brandishing a truncheon; national thanks, sumptuous palaces, titles, and honours, are showered down upon me, while painters and poets celebrate my name; the porter suddenly opens the door, I start from my trance, and discover myself plain John Andrè, by the small coal fire of a gloomy counting-house in the heart of the city."

Though intimate with the subject of this article, in early life, different pursuits afterwards widely separated us, and I am not able to trace him from the trammels of a desk to the brilliant and ostensible appointment of Deputy Adjutant General to Sir Henry Clinton; it may, however, furnish a useful lesson, and help to curb the vanity of human wishes, to compare the state of his mind, when sitting by his small coal fire in an obscure counting-house, with what he felt when conducted by a stern provost-marshal to the fatal tree. This short memorial is sketched by one who well remembers the vivacity, worth, and warm sensibility of Andrè's heart, which sparkled with fervour from his expressive and prominent eyes in the dawn of manhood: had America or Europe been searched, a victim could not have been found who would have felt more acutely the disgrace of his mission and the ignominy of his death; for he united the nicest sense of honour and gallant intrepidity with the tender affections and mild manners of polished life. The distress of his patron, Sir Henry, must also have been poignant, as well from the loss of a friend to whom he was warmly attached, as from reflecting on the nature and probable consequences of the mission on which he had sent him; the commander-in-chief could not, or ought not to have forgotten, that disgrace and death would inevitably follow detection; this appears to have been one of those undertakings, in which the prodigious advantages of success made the parties lose sight of the difficulties and dangers by which they were surrounded.

After narrowly escaping the immediate reward of treachery, and taking an active part against the Americans, whom he had first effectually assisted, Mr. Arnold, stimulated by narrow finances or constitutional restlessness, embarked, during the late war, on a commercial expedition to the West Indies, but was taken on his voyage by a French cruiser, who steered with her prize to one of the ports of the transatlantic republic, where the prisoner would have been inevitably sus pended by the neck. But having secured the confidence, purchased the connivance, or evaded the guards of his enemies, he lashed himself with a few necessaries to a raft, and choosing to trust his person to the winds and waves rather than to the resentments of his former associates, he committed himself to the deep; taking advantage of a favourable wind and tide, he escaped in safety, and after a life strongly marked, died peaceably in his bed at London.

ANIELLO, TOMASO, commonly, and by contraction, called Massaniello, a fisherman of Naples, and the leader of an insurrection against the house of Austria, in the year 1647. The Neapolitans had submitted to the heavy imposts of Philip the Fourth without repining, till, by an additional tax laid on fruit, the chief support of the poor Italians, their

resentments burst into outrage. Massaniello was a sprightly, active, humorous fellow, with short cropped hair, a mariner's cap generally on his head, and about twenty-four years of age; living in the marketplace, he was every day a witness to the disputes between the fruit-sellers and the revenue officers, and by repeated acts of oppression, gradually became an enemy to the Spanish government. Throwing up his cap, as was his general custom when any thing provoked him, he swore "that if only two or three hearty fellows would join him,' he would soon put an end to the tyranny of such rascals." A circumstance occurred, which violently inflamed discontent. Stimulated by poverty, and with a design to evade the impost, his wife had been detected in secreting provisions; for this offence she was committed to prison, and a larger sum than he could afford being demanded, before the officers would set her at liberty, Massaniello was obliged to sell his goods to raise the money; he rushed directly to a quarter of the town where a toll-house had been lately erected, and where a mixed multitude was already assembled, crying out, as he passed along, "We will no longer be beasts of burthen; God gives us plenty, but our governors give us famine." The loudness of his voice, and the violence of his rage, attracted general notice, but when he related what had happened, universal and bitter execrations burst forth against the regent of the city; an officer, called an elect of the people, arriving with his attendants to disperse them, was attacked with a shower of stones, and narrowly escaped being torn to pieces. Seeing that the mob was ripe for mischief, and possessing that species of rude eloquence which repeated injury and strong feeling frequently inspire, Massaniello suddenly leaped on a fruit-stall, and thus addressed the exasperated crowd.

Rejoice, my dear companions and countrymen! give thanks to God, and the most gracious virgin of Carmine, that the hour of your deliverance draweth near; a poor bare-footed fisherman shall, like another Moses, release the Israelites from the cruel yoke of Pharoah ;' St. Peter, who rescued the city of Rome from the slavery of the devil, was himself a poor fisherman. If we are courageous, and hold together, this cruel yoke of tolls and gabelles will in a moment be put an end to; I have no fears for myself, I do not dread being pulled to pieces, being dragged through the streets, and spilling every drop of blood in my body in such a cause; on the contrary, I should think it both desirable and glorious, provided that my being put to death would redress your numerous grievances."

