The Co THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK . BOSTON CHICAGO MACMILLAN & CO, LIMITED LONDON. BOMBAY・ CALCUTTA THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TORONTO THE CAMBRIDGE MODERN HISTORY PLANNED BY THE LATE LORD ACTON LL.D. REGIUS PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY EDITED BY A. W. WARD LITT.D. G. W. PROTHERO LITT.D. STANLEY LEATHES M.A. VOLUME XI THE GROWTH OF NATIONALITIES New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1918 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT, 1909, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published January, 1909. Norwood Press J. S. Cushing Co. Berwick & Smith Co. HE quarter of a century which, roughly speaking, is covered by this volume is remarkable as being an epoch of violent international and civic disturbance, interposed between two generations of almost unbroken peace the period 1815-45, and that from 1871 to the present day. It is also, from the point of view of Universal History, the most important period since the Congress of Vienna. Indeed, the changes made in the map of Europe between 1859 and 1871 were in some respects greater and more permanent than the final results of the warfare which ended in that great pacification. The effects produced by the French Revolution and the reign of the first Napoleon in the domain of political ideas - especially in regard to notions of selfgovernment and the spirit of nationality were indeed immense and enduring. But the alterations which the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars made in the distribution of power and in international relations were too sweeping to last. They called forth a hostile reaction as overwhelming as the impulse which produced them; and the balance of power which resulted from the Congress of Vienna differed in no essential respects from that which existed before 1789. The following generation saw some notable changes in political conditions the overthrow of Legitimism in France; the separation of Holland and Belgium; the liberation of Greece from the Turk, and other reductions of Ottoman power. But, thirty years after the Congress, its work still remained almost intact. The revolutionary and nationalist efforts in Poland and Italy had failed; the unitary movement in Germany had made little progress except in the Zollverein, the political effect of which was as yet hardly perceived; reform and reaction were still at grips in the Iberian peninsula; the obstinate conservatism of Metternich continued to dominate Europe. But with the Revolution of February a new stage in European development begins. The next four years (1848-52) were a period of violent oscillation not so much in international relations as in the domestic affairs of France, Italy, and central Europe. Already, for some years previously, the mutterings of the coming storm could be -- 252267 |