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amendment adopted by the committee charged with the examination of a project of law, shall be sent without discussion to the Council of State, and if not adopted by that body, it can not be submitted to Legislative deliberation. The sittings are to be public, but may be secret on the demand of five members. Public reports of the proceedings shall be confined to the journals and votes-and shall be prepared under direction of the President of the Legislative body. The officers are to be named by the President of the Republic. Ministers can not be members of the Legislature. No petition can be addressed to the Legislative body. The President of the Republic convokes, adjourns, prorogues, and dissolves the Legislative body: in case of dissolution he shall convoke a new one within six months. -The number of Councilors of State is from 40 to 50. They are to be named by the President and are removable by him. He presides over their meetings. They are to draw up projects of law and regulations of the public administration, and to resolve difficulties that may arise, under the direction of the President. Members are to be appointed from its number by the President to maintain, in the name of the Government, the discussion of the projects of law before the Senate and the Legislative corps. The salary of each Councilor is 25,000 francs. The Ministers have ranks, right of sitting, and a deliberative voice in the Council of State.-A High Court of Justice judges without appeal all persons sent before it accused of crimes, attempts or plots against the President of the Republic, and against the internal and external safety of the State. It can not be convened except by decree from the President. Its organization is to be regulated by the Senate.-Existing provisions of law not opposed to the present Constitution shall remain in force until legally abrogated. The Executive shall name the Mayor. The Constitution shall take effect from the day when the great powers named by it shall be constituted.-Such are the provisions of the new Constitution of France. The Minister of the Interior has issued a circular calling upor the Government officers to promote the election of none but discreet and well-disposed men, not orators or politicians, to the Legislative body, and saying that if they will send to the Ministry the names of proper persons, the influence of the Government will be used to aid their election.The disarming of the National Guard has been effected without the slightest difficulty. On the 23d of January a decree was published instituting a Ministry of Police and one of State, and appointing M. Casabianca Minister of State, M. Maupas Minister of General Police, M. Abbatucci Minister of Justice, M. de Persigny Minister of the Interior, M. Bineau Minister of Finance; General de Saint-Arnaud, Minister of War; Ducos, of Marine; Furgot, of Foreign Affairs, and Fortone, of Public Instruction and Worship.On the 26th of January a decree was issued organizing the Council of State, and appointing 34 Councillors, 40 Masters of Requests, and 31 Auditors. The Council contains the names of most of the leaders in the Assembly, who took sides with the President in the debates of that body. On the 27th, the list of Senators was announced. It contains the names of many who were formerly Peers of France and members of the Legislative Assembly.On the 23d a decree was issued declaring that the members of the Orleans family, their husbands, wives, and descendants can not possess any real or personal property in France, and ordering the whole of their present possessions to be sold within one year: and on the same day another decree declared that all the property

possessed by Louis Philippe, and by him given to his children, on the 7th of August, 1830, should be confiscated and given to the state; and that of this amount ten millions should be allowed to the mutual assistance societies, authorized by law of July 15, 1850; ten millions to be employed in improving the dwellings of workmen in the large manufacturing towns; ten millions to be devoted to the establishment of institutions for making loans on mortgage, five millions to establish a retiring pension fund for the poorest assistant clergy; and the remainder to be distributed among the Legion of Honor and other military functionaries.-The promulgation of these decrees excited great dissatisfaction, and led to the resignation of several members of the Councils. M Dupin, President of the late Assembly, resigned his office as Procureur-general, in an indignant letter to the President; and Montalembert also resigned his office as member of the Consultative Commission.

-The first great ball at the Tuileries on the 24th was very numerously and brilliantly attended.--A decree has been issued abrogating that of 1848 which abolished titles of nobility. -The President fills column after column daily in the Moniteur with announcements of promotions in the army. Measures of the utmost stringency have been adopted to prevent public discussion in any form. The manufacturers of printing presses, lithographic presses, copying machines, &c., have been forbidden to sell them without sending the buyers' names to the Police department.— -It is rumored that two attempts have been made to assassinate the President, but they are not sufficiently authentic to be deemed reliable.

AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY.