The tumultuous shouting of a thousand voices, and a lighted torch applied to the toll-house, were the signals of universal approbation; armed with sticks, clubs, and such weapons as accident or occupation threw in their way, they emptied the houses of every person concerned in collecting the revenue, strictly observing to take nothing for their own use, but piling up the furniture, linen, plate, and china, in a heap, set the whole on fire. Their numbers rapidly increasing, they boldly advanced to the Viceroy's palace, carrying loaves on the tops of their pikes, and soon forced the gate, but he had escaped to a neighbour

ing convent. Another party proceeded to the prisons, and set the prisoners at liberty, while Cardinal Filomarini, Archbishop of Naples, a prelate highly respected by the populace, and indeed all ranks, vainly endeavoured to appease them; he was told that peace could not be restored unless the Viceroy would give an instrument in writing, properly signed and sealed, to grant a release from taxes of every kind: a paper to this effect was produced, but was not attended with the desired effect. The good Archbishop, finding all his efforts useless, retired to his palace, and the insurgents proceeded to pull down the religious house in which the Viceroy had taken refuge, but by means of a ladder, he escaped over a garden-wall, and reached the castle of St. Elmo in safety. Thus, by the oppression of a bad minister, or the crimes of the inhabitants, Naples, the third city in Christian Europe, for beauty, extent, and population, which eleven hundred years before had been saved from the horrors of military execution by the mercy of Belisarius, was in the power of a frantic multitude, spreading fire and devastation in different quarters. Each man carrying a faggot at his back, and a flaming torch in his hand, they marched through the streets in military array; set fire to the dogana or public granary, an immense pile of building full of corn, the whole of which was quickly consumed; destroying in their blind fury this salutary provision against a scanty harvest, the dread of famine was added to the horrors of conflagration. The Viceroy was censured for not crushing the commotion at its commencement; he hoped, by mildness and lenient measures, to sooth the people's minds, and, at an early period, had abolished the oppressive taxes, ordering the loaf which used to weigh twenty-two ounces, to be augmented to thirty-two, without increasing the price; but in this, as in other cases of popular revolt, pacific measures were considered as the effects of fear rather than of good will. The insurgents being joined by every necessitous, bold, and bad man in Naples and its environs, by banditti, robbers and freebooters, they amounted to a hun dred thousand men, and unanimously chose Massaniello for their general; marching through the streets, he declared by sound of trumpet, that the Spanish government was dissolved, divided his followers into regiments and companies, appointed patrols and watch-words for the night, and ordered the great market-place, La Vinaro, and the Porta Nolana, to be the place of rendezvous. The Duke of Arcos, at that time Viceroy, thinking himself no longer secure in the castle of St. Elmo, retired in the night to Castelnovo, with the nobility, clergy, and principal citizens, having first ordered all the powder in the maga zines to be moistened; he surrounded the castle by a broad deep ditch, and a parapet of earth and faggots; the streets leading to the fort were barricadoed, and cannon placed at every avenue; the religious orders walked in procession, the cardinal offered up public prayers; the host, the head, and the miraculous liquefying blood of Saint Januarius were devoutly brought forth. A submissive message being sent to Massaniello, desiring to know what would satisfy the people, he received the Viceroy's messengers, clothed in armour, holding in his hand a sword unsheathed, and sitting on a horse richly caparisoned: having

quieted the clamorous execrations of the multitude, he pointed out the various and abominable oppressions of the Spanish administration, and thus proceeded: "Had the city been burnt to ashes, and our tyrants perished in the flames, it would have been only an act of justice; have not our friends, our wives, and our children been buried in dungeons, to satisfy cormorants and contractors, who fatten on the spoils of the public; have not the fruits of the earth, so bountifully bestowed on us by Providence, been rendered artificially scarce, for the purpose of putting money into the pockets of those who are already wallowing in abundance? But it is better to amend than to destroy, and it is fairly justifiable to take power out of the hands of those who have abused it. I demand, in the name of the people of Naples, a perfect and entire restitution of all the privileges granted to this city by King Ferdinand and the Emperor Charles the Fifth, whose glorious arms are cut on a stone over my door. I require that the Viceroy, the collateral council of state, and the nobility, by oath, and a public instrument, binding themselves and their successors, shall ratify the charter; that the clerk of the market, and the capo populi, shall be actually nominated by the people, without any interposition of the Viceroy; that no tax of any kind shall be laid without the consent of the last mentioned officer, and that a refusal to pay taxes, laid on against his will, shall not be considered as treason. Such are our demands, and we will rather die than recede from them, and may God save the faithful people of Naples; but a cruel and perfidious government, who have almost starved us, never shall prosper."

