و در بعضي آب نوشین و همین بهترست در مقابل زهر وبجاي فقير لفظ غریب آمده (۱) فتادند اي ملامت کردن گرفتند (3) ديگر بمعني من بعد نیاید بمعني نخواهد آمد (4) دمع بالفتح و بفتحین سرشک و دمع مضاف اليه باران باضافت مشبه به الي المشبه تا قول او اندوهگین حال از ضمیر فاعل میگفت شهري بياي نسبت - ( باشنده شهر ) () and the senseياي وحدت is the شهري of ي or, according to others, the (۳) فگار جراحت پشت حمار و ملا سعد زخمی نوشته این مصرعه حال از پیرایه که فاعل زشت است (۴) اندوه بر وزن انبوه گرفتني دل گين بمعني صاحب و خداوند و گين در اصل آگین بوده اندوهگین بمعنی پر از غم استعمال یافته (ه) خنک ازینجا مقولۀ شيخ است بطريق وعظ آنكه بمعني هركه مراد از مرد و زن خلایق گزيند اي مقدم دارد (P) هنر پروران کنایه از صاحب هنران عموما و از پادشاهان عادل خصوصا و کلمه از بمعني در (9) On, the reading of the Cal. pd. ed., the Scholiast remarks : شبي بياي تنكير دير بمعني دور و دراز نقیض نزدیک – یاز امر مشتق از یازیدن بمعنی آهنگ کردن و درازي دست دراز کردن به چيزي وبباي موحده غلط عوام است Schol. yet the reading of many MSS. as well as of the Cal. lith. ed. is j, which the دراز Schol. on the latter explains by (۱) ناز کشش معشوق ضد نیاز که از طرف عاشق است (*) So Sadi says, in another part of the Bōstān: الا تا بغفلت نخسبی که نوم حرام است بر چشم سالار قوم And Auhadi, in the Jam-i-Jam, شاه خفتست و فتنه بیدار چشم دولت ز شاه خفته مدار Compare Hom. Il. ii. 24: Ου χρη παννύχιον ἐνδειν βουληφόρον ἀνδρα, CULTIVATION OF COTTON IN INDIA. AMONG the various products of the soil, there are few of such great importance, both to our commerce and our manufactures, as cotton, and none, perhaps, with which the prosperity of India is inore intimately concerned, as it is produced in almost every part of the broad plains of that wide-spread empire Of the millions of pounds of raw cotton which are yearly consumed in our manufactures, but a small quantity, comparatively, is imported from India. The great portion of the commerce consists of cotton grown in the southern states of the United States of America, where the culture has been established within the last half-century. It used to be cultivated in the West-India islands, and considerable quantities are imported from South America, but within the last few years the culture of cotton has been successfully introduced into Egypt. The kinds of cotton are distinguished in commerce and by manufacturers either according to their qualities, or according to the places where they are produced; as into short and long staples, or by the names of Sea Island, Egyptian, Bourbon, Brazil, Pernambuco, &c., which are long-staple cottons; or by those of Upland Georgian, New Orleans, Alabama, Surat, &c., which are short-staple cottons. These form the great bulk of the commerce of cotton, but they do not bring such high prices as the long-staple cottons. Several species of cotton (the genus of which botanists call Gossypium) yield these various cottons; but respecting them there is doubt, and it is probable that some, hitherto accounted to be species, are only varieties. Those known as Barbadoes and Pernambuco cottons seem to be two distinct American species; while in India, the Tree and the Herbaceous cottons are also distinct. The American species, however, are not now confined to that continent; for the Egyptian is no doubt a variety of the Sea Island, as is also the Bourbon, which is now cultivated in India, and likewise the Pernambuco. Índia, therefore, now possesses not only its own indigenous cottons, but also those which are peculiar to America; and it seems strange that it should be unable to compete with the latter in the quality of the raw article that it is capable of producing; for it has from the earliest ages been famed for the fineness of its muslins, as well as for the substance and durability of its calicoes, and Indian cotton is still employed in our manufactures. The defects therefore cannot be inherent in the cotton, but must depend either upon the way in which it is grown, or in that in which it is gathered. On inquiry of brokers and manufacturers, we find Indian cotton complained of as being full of dirt, leaves, seeds, &c., so that there is always one-fourth of loss, besides the staple being short, and this even unequal in length. But yet we find it is employed in our manufactures, and now sells at from 3d. to 51d. per lb. when the Bowed Georgia is at 51d. to 6 d., and New Orleans at 51d. to 71d. It has generally been supposed that Indian cotton is employed only on account of its cheapness, and that the greater portion of that which is imported into this country is re-exported to the continent. But in recent inquiries on the subject, it has been ascertained that it is not its cheapness only which causes it to be employed in our manufactures, but in consequence of its possessing some positive and peculiar good qualities, which make it desirable for mixing with other cottons. The first of these is colour, which very much improves the appearance of cloths in which Indian cotton is mixed; and the second is the property which its thread possesses of swelling in bleaching, and thus filling up the vacancies between the several threads, and giving the whole a more substantial appearance; and the third is that of taking the colour in dyeing better than several of the American cottons. A cotton possessing such qualities is surely susceptible of improvement, and it would be remarkable if endeavours had not been made to improve it. On inquiring of those best acquainted with, or on referring to the works which have been published on, such subjects, we find that attention has long been directed to the