The Austrian Emperor issued on New Year's day three decrees, formally annulling the Constitution of March 4, 1849, and promulgating certain fundamental principles of the future organic institutions of the Austrian Empire. The first decree declares that, after thorough examination, the Constitution has been found neither to agree with the situation of the empire, nor to be capable of full execution. It is therefore annulled, but the equality of all subjects be fore the law, and the abolition of peasant service and bondage are expressly confirmed. The second decree annuls the specific political rights conferred upon the various provinces. The third decree abolishes open courts, and trials by jury, requires all town elections to be confirmed by the Government, forbids publication of governmental proceedings, and destroys every vestige of the Parliamentary system. These measures make the despotism of Austria much more absolute and severe than it was before 1848.

-Proposals are in active preparation for a new Austrian loan. In consequence of this, Baron Krauss, the Minister of Finance, resigned, and is succeeded by M. von Baumgartner.-The members of the London Missionary and Bible Society, who have for many years resided at Pesth and other Hungarian towns, have been ordered out of the Austrian states

-In Prussia strenuous efforts are made by the reactionary party to secure the abolition of the Chambers and the restoration of absolutism.It is said that the Austrian Government has received from Earl Granville, in reply to its demand for the suppression of revolutionary intrigues carried on in England against the Continental Governments, assurances that every thing should be done to meet its wishes so far as they were not incompatible with the laws and customs of England. The Austrian Minister of the Interior has directed a committee to make a draf of new laws for Hungary on the basis of the decrees of the 1st of January.

HE seventn enumeration of the inhabitants of the

The number of slaves, by the present census, United States, taken on the 1st of June, 1850, | 3,198,324, which shows an uncrease of 711, lt, equal exhibits results which every citizen of the country may to 28:58 per cent. If we deduct 19,000 for the probcontemplate with gratification and pride. The Re-able slave population of Texas in 1840, the result of port of the Superintendent of the Census-office to the the comparison will be slightly different. The abSecretary of the Interior, laid before Congress, in solute increase will be 692,111, and the rate per December, 1851, gives a full abstract of the returns, cent. 27·83. from which we select the most interesting portions; adding other statements showing the progress of this country in population and resources.

The number of free colored persons in 1850 was 428,637; in 1840, 386,345. The increase of this class has been 42,292 or 10.95 per cent.

From 1830 to 1840, the increase of the whole pop

Since the census of 1840, there have been added to the territory of the Republic, by annexation, con-ulation was at the rate of 32-67 per cent. At the quest, and purchase, 824,969 square miles; and our same rate of advancement, the absolute gain for the title to a region covering 341,463 square miles, which ten years last past, would have been 5,578,333, or before properly belonged to us, but was claimed and 426,515 less than it has been, without including the partially occupied by a foreign power, has been estab-increase consequent upon additions of territory. lished by negotiation, and has been brought within our acknowledged boundaries. By these means the area of the United States has been extended during the past ten years, from 2,055,163 to 3,221,595 square miles, without including the great lakes which lie upon our northern border, or the bays which indent our Atlantic and Pacific shores; all which territory has come within the scope of the Seventh Census.

In endeavoring to ascertain the progress of our population since 1840, it will be proper to deduct from the aggregate number of inhabitants shown by the present census, the population of Texas in 1840, and the number embraced within the limits of California and the new territories, at the time of their acquisition. From the best information which has been obtained at the Census-office, it is believed that Texas contained, in 1840, 75,000 inhabitants; and that when California, New Mexico, and Oregon came into our possession, in 1846, they had a total population of 97,000. It thus appears that we have received by accessions of territory, since 1840, an addition of 172,000 to the number of our people. The increase which has taken place in those extended regions since they came under the authority of our Government, should obviously be reckoned as a part of the development and progress of our population, nor is it necessary to complicate the comparison by taking into account the probable natural increase of this acquired population, because we have not the means of determining its rate of advancement, nor the law which governed its progress, while yet beyond the influence of our political system.

The total number of inhabitants in the United States, according to the returns of the census, was on the 1st of June, 1850, 23,258,760. The absolute increase from the 1st of June, 1840, has been 6,189,307, and the actual increase per cent. is slightly over 36 But it has been shown that the probable per cent. amount of population acquired by additions of territory should be deducted in making a comparison between the results of the present and the last census. These reductions diminish the total population of the country, as a basis of comparison, and also the increase. The relative increase, after this allowance, is found to be 35 17 per cent.

