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escape, but was shot through the heart by a renegado Indian of his own nation.

Such is the scanty story of the brave, but unfortunate King Philip; persecuted while living, slandered and dishonoured when dead. If, however, we consider even the prejudiced anecdotes furnished us by his enemies, we may perceive in them traces of amiable and lofty character, sufficient to awaken sympathy for his fate, and respect for his memory. We find, amid all the harassing cares and ferocious passions of constant warfare, he was alive to the softer feelings of connubial love and paternal tenderness, and to the generous sentiment of friendship. The captivity of his ❝ beloved wife and only son" are mentioned with exultation, as causing him poignant misery; the death of any near friend is triumphantly recorded as a new blow on his sensibilities; but the treachery and desertion of many of his followers, in whose affections he had confided, is said to have desolated his heart, and bereaved him of all further comfort. He was a patriot attached to his native soil-a prince true to his subjects, and indignant of their wrongs-a soldier, daring in battle, firm in adversity, patient of fatigue, of hunger, of every variety of bodily suffering, and ready to perish in the cause he had espoused. Proud of heart, and with an untameable love of natural liberty, he preferred to enjoy it among the beasts of the forests, or in the dismal and famished recesses of swamps and morasses, rather than bow his haughty spirit to submission, and live dependent and despised in the ease and luxury of the settlements. With heroic qualities, and bold achievements, that would have graced a civilized warrior, and rendered him the theme of the poet and the historian, he lived a wanderer and a fugitive in his native land, and went down, like a foundering bark, amid darkness and tempestwithout an eye to weep his fall, or a friendly hand to record his struggle.

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COSSACKS.

[From the Literary Panorama.]

COSSACKS are the order of the day. They have acquired a distinction, since they were honoured by Bonaparte, whom they attended in his flight from Moscow, that has rendered their name familiar to every part of Europe. As troops, they do not profess to meet, front to front, the heavy armed cavalry of modern war: they have neither the disposition nor the regularity fit for such service; but they hover round a whole army, glide along its paths, track its motions, anticipate its resources, cut off its supplies, spread terror in all quarters, and do more mischief in four-andtwenty hours than all the skill of French industry can repair in many years.

Such are Cossacks in war; and such France knows them to be in an enemy's country. It is natural to inquire what sort of beings these ravagers are at home; and what kind of manners in their own country prepare them for the execution of such dexterous and unmerciful devastation abroad? What are the original habits of these depredators in early life, and in a state of peace?

To answer these inquiries we have thought a few extracts from travellers who have seen them at home, before they became so famous, would prove acceptable. The following are from Lady Craven's [now Margravine of Anspach] Journey through Russia to the Crimea. It was performed in the spring of the year 1786. They show these people in their natural and native state.

It is pleasant to witness the careful treatment of the animal creation by those who derive advantage from their services. When we read of a whole herd of horses grazing on a plain, surrounding a Cossack who offers them a little corn, we are sure that they suffer no barbarities from his hand. He does not ill treat them, nor urge them beyond their powers. This is an honourable trait in their character.

The surprise of these people at a lady's travelling during night in a carriage shut up, shows at once their simplicity, and their own habits of life-they would not have done so.

The third of our extracts may interest us on another account. The manner of singing their national songs by the Russian peasants, is precisely that which was in use among the original inhabitants of our island, the ancient Britons. But it must be observed that although these Russians, being uninstructed, are not able to assign a reason for the chords they adopt, yet there may

be musicians among them, as there were among the Britons, who could well have explained the principles of the counterpoint they practise. The learned among them would "have thought themselves disgraced" not to have varied from the air struck up by their leader, still preserving the harmony, the key, &c. The inference of the existence of counterpoint long before the system of Guido is undeniable from this instance. The similarity between countries so distant as Russia and Britain is not the least remarkable incident in this extract.

The other particulars may be allowed to speak for themselves: but perhaps some of our readers may not fully understand the surprise of the Cossacks at seeing Lady C. ride on a side saddle. Her performances under this fashion must have appeared marvellous to them. In another part of her journey, in Italy, her ladyship was greatly pitied by some who saw her ride.-"The peasants who pass me on the right side when I am on horseback, the women particularly, say Poverina-Jesu Maria! Poverina-una gambia!''Poor lady! poor thing! She has but one leg.'

"Though there was not a horse in the stables of the post-houses, I did not wait long to have them harnessed; the Cossacks have the furnishing of the horses-and versts or milestones are put up; the horses were all grazing on the plain at some distance, but the instant they see their Cossack come out with a little corn the whole herd surrounds him, and he takes those he pleases.-The posts were sometimes in a deserted Tartarian village, and sometimes the only habitation for the stable keeper was a hut made under ground, a common habitation in this country, where the sun is so extremely hot, and there is no shade of any sort.