improvement of the cotton of India, and that the Court of Directors of the East-India Company have been endeavouring, for the last half-century nearly, to attain so desirable and important an object. The attention of the Indian Governments was called to this subject as early as 1786, and some of the most valuable reports were written by the Company's principal officers, Messrs. Duncan and Bebb, at Benares and Dacca, about the year 1789. A machine for cleaning cotton was sent out to Bombay as early as 1794; a cotton farm even was established. Foreign seed, and instructions on the culture of cotton, were sent out, and rewards offered for improved specimens of cotton. Cotton farms were again established in 1829, and some excellent specimens of cotton were produced, and may still be seen in the India House and in the possession of some of the brokers in London and Liverpool. These were valued at from 6 d. to 91d. per pound. In the Madras Presidency, Drs. Anderson and Roxburgh early paid attention to the improvement of cotton and the introduction of foreign species. In 1813, Mr. B. Metcalfe, a cleaner of cotton from New Orleans, was sent out with American machines for cleaning cotton, and cotton farms were established in 1818 in four Collectorates. Improved specimens of cotton were produced, but the American machines sent out were supposed not to be suited to the Indian cotton and seed, the latter not being above half as large as the American. Many of the measures which had been adopted, though decidedly successful as experiments, judging by the qualities and the prices of the cotton that had been produced, yet failed in the principal object, that of effecting any great improvement in the cottons which were exported, except in the case of that which was called Broach thomil, when the revenue was taken in kind. Few planters, like the late Mr. Hughes, of Tinnevelly, have undertaken the culture of cotton, though the profits upon it are considerable; the crops seldom fail, and the sale is certain, while the same modes existed for obtaining land as in the case of indigo. The only point which remained unattempted, was that of inducing experienced planters to undertake the culture of cotton as their sole, or at least their principal object. Lord Ellenborough suggested, in October 1828, “the cultivation, on a small scale, of all the finer sorts of foreign cotton in different and distant parts of India, under every different circumstance of soil and climate." Mr. H. St. George Tucker, a member of the Court of Directors, proposed, in the same year, that persons acquainted with the mode of cultivating cotton in America should be procured and sent out to India to manage the experimental farms which it was proposed at that time to establish. The same idea having occurred to others, and Capt. Bayles of the Indian army having, in 1838, offered his services, the Court of Directors of the East-India Company determined that he should be deputed to America, to endeavour to induce experienced planters to proceed to India, also that he should obtain the best information, as well as seeds and machines for cleaning cotton, to be sent with them to India. Having resided for a sufficient time in the cotton districts of America, Captain Bayles has returned, with ten American planters from the banks of the Mississippi and of the Alabama, with seed of the best kind, especially that of the Mexican cotton, which is now exclusively cultivated in Louisiana and Southern Alaba ma, with saw-gins by Jones, Brookes, Carver, and Idler, who are considered the principal manufacturers of those instruments in America. Three of the planters have already sailed to Bombay, and three to Madras, four remained and accompanied Captain Bayles by the overland route to Bengal. The objects of this great experiment are not only to introduce the culture of American cottons into suitable situations in India, but also to improve that of the indigenous cottons, and at the same time to apply the effective modes of cleaning cotton in America to the cottons grown by the natives in India, as well as to that to be grown by the planters themselves. The success of the experiments on the culture of the different kinds of cotton will depend in a great measure upon the skill with which the principles of culture are made use of for suggesting modifications in what are considered the best methods of cultivating cotton in America, so as to make it suitable to the soils and climates in which they may be tried in India. The results can of course only be known after the experiments on culture have been carried on for at least a year or two. It is proposed that the planters in each presidency should in the first year remain near the same place, so as to have the advantages of mutual consultation and the use of the same saw-gins and gin-house. It is also expected that, besides cultivating any of the American cottons on a large scale, and improving the culture of the common India cotton, they will try all the different cottons in small quantities in their respective farms, and as these will be situated in different parts of India, we shall have a series of valuable results obtained over an extent of 22° of latitude, and applicable to the whole of India. Cotton might be grown of the best quality, and yet not be collected or packed up in such a manner as to be best fitted for the purposes of the manufacturer. In fact, one of the great complaints against Indian cotton is the allowing bits of stick, dried leaf, and shell to be mixed with it, in addition to sand and