The aggregate number of whites in 1850 was 19.631,799, exhibiting a gain upon the number of the same class in 1840, of 5,436,004, and a relative increase of 38-20 per cent. But, excluding the 153,000 free population supposed to have been acquired by the addition of territory since 1840, the gain is 5,283,004, and the increase per cent. is 37·14.

VOL. IV. No. 22.-N N

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The aggregate increase of population, from all sources, shows a relative advance greater than that of any other decennial term, except that from the second to the third census, during which time the country received an accession of inhabitants by the purchase of Louisiana, considerably greater than one per cent. of the whole number.

The decennial increase of the most favored portions of Europe is less than one and a half per cent. per annum, while with the United States it is at the rate of three and a half per cent. According to our past progress, viewed in connection with that of European nations, the population of the United States in forty years will exceed that of England, France, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland combined. In 1845, Mr. William Darby, the Geographer, who has paid much attention to the subject of population, and the progress of the country; having found that the increase of population in the United States for a series of years, had exceeded three per cent. per annum, adopted that ratio as a basis for calculation for future increase. He estimated the population of 1850 at 23,138,004, which it will be observed is considerably exceeded by the actual result. The fol lowing are Mr. Darby's calculations of the probable population of the Union for each five years up to 1885:

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If the ratio of increase be taken at three per cent per annum, the population duplicates, in about twen ty-four years. Therefore, if no serious disturbing influence should interfere with the natural order of things, the aggregate population of the United States at the close of this century must be over one hundred millions.

The relative progress of the white and colored population in past years, is shown by the following tabular statement, giving the increase per cent. of each class of inhabitants in the United States for sixty years.

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Sixty years since, the proportion between the whites and blacks, bond and free, was 4.2 to one. In 1850, it was 5:26 to 1, and the ratio in favor of the former race is increasing. Had the blacks increased as fast as the whites during these sixty years, their number, on the first of June, would have been 4,657,239; so that, in comparison with the whites, they have lost, in this period, 1,035,340.

Total number of immigrants and descendants of
immigrants in the United States in 1840..... 1,900,942
Number of immigrants arriving from 1840 to
1850 *...

Increase of the above at twelve per cent.
Increase from 1840 to 1850 of immigrants and
descendants of immigrants in the United
States in 1840

Total number of immigrants in the United
States since 1790, and their descendants in
1850

1,542,850

185,142

722,000

4,350,934

The following, we think, may be considered an approximate estimate of the population of the United This disparity is much more than accounted for States, in 1850, classed according to their descent by European emigration to the United States. Dr. from the European colonists, previous to the Amer Chickering, in an essay upon emigration, published ican Revolution, also from immigration since 1790, at Boston in 1848--distinguished for great elaborate- from the people who inhabited the territories acness of research-estimates the gain of the white pop-quired by the United States (Louisiana, Texas, &c.), ulation, from this source, at 3,922,152. No reliable and from Africans : record was kept of the number of immigrants into the United States until 1820, when, by the law of March, 1819, the collectors were required to make quarterly returns of foreign passengers arriving in their districts. For the first ten years, the returns under the law afford materials for only an approximation to a true state of the facts involved in this inquiry.

Descendants of the European colonists, pre

vious to 1776...

14,280,865

1,000,000

Ditto of people of Louisiana, Texas, and other
Immigrants since 1790, and their descendants 4,350,934
acquired territories.
Descendants of Africans.

3,626,961 .... 23,258,760 It will be seen from the above, that the total num

Total population.....

Dr. Chickering assumes, as a result of his investigations, that of the 6,431,088 inhabitants of the Uni-ber of immigrants arriving in the United States from ted States in 1820, 1,430,906 were foreigners, arriving subsequent to 1790, or the descendants of such. According to Dr. Seybert, an earlier writer upon statistics, the number of foreign passengers, from 1790 to 1810, was, as nearly as could be ascertained, 120,000; and from the estimates of Dr. Seybert, and other evidence, Hon. George Tucker, author of a valuable work on the census of 1840, supposes the number, from 1810 to 1820, to have been 114,000. These estimates make, for the thirty years preceding 1820, 234,000.

1790 to 1850, a period of 60 years, is estimated to have been 2,759,329-or an average of 45,988 annually for the whole period. It will be cbserved also that the estimated increase of these emigrants has been 1,590,405, making the total number added to the population of the United States since 1790, by foreign immigrants and their descendants, 4,350,934. Of these immigrants and their descendants, those from Ireland bear the largest proportion, probably more than one half of the whole, or say two and a half millions. Next to these the Germans are the most numerous. From the time that the first Ger man settlers came to this country, in 1682, under the auspices of William Penn, there has been a steady influx of immigrants from Germany, principally to the Middle States; and of late years to the West.

