Page 74, Note 6.-The promise made to Abraham (in Gen. xv. 18-21), including the whole land “from the river of Egypt unto the great river, the river Euphrates,” makes mention of "the Kenites, and the Kenizzites, and the Kadmonites, and the Hittites, and the Perizzites, and the Rephaims, and the Amorites, and the Canaanites, and the Girgashites, and the Jebusites." In Exod. xxiii. 23, the nations of the land of Canaan are enumerated as consisting of "the Amorites, and the Hittites, and the Perizzites, and the Canaanites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites;" and the same in chap. xxxiii. 11. In Deut. vii. 1, are recounted the names of "seven nations," the Girgashites being added to the six above named. In Joshua i. 4, it is said, "From the wilderness and this Lebanon, even unto the great river, the river Euphrates, all the land of the Hittites, and unto the great sea toward the going down of the sun, shall be your coast." In Neh. ix. 8, where the covenant made with Abraham is referred to, the land promised to his seed is described as "the land of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Jebusites, and the Girgashites." Other instances of a somewhat similar kind might be cited.

In regard to the Gothic nations and the ten kingdoms, I cannot do better than refer to the following passage from an unquestionable authority in this matter, Bossuet. In his commentary on Rev. xvii. 12, he says:—

"L'auteur du commentaire sur l'Apocalypse attribué à Saint Ambroise, et que nous avons vu être Bérengaude, écrivain du septième siècle (Préf. n. 7), dit clairement que par ces dix rois sont designés dix royaumes, par qui l'empire romain'a été détruit; et il compte ces destructeurs au nombre de dix, qui sont les Perses et les Sarrasins devenus maîtres de l'Asie; les Vandales de l'Afrique; les Goths de l'Espagne; les Lombards de l'Italie; les Bourguignons de la Gaule; les Français de la Germanie; les Huns de la Pannonie; les Alains et les Suèves de

beaucoup d'autres pays qu'ils ont ravagés.' Il faut donc entendre par ces dix rois, ceux qui ruinèrent Rome, et en démembrèrent l'empire, principalement en Occident. Le nombre de dix est grand pour des rois ; et il est vrai que l'Occident est déchiré presqu'en même temps par un grand nombre de rois qui composent de grands royaumes de ces débris de l'empire. On voit paroître à peu près dans le même temps les Vandales, les Huns, les Francs, les Bourguignons, les Suèves, les Alains, les Hérules, à qui succèdent les Lombards, les Allemands, les Saxons; plus que tous ceux-là, les Goths, qui sont les vrais destructeurs de l'empire. Rien ne force à se tourmenter, pour les réduire précisément au nombre de dix, encore qu'on les y pût à peu près réduire par rapport aux royaumes fixes qu'ils ont établis. Mais un des secrets de l'interpretation des prophètes, est de ne pas chercher de finesse où il n'y en a point, et de ne se pas perdre dans les minuties, quand on trouve de grands caractères qui frappent la vue d'abord.... Ici, sans qu'il soit besoin d'un plus grand detail, c'est un caractère assez remarquable, que d'un seul empire il se forme tant de grands royaumes, en diverses provinces d'Espagne, en Afrique, dans la Gaule Celtique, dans la Séquanoise, dans la Grande-Bretagne, dans la Pannonie, dans l'Italie, et ailleurs; et que l'empire romain soit abattu dans sa source, c'est-à-dire, en Occident où il est né, non point par un seul prince qui commande en chef, comme il arrive ordinairement, mais par l'inondation de tant d'ennemis qui agissent tous indépendamment les uns des autres."

Page 75, Note 8.-Theodoret's language, in particular, is very strong. Ὁ μὲν οὖν μακάριος Δανιὴλ ταῦτα ἡμᾶς ἐδίδαξεν· ἐγὼ δὲ, τῶν Ἰουδαίων κατηγορίαν ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἀφεὶς, θαυμάζω κομιδῇ τῶν τῆς εὐσεβείας διδασκάλων τινὰς Μακεδονικὴν βασιλείαν τὸ τέταρτον θηρίον ἀποκαλέσαντας· ἔδει γὰρ αὐτοὺς συνιδεῖν κ. τ. λ. . . . . Λείπεται τοίνυν τὴν Ῥωμαϊκὴν βασιλείαν νοεῖν τὸ τέταρτον θηρίον ἐν γὰρ τῷ ταύτης τέλει, οἱ μὲν δέκα βασιλεῖς κατὰ ταὐτὸν ȧvaorýσovtal K. 7. λ.—Comment. in Dan. cap. vii. Op. t. ii. p. 639. ed. Paris.

....

Page 78, Note 1.-The passage quoted from St. Jerome in the text, with the remarkable enumeration which it contains of ten barbarous nations, has been noticed by Bossuet, in his tract"De Excidio Babylonis." Following up the observations, quoted above, from his commentary on the Apocalypse, he observes: "Sanè magna imperia labefactari solent per magnum quendam ducem, certâ imperii sede profectum. . . . . Non ita solutum est imperium Romanum; sed nullo certo victore, decem plus minùsve reges totidem regnorum conditores, nullo inter se juncti fœdere, prædonum instar Romanas provincias invaserunt, Româque et Italiâ potiti sunt, ubi sedes erat imperii: unde ex provinciis, præsertim occidentalibus, nova regna, eaque amplissima et notissima, et ab omnibus historicis memorata, conflata sunt..... In promptu est commemorare Visigothos, Hunnos, Herulos, Longobardos, Burgundiones, Francos, Suevos, Alanos. . . . quasi repente suscitatos. ... Ad hunc regum decem locum Hieronymus alludebat, cùm imperio occidentali Romano, jam ante expugnatam imminentes, Quados, Vandalos, Sarmatas, Alanos, Gepidos, Herulos, Saxones, Burgundos, Alemannos, Pannonios, ad denarium numerum redigebat, ut numeranti patebit."-Euvres de Bossuet, t. iv. pp. 76, 77 (ed. Versailles, 1815).