dirt, which are subsequently added, either from carelessness or with the design of increasing the weight. The most complete measures have, we are happy to observe, been taken to meet all these difficulties, as Captain Bayles, with the experienced planters, brought also large quantities of the different kinds of American cotton seed, as well as the best machines of the day for cleaning the India cotton. As it appeared that considerable benefit might be derived from the planters becoming acquainted with the opinions of practical men respecting the qualities of the different kinds of cotton known in commerce, as well as of the state in which they are sent to market, advantage was taken of the presence in this country of the American planters for Bengal, Messrs. Mercer, Finnie, Blunt, and Terry, to visit the brokers, spinners, and manufacturers in London, Liverpool, and Manchester, accompanied by Captain Bayles and Dr. Royle, when much valuable information was obtained respecting the defects and excellencies of the several kinds of cotton, so that the planters might avoid the one and imitate the other. The several instruments for cleaning cotton, called gins, and which had been bought in America by Captain Bayles, having arrived at Liverpool, it was thought advisable that their efficiency for the purpose intended, that of cleaning Indian cotton, should be practically ascertained in the presence of those competent to form a correct opinion. The Court of Directors of the EastIndia Company, therefore, as we learn from the Liverpool and Manchester papers, determined to have the cotton-cleaning machines submitted to trial, and invited the principal merchants, manufacturers, brokers, and mechanics of Liverpool and Manchester to be present. The Court of Directors, wishing apparently to mark the great interest which they take in the result of this great experiment, which is evident indeed from the pains which have been taken and the expense which must have been incurred in making the experiment complete in all points, determined to be present themselves; and we observe by the Liverpool Times, that on the 17th of July, the Chairman and Deputy-chairman (William Butterworth Bayley, Esq., and George Lyall, Esq.), accompanied by Sir Robert Campbell, Sir J. L. Lushington, Sir Richard Jenkins, M.P., and John Loch, Esq., Directors of the East-India Company; James C. Melvill, Esq., Secretary to the Court, and Mr. Greene, of the Correspondence Branch, arrived at Liverpool, and with the assistance of the gentlemen who have been already mentioned, proceeded to view the process of cleaning Indian cotton by means of American saw-gins, Indian Kupas (or cotton with the seed), which a few years since was imported from Bombay, or had been previously sent from the India-House : some more was obtained in Liverpool, which had likewise been imported from Bombay, by merchants interested in having experiments made on the cleaning of Indian cotton. The experiments were conducted at the manufactory of Messrs. Fawcett and Co., and the result proved to the satisfaction of the party assembled on the occasion, consisting of the principal manufacturers, brokers, spinners, and mechanics of Liverpool and Manchester, that, with some trifling modifications in the saws and plates, the machines in question may be used in India, under proper superintendence, with complete success. The cotton which had been cleaned was valued by the brokers at different prices, in consequence of all the instruments, from their newness, not acting equally well; but the average was 4 d. per lb. The American planters always smooth down the asperities of new saws, by making them at first act upon seeds only, mixed up with sand. This precaution had been taken with all the instruments except one, which the manufacturer himself superintended, and this did not perform so well as the others; but on subsequent occasions, when the saws had been smoothed down with sand, it acted as well as the others. Mr. Tetley, a highly respectable cotton broker of London, where so much Indian cotton is imported, says that he concurs generally in the report made at Liverpool; "but I think the valuations therein given might fairly have been stated 4d. to d. per lb. higher, as the present relative value with American cotton, in which opinion I am confirmed by several brokers who had examined the samples more at leisure than could well be done at the time the experiments were made, and whose valuations were chiefly at 4 d. to 5 d. per lb.; but in drawing up the report, it was deemed best to use great caution, and adopt the first estimate. Had the experiments been tried upon new cotton instead of old, I think the result would have been still more satisfactory." From the great interest excited on the subject, a deputation was sent from Manchester, inviting the Chairman and Deputy-chairman, with the other Directors, to visit Manchester, but as their engagements would not allow of their doing this, the machines were sent over to Manchester, and we have the succeeding highly satisfactory document of the results obtained, and feel no doubt of the success which will attend the use of these instruments in India. The principal cotton districts are fortunately within easy reach of water carriage, as Trichinopoly, and the coasts of Ganjam and Vizagapatam, the districts of Cutch and Guzerat, and, on the Bengal side, along the banks of the Ganges and Jumna; an excellent road of 296 miles has also been made from Mirzapore towards the cotton districts of Central India, and though the diffi |