Section

71. Origin of the notion of extension, and of form and figure

72. On the sensations of heat and cold

73. On the sensation of hardness and softness

Pago

99

100

102

103

74. Of certain indefinite feelings sometimes ascribed to the touch

5 Relation between the sensation and what is outwardly signified 104

CHAP. VI. THE SENSE OF SIGHT.

76. Of the organ of sight and the uses or benefits of that sense

7. Statement of the mode or process in visual perception

78. Of the original and acquired perceptions of sight.

79. The idea of extension not originally from sight

80. Of the knowledge of the figure of bodies by the sight

81. Measurements of magnitude by the eye

82. Of objects seen in the mist, and of the sun and moon in the horizon 112

83. Of the estimation of distances by sight

84. Estimation of distance when unaided by intermediate objects

85. Of objects seen on the ocean, &c.

86. Supposed feelings of a being called into existence in the full

session of his powers

CHAP. VII.-OF RELIANCE ON THE SENSES.

114

87. By means of sensations we have a knowledge of outward things 122

88. Objection to a reliance on the senses

89. The senses circumscribed or limited rather than fallacious

90. Some alleged mistakes of the senses owing to want of care

91. Of mistakes in judging of the motion of objects

92. Of mistakes as to the distances and magnitude of objects

93. The senses liable to be diseased

94. On the real existence of a material world

95. Doctrine of the non-existence of matter considered

96. The senses as much grounds of belief as other parts of our con-

stitution

97. Opinions of Locke on the testimony of the senses

CHAP. VIII.-HABITS OF SENSATION AND PERCEPTION.

98. General view of the law of habit and of its applications

99. Of habit in relation to the smell

135

137

100. Of habit in relation to the taste

101. Of habit in relation to the hearing

102. Of certain universal habits based on sounds

103. Application of habit to the touch

104. Other striking instances of habits of touch

146

105. Habits considered in relation to the sight

106. Sensations may possess a relative as well as positive increase of

power

107. Of habits as modified by particular callings or arts

108. The law of habit considered in reference to the perception cfthe

150

outlines and forms of objects

151

109. Notice of some facts which favour the above doctrine

110. Additional illustrations of Mr. Stewart's doctrine

152

152

CHAP. IX.-MUSCULAR HABITS.

111. Instances in proof of the existence of muscular habits

112. Muscular habits regarded by some writers as involuntary

113. Objections to the doctrine of involuntary muscular habits

CHAP. X.-CONCEPTIONS.

114. Meaning and characteristics of conceptions.

115. Of conceptions of objects of sight

Section

117. Influence of habit on conceptions of sight

118. Of the subserviency of our conceptions to description

119. Of conceptions attended with a momentary belief

120. Conceptions which are joined with perceptions

121. Conceptions as connected with fictitious representations

CHAP. XI. SIMPLICITY AND COMPLEXNESS OF MENTAL STATES

. 167

122. Origin of the distinction of simple and complex

123. Nature and characteristics of simple mental states

124. Simple mental states not susceptible of definition

125. Simple mental states representative of a reality

126. Origin of complex notions and their relation to simple

173
174

130. Complex notions of external origin

175

131. Of objects contemplated as wholes

6

132. Something more in external objects than mere attributes or qua..
ities

177

178

171

127. Supposed complexness without the antecedence of simple feelings 172

128. The precise sense in which complexness is to be understood

129. Illustrations of analysis as applied to the mind

133 Imperfections of our complex notions of external objects

CHAP. XII. ABSTRACTION.

134. Abstraction. implied in the analysis of complex ideas

135. Instances of particular abstract ideas

136. Mental process in separating and abstracting them

137. Of generalizations of particular abstract mental states

138. Of the importance and uses of abstraction

139. General abstract notions the same with genera and species

140. Process in classification, or the forming of genera and species

141. Early classifications sometimes incorrect

142. Illustration of our earliest classifications

143. Of the nature of general abstract ideas

144. Objection sometimes made to the existence of general notions

145. The power of general abstraction in connexion with numbers, &c. 191

146. Of general abstract truths or principles

147. Of the speculations of philosophers and others

148. Of different opinions formerly prevailing

151. Of the opinions of the Conceptualists

152. Further remarks of Brown on general abstractions

CHAP. XIV.-OF ATTENTION.

153. Of the general nature of attention

154. Of different degrees of attention

155. Dependance of memory on attention

156. Of exercising attention in reading

157. Alleged inability to command the attention

CHAP. XV-DREAMING.

158. Definition of dreams and the prevalence of them

159. Connexion of dreams with our waking thoughts

160. Dreams are often caused by our sensations.

161. Explanation of the incoherency of dreams. (1st cause)

Section

166. Of the senses sinking to sleep in succession

167. General remarks on cases of somnambulism

168. Further illustrations of somnambulism

Section

DIVISION FIRST.

THE INTELLECT OR UNDERSTANDING.

INTELLECTIVE OR INTELLECTUAL STATES OF THE MET.

PART SECOND.

THE INTERNAL, OR SUGGESTIVE INTELLECT.

INTELLECTUAL STATES OF INTERNAL ORIGIN.

CHAP. L-INTERNAL ORIGIN OF KNOWLEDGE.

169. The soul has fountains of knowledge within

170. Declaration of Locke, that the soul has knowledge in itself

171. Opinions of Cudworth on the subject of internal knowledge

172. Further remarks of the same writer on this subject

173. Writers who have objected to the doctrine of an internal source

of knowledge

174. Knowledge begins in the senses, but has internal accessions

175. Instances of notions which have an internal origin

Page

221

222

223

224

226

228

229

176. Imperfections attendant on classifications in mental philosophy. 231

CHAP. II.-ORIGINAL SUGGESTION.