Page 80, Note 8.-In a note by Dr. Jelf, on that part of Bp. Jewel's Reply to Harding in which he is treating of the supremacy, and of the testimony of Gregory the Great against the title of "Universal Bishop," "the reader is advised," by the learned and careful editor, "to peruse Gregory's Letters upon this subject entire ; he will thus," Dr. Jelf observes, "be still better enabled," even than by Bp. Jewel's summary, "to appreciate the nature and extent of that pope's indignation at the very idea of any human being assuming a name which belongs only to Christ himself." (Works of Bp Jewel, Vol. ii. p. 143, note.) There are not fewer than ten letters of Gregory on this subject, viz., lib. v. ep. 18 (Ad Johannem Episcopum); ep. 19 (Ad Sabinianum Diaconum); ep. 20 (Ad Mauricium Augustum); ep. 21 (Ad Constantinam

Augustam); ep. 43 (Ad Eulogium et Anastasium Episcopos); lib. vii. ep. 27 (Ad Anastasium Episcopum); ep. 31 (Ad Cyriacum Episcopum); ep. 33 (Ad Mauricium Augustum); lib. viii. ep. 30 (Ad Eulogium Episcopum Alexandrinum); lib. xiii. ep. 40 (Ad Cyriacum Patriarcham Constantinopol.).—(Op. t. ii. ed. Bened.)

Page 80, Note 9.-For the origin and history of Odoacer, Theodoric the Ostrogoth, and the Lombards, respectively, see Gibbon, chaps. 34 and 36, chap. 39, and chap. 42.

Page 80, Note 1.-That a minute historical view will bear out the sketch referred to in the Lecture, will appear to any one who will follow out the history in Gibbon. It will there be seen how "Odoacer was the first barbarian who reigned in Italy, over a people who had once asserted their just superiority above the rest of mankind;" and how, although "the king of Italy was not unworthy of the high station to which his valour and fortune had exalted him," "a monarchy destitute of national union and hereditary right hastened to its dissolution;" and, "after a reign of fourteen years, Odoacer was oppressed by the superior genius of Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths; a hero alike excellent in the arts of peace and prosperity, and whose name still excites and deserves the attention of mankind."- Chap. 36 (vol. iii. pp. 500. 504).

Following on the history, it will appear how "Italy revived and flourished under the government of a Gothic king, who might have deserved a statue among the best and bravest of the ancient Romans;" the "enterprise which he undertook having had this for its object (in the words which he addressed to Zeno), to rescue "Italy, the inheritance of the emperor's predecessors, and Rome itself, the head and mistress of the world," from "the violence and oppression of Odoacer the mercenary."— Chap. 39 (vol. iv. pp. 2. 9).

Finally, it will be seen, in the further progress of the history, how "Alboin undertakes the conquest of Italy;" and, under its Lombard oppressors, "the expiring dignity

of Rome was only marked by the freedom and energy of her complaints."-Chap. 45 (vol. iv. pp. 425. 441).

Page 82, Note 5.-Mr. Charles Butler enters, at some length, in the Notes subjoined to his historical sketch, on the discussion of " the lawfulness of the dethronement of Childeric by Pepin, and the lawfulness of the elevation of Charlemagne to the Empire of the West, in exclusion of the Greek emperors." "Few subjects," he observes, "formerly occasioned more discussion than these questions, and this discussion" had "been revived by the " then "recent occurrences in France." He goes on to say, "It presents two distinct subjects for consideration, the conduct of Pepin and Charlemagne, and the conduct of the Popes."

With regard to the former, he admits that, "I. A more unjust usurpation than that of Pepin can scarcely be imagined." It was, as he fully proves, "an act of glaring injustice." (He contends, on the other hand, that "no objection lies to the justice of Charlemagne's assumption of the Western Empire.")

"II. In respect to the conduct of the popes towards Pepin and Charlemagne," Mr. Butler observes, that "the various texts of ancient writers which throw any light on it, are collected by Launoy (Opera, tom. v. pars 2, 1. 12. epist. 9. p. 477-487), and may be seen in the originals, in Dom Bouquet's Collection, tom. v." He says, that "to suppose that the popes, in the time of Pepin and Charlemagne, assumed a divine right to distribute kingdoms and principalities, is to ascribe to them the Hildebrandine principles, which the Roman see did not profess till three centuries afterwards. But even in the times of Pepin and Charlemagne," he goes on to say, "the popes took on them to pronounce, that there are cases in which it was lawful for subjects to dethrone their sovereign and choose another; and also took on themselves to decide when these cases happened; and to ascribe the justice of the measure, in some degree, to the authority of their decision." Mr. Butler proceeds to examine Father Daniel's "apology for the pope and his