"At-o'clock I let down the fore part of my carriage to see the sun rise; when, to my great surprise, I saw a guard of between twenty and thirty Cossacks, with an officer, who was close to the fore wheel of the carriage; upon seeing me he smiled and pulled off his cap-his companions gave a most violent shriek, and horses, carriages, and all, increased their pace, so that the horses in the carriage behind mine took fright, ran away, and, running against my carriage, very nearly overturned it; and when I asked what occasioned this event, I found my Cossack escort, seeing my carriage shut, thought I was dead; as a Cossack has no idea that a person in health can travel in a carriage that is not open, and the shout I had heard, the smile I had seen, was the surprise they had felt, that the young English princess, as they called me, was alive; as they believed it was only my corpse that was conveying to Karasbazar to be buried.—They always ride with long pikes, holding the points upwards; the Tartars ride with pikes, but they hold the end of theirs to the ground.

"I had a Cossack chief presented to me, a soldier-like fine whitehaired figure; he wore a riband and order the empress had given kim, set round with brilliants. The general told me he was sorry he was not thirty years younger, as the empress had not a braver officer in her service. In the evening, in an amazing large hall, several different bands of music played; and I heard the national songs of the Russian peasants, which are so singular that I cannot forbear endeavouring to give you some idea of them. One man stands in the midst of three or four, who make a circle round him; seven or eight more make a second round those; a third is composed of a greater number; the man in the middle of this group begins, and when he has sung one verse, the first circle accompa ny him, and then the second, till they become so animated, and the noise so great, that it was with difficulty the officers could stop them. What is very singular, they sing in parts; and though the music is not much varied, nor the tune fine, yet as some take thirds and fifths, as their ears direct, in perfect harmony, it is by no means unpleasing. If you ask one of them why he does not sing the same note as the man before him, he does not know what you mean.— The subjects of these ballads are hunting, war, or counterfeiting the gradations between soberness into intoxication, and very diverting. As these singers were only young Russian peasants, they began with great timidity, but by little and little ended in a kind of wild jollity, which made us all laugh very heartily."

"Yesterday I went to the source of the river. It lies in the recess of a rock, which is placed between many others that line the steep sides of a valley; a Major Ribas, a very lively, handsome officer of the chasseurs, has drawn it for me. I rode a white horse of the general's, a very quiet creature, but awkward, not being used to a sidesaddle.

"The old Cossack chief had looked with the greatest astonishment at my riding, and when I jumped down from my horse on returning home, he kissed the edge of my petticoat, and said something in his language which I did not comprehend, but the general told me he had paid me the highest compliment imaginable, viz. Į was worthy of being a Cossack.

"In the evening I went in a carriage with the governor and general to Karasbazar, and on the road saw a mock battle between the Cossacks. As I was not apprized beforehand, I confess the beginning of it astonished me very much. I saw the Cossack guard on each side the carriage spring from their stirrups, with their feet on the saddle, and gallop away thus with a loud shriek. The general smiled at my astonished looks, and told me the Cossack chief had ordered an entertainment for me, and desired me to get out and

stand on the rising part of the down, facing that where a troop of Cossacks was posted, which I saw advancing with a slow pace; a detached Cossack of the adverse party approached the troop, and turning round sought his scattered companions, who were in search like him of the little army: they approached, but not in a squadron, some on the left, some on the right, some before, some behind the troop: a shriek, a pistol fired, were the signals of battle; the troop was obliged to divide in order to face an enemy that attacked it on all sides. The greatest scene of hurry and agility ensued; one had seized his enemy, pulled him off his horse, and was upon the point of stripping him,* when one of the prisoner's party came up, laid him to the ground, remounted his companion, and rode off with the horse of the first victor. Some flung themselves off their horses to tear their foe to the ground, alternately they pursued or were pursuing; their pikes, their pistols, their hangers, all were made use of; and when the parties were completely engaged together, it was difficult to see all the adroit manœuvres that passed.

"I was much entertained and pleased, and desired the Cossack chief might have my best thanks."

"In my way hither I dined at the Cossack chief's post, and my entertainment was truly Cossack. A long table for thirty people, it one end a half-grown pig roasted whole, at the other a half-grown sheep, whole likewise; in the middle of the table an immense tureen of curdled milk: there were several side dishes made for me and the Russians, as well as the cook could imagine to our taste. The old warrior would fain have made me taste above thirty sorts of wine from his country, the borders of the Don; but I contented myself with three or four, and some were very good. After dinner, from the windows I saw a fine mock battle between the Cossacks; and I saw three Calmoucks, the ugliest, fiercest looking men imaginable, with their eyes set in their head, inclining down to their nose, and uncommonly square jaw bones. These Calmoucks are so dexterous with bows and arrows, that one killed a goose at a hundred paces, and the other broke an egg at fifty. The young Cossack officers tried their skill with them, but they were perfectly novices in comparison to them-they sung and danced, but their steps and their tones were equally insipid, void of grace and har-、 mony.

"When a Cossack is sick, he drinks sour milk for a few days, and that is the only remedy the Cossacks have for fevers."

"If I had not been obliged to quit this country in a ship, I should

A Cossack, if he can avoid it, never kills his enemy before he has stripped him, because the spoils are his property, and he fears the blood should spoil the dress.

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