177. Import of suggestion, and its application in Reid and Stewart

178. Ideas of existence, mind, self-existence, and personal identity

179. Origin of the idea of externality

185. Of time and its measurements, and of eternity

182. Of the nature of unity and the origin of that notion

183. Nature of succession, and origin of the idea of succession

184. Origin of the notion of duration

188. The idea of space has its origin in suggestion

193. Origin of the ideas of moral merit and demerit

252

194. Of other elements of knowledge developed in suggestion

253

195. Suggestion a source of principles as well as of ideas

196. Consciousness the second source of internal knowledge; its nature 256

197. Further remarks on the proper objects of consciousness

198. Consciousness a ground or law of belief

199. Instances of knowledge developed in consciousness

CHAP. IV. RELATIVE SUGGESTION OR JUDGMENT,

200. Of the susceptibility of perceiving or feeling relations.

201. Occasions on which feelings of relation may arise

202. Of the use of correlative terms

257

Section

204. Of relations of identity and diversity

205. Of axioms in connexion with relations of identity and diversity

206. (II) Relations of degree, and names expressive of them

207. Relations of degree in adjectives of the positive form.

208. (III.) Of relations of proportion

209. (IV.) Of relations of place or position

210. (V.) Of relations of time

211. (VI.) Of relations of possession

212. (VII.) Of relations of cause and effect

213. Of complex terms involving the relation of cause and effect

214. Remarks on instituted or conventional relations.

215 Connexion of relative suggestion or judgment with reasoning

CHAP. V.-ASSOCIATION (PRIMARY LAWS).

216. Reasons for considering this subject here

217. Meaning of association and illustrations

218. Of the general laws of association

219. Resemblance the first general law of association

220. Resemblance in every particular not necessary

221. Of resemblance in the effects produced

222. Contrast the second general or primary law

223. Contiguity the third general or primary law

224. Cause and effect the fourth primary law

CHAP. VI.-ASSOCIATION (SECONDARY LAWS).

225. Secondary laws and their connexion with the primary

226. Of the influence of lapse of time

227. Secondary law of repetition or habit

228. Of the secondary law of coexistent emotion

229. Original difference in the mental constitution

230. The foregoing law as applicable to the sensibilities

231. Of association caused by present objects of perception

232. Causes of increased vividness in these instances

CHAP. VII-CASUAL ASSOCIATIONS.-(1.) INTELLECTUAL.

233. Association sometimes misleads our judgments

234. Casual association in respect to the place of sensation

235. Connexion of our ideas of extension and time

236. Of high and low notes in music

. 298

237. Connexion of the ideas of extension and colour

299

238. Tendency of the mind to pass from the sign to the thing signified 301

239. Whether there be heat in fire, &c.

302

240. Whether there be meaning in words

302

241. Benefit of examining such connexions of thought

242. Power of the will over mental associations.

243. Association controlled by indirect voluntary power

244. Further illustrations of indirect voluntary power

247. Of differences in the strength of memory

311

248. Of circumstantial memory, or that species of memory which is

based on the relations of contiguity in time and place

312

249. Ilustrations of specific or circumstantial memory

250. Of philosophic memory, or that species of memory which is based

on other relations than those of contiguity.

251. Further illustrations of philosophic memory

252. Of that species of memory called intentional recollection

253. Instance illustrative of the preceding

Section

254. Remarks on the memory of the aged

255. On the compatibility of strong memory and good judgment

256. Marks of a good memory

257. Directions or rules for the improvement of the memory

258. Further directions for the improvement of the memory

259. Of observance of the truth in connexion with memory

260. Of committing to writing as a means of aiding the memory

261. Of mnemonics or systems of artificial memory

CHAP. IX.-DURATION OF MEMORY.

262. Restoration of thoughts and feelings supposed to be forgotten

263. Mental action quickened by influence on the physical system

264. Other instances of quickened mental action, and of a restoration

of thoughts.

265. Effect on the memory of a severe attack of fever

Page

. 320

322

. 324

. 325

327

329

329

330

331

333

334

334

266. Approval and illustrations of these views from Coleridge

267. Application of the principles of this chapter to education

268. Connexion of this doctrine with the final judgment and a future

life

CHAP. X.-REASONING.

269. Reasoning a source of ideas and knowledge

270. Illustrations of the value of the reasoning power

272. Process of the mind in all cases of reasoning

273. Grounds of the selection of propositions

274. Reasoning implies the existence of antecedent or assumed propo-

sitions

. 350

277. Of reasoning à fortiori

278. Of differences in the power of reasoning

282. Use of definitions and axioms in demonstrative reasoning

283. The opposites of demonstrative reasonings absurd

284. Demonstrations do not admit of different degrees of belief

285. Of the use of diagrams in demonstrations

286. Of signs in general as connected with reasoning

287. Of the influence of demonstrative reasoning on the mental char-

acter

288. Further considerations on the influence of demonstrative reasoning 363

CHAP. XII.-MORAL REASONING.

289. Of the subjects and importance of moral reasoning

290. Of the nature of moral certainty

295. Of instances or experiments in inductive reasoning termed instan-

tiæ crucis

296. Of combined or accumulated arguments

CHAP. XIII-PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS IN REASONING.

297. Rules relating to the practice of reasoning

298. Of being influenced in reasoning by a love of the truth

VOL. I.-B