An instrument drawn up to this effect, signed and sealed, was prepared, and in addition to the conditions already specified, Massaniello further insisted that the elect of the people, in all public proceed. ings, should be considered as possessing, and be actually allowed, as many votes as the whole of the nobility; that the multitude should not disarm till the King of Spain had ratified the terms, and that a copy of the present treaty should be cut in large letters, on marble, and be set up in different parts of the city. The popular leader had been prevailed on, with considerable difficulty, to change his fisherman's dress for a splendid habit, crying out as he put it on, "I am only a poor fisherman." Having dismissed the deputies to report his answer to the Vice roy, and appointed a meeting to ratify the treaty in the great church, it was read aloud in that place, the people signifying their consent by loud acclamations. At the door of the cathedral he received an invi tation from the Duke of Arcos, to favour him with an interview, to which Massaniello consented; in the way to Castelnovo, the streets were strewed with palm and olive branches, the windows, balconies and roofs of the houses, crowded with spectators, and hung with rich tapestry, while the fisherman was saluted from every quarter as the deliverer of his country; young men and maidens, with garlands of flowers, and in loose white robes, celebrating his praises, and joining the procession with vocal and instrumental music. When they reached the gate of the castle, the guard received and saluted Massaniello as a general officer, and the captain on duty informed him that the Viceroy waited his

pleasure in the chamber of audience. Making a slight bow to the officer, he turned to the people, and moving his sword as a signal for silence, thus addressed them: "My dear companions and countrymen, let us offer up our prayers to God for the recovery of our liberties; we shall no longer groan under unfeeling task-masters, but enjoy the fruits of our industry without hateful collectors. I see that your countenances are enlivened with joy, and who would not be glad on an occasion like the present; some of you, I understand, can scarce believe it to be anything but a dream; indeed, my friends, it is no delusion. Behold in my hand the precious pledges of the blessings we have recovered; these are the charters of the Emperor Charles the Fifth, and of Ferdinand. I have been accused by some of having selfish motives for the conduct I have pursued, and that it is on this account I display the advantages that have been procured. I appeal to you, my Lord Archbishop, and to the Viceroy's secretary, who stands near the Cardinal, whether I did not, early in the present business, refuse a pension of two hundred crowns a month, which was offered me on condition that I would undertake to dissuade the people from asserting their rights! (The prelate and secretary confirmed what he said.) I will not puzzle you with a long speech, but shall conclude with giving you two pieces of advice,-not to lay down your arms till the confirmation of your privileges arrives from Spain, and not to place too much confidence in the promises of courtiers. I am now going to speak with the Duke of Arcos, and shall probably return in a short time; but if you do not see me safe and at liberty by seven o'clock to-morrow morning, you may take it for granted there has been treachery, and will of course take such methods of revenge as you may judge necessary."

Massaniello was then conducted to the Duke, with whom he had a long audience, and from the castle repaired to his own house, where he received the congratulations of the principal inhabitants of the city. For seven days, during which period he was absolute master of the lives and fortunes of all in Naples, and had he ordered thousands to have been put to death, or the city to have been upset from its foundations, it would have been instantly done! during the whole of the time, he had conducted himself with a prudence, regularity, and foresight, as praiseworthy as it was unexpected; but whilst he was thus enjoying that first, best pleasure of power and influence, the consciousness of having exerted it for the welfare of mankind, this popular leader was afflicted with a malady, which levels the proud lord of the creation with the meanest reptile he crushes on the ground. From fatigue of body and mind, as he scarcely allowed himself the necessary refreshments of food and sleep, or, as was suspected, but never proved, from the effect of intoxicating drugs infused in his liquors, symptoms of frenzy and madness appeared; he treated his friends and associates with insolence, outrage, and abuse; tore his clothes from his body, and rode, with a drawn sword, furiously through the streets, wounding and killing many persons. The Neapolitans beheld the deplorable state of their favourite with deep regret, and after receiving assurances from the Viceroy, that whatever he had promised should be sacredly performed, and that their