The density of population is a branch of the sub ject which naturally attracts the attention of the inquirer. Taking the thirty-one States together, their area is 1,485,870 square miles, and the average number of their inhabitants is 15:48 to the square mile The total area of the United States is 3,280,000 square miles, and the average density of population is 7-22 to the square mile.

If we reckon the increase of these emigrants at the average rate of the whole body of white popalation during these three decades, they and their descendants in 1820, would amount to about 360,000. From 1820 to 1830 there arrived, according to the returns of the Custom-houses, 135,986 foreign passengers, and from 1830 to 1840, 579,370, making for the twenty years 715,356. During this period a large number of emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland, came into the United States through Canada. These were estimated at 67,903 from 1820 to 1830, and from 1830 to 1840, at 199,130. From 1840 to 1850 the arrivals of foreign passengers amounted to 1,542,850, equal to an annual average of 154,285. * As the heaviest portion of this great influx of immiFrom the above returns and estimates the follow-gration took place in the latter half of the decade, it will ing statement has been made up, to show the acces- probably be fair to estimate the natural increase during sions to our population from immigration, from 1790 the term, at twelve per cent., being about one-third of to 1850-a period of sixty years. that of the white population at its commencement.

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Pig Iron

Castings

1849.

$61,869,184

43,207,555

12,748,777

25,108,155

16,747,074

1839.

$46,350,453

20,696,999

Tons 286,903 197,233

The population of the Valley of the Mississippi, comprising Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana, is 9,090, 688, of whom the free population is 7,614,031, and 1,476,657 are slaves.

THE RATIO OF REPRESENTATION, as determined by the recent census, and a late Act of Congress, will be about 93.716, and the relative representation of the States in Congress for the next ten years, will be as follows:

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Wrought Iron...

The period which has elapsed since the receipt of the returns at Washington, has been too short to enable the Census-office to make more than a general report of the facts relating to a few of the most important manufactures. The complete statistical returns, when published, will present a very full view of the varied interests and extent of the industrial pursuits of the people.

THE PRESS. The statistics of the newspaper press form an interesting feature in the returns of the Seventh Census. It appears that the whole number of newspapers and periodicals in the United 4 States, on the first day of June, 1850, amounted to 3 2800. Of these, 2494 were fully returned, 234 had 3 all the facts excepting circulation given, and 72 are estimated for California, the Territories, and for 2 those that may have been omitted by the assistant 2 marshals. From calculations made on the statistics returned, and estimated circulations where they have I been omitted, it appears that the aggregate circulaItion of these 2800 papers and periodicals is about 5,000,000, and that the entire number of copies printed annually in the United States, amounts to number of daily, weekly, monthly, and other issues, 422,600,000. The following table will show the with the aggregate circulation of each class:

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Total AGRICULTURE.-The following is a summary of the returns of the Census for a portion of the statistics obtained respecting agriculture: Number of acres of land improved..

112,042,000

Value of farming implements and machinery $151,820,273
Value of live stock

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$552,705,238

Bushels of wheat raised, 1849.

104,799,230

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Increased production..

66 1839.

84,823,272

19,975,958

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Bushels of Indian corn raised, 1849.

591,586,053

Semi-weekly

125

80,000

66

66 1839.

377,531,875

Weekly

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8,320,000 149,500,000

Increased production.

214,054,178

Semi-monthly

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Pounds of Tobacco raised, 1849..

199,522,494

Monthly

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7,200,000 10,800,000

1839.

219,163,319

Quarterly

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Decreased production

Bal s of cotton of 400 lb. each-1849

Increased production

Pounds of sheep's wool raised, 1849.

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1839.

495.016 Of these papers 424 are issued in the New England 52,422,797 35,802,114 States, 876 in the Middle States, 716 in the Southern 16,620,683 States, and 784 in the Western States. The aver 13,605,384 age circulation of papers in the United States, is 10,248,108 1785. There is one publication for every 7161 free 3,357,276 312,202,286 inhabitants in the United States and Territories. 103,184,585 MORTALITY.-The statistics of mortality for the

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