove fome dry problem in Euclid propofed to him by his tutor, let him be fure, by whispering, gefture, and features, to fhew all prefent that he is perfectly acquainted with it, and able to folve it immediately.It will not be amifs to fet down a few rules to be observed in the above cafe.

"If the perfon to whom the queftion is put fhould hefitate a little, and not give an immediate anfwer, he should, in that cafe, whisper it to his

next neighbour, but it must be in fuch a manner, that every one prefent, particularly his tutor, may be fure to hear it. This will anfwer two purposes; it may have the appearance of goodnature on the one part, and fhew his knowledge and abilities on the other.

"If he gives a wrong answer to the queftion, he should in that cafe be prepared with as many figns and antics as Punch in the puppet-fhew; he fhould move about in his chair, figh, gape, grin, extend his front, and contradict the fide part of his face, like a man half farved.

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If a right anfwer be given, he fhould then give a nod of affent, accompanied with a very gentle smile, or

WE have already given an account of the first feven papers in this volume. We shall now conclude.

VIII. A new Method of finding the equal Roots of Equations by divifion. By the Rev. John Hellins, Curate of Conftantine in Cornwall.

In the introductory paragraph, Mr. Hellins informs us, that the theorems contained in thefe papers were the production of his younger years, when Algebra was his favourite ftudy, having been invented by him about twelve years fince; and that the first of them was published, as a fpecimen of this method of extracting the equal roots of an equation, about eleven years ago. We remember to have feen it, and fhail remark, that the modeft title he gave it deferves to be imitated by other young authors. It was "A Method of folving Cubic Equations that have equal Roots, by divifion." For though the method was new to him, yet, as we are well informed, he thought it too much prefumption in a young man, under twenty, to call any of his inventions new, until they had been acknowledged as fuch by thofe whofe years and extenfive reading render them proper judges of it.

Before Mr. Hellins, we had very

little on the fubject of extracting the equal roots of an equation by pure algebra. The moft that we find on it is in Mr. Maclaurin's treatife on Algebra, where it is shown that when any equation has two equal roots, it may be depressed one dimenfion; and, confequently, its folution will be rendered more eafy. For instance, if the equation were a biquadratic one, one of the equal roots might be had by a cubic equation; or if it were a cubic equation, one of its equal roots might be obtained by a quadratic. But Mr. Hellins fhew's how to reduce fuch equations to any lower dimenfion the algebraift pleafes, even to a fimple equation, if it be proper; and, confequently, how to find the equal roots by divifion. His theorems are general, and are il luftrated by fuitable examples. Mr. Simpfon, indeed, at p. 49 of his Fluxions, 2d edit. has given a very elegant fluxionary method, not only of knowing whether any propofed equation has equal roots; but alfo the number of fuch roots, and likewife how to find them: but this is a confideration of a higher nature. It is not, however, the only inftance in which the doctrine of fluxions may be fuccefsfully applied to operations purely algebraical.

It