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grand duke of Tuscany employed him for six years, and granted him a pension. Upon his being admitted a member of the Florentine Academy, he painted for his admission-picture a large composition, representing the Fall of the Giants. He also made a copy of the Martyrdom of St. Stephen, after Cigoli, which he sold for one hundred ducats. During his six years' residence at Florence, he made four journeys to Rome; during one of which he had a most distinguished reception from Pope Benedict XIII. The artists were held in such high esteem, that when they visited Naples, Solimeni, then head of the Academy of that town, offered them his own house. On his return to Rome, John Antiquus painted several pictures, when he heard the grand duke was dangerously sick. He returned immediately to Florence, but his munificent patron had died. After staying at the principal cities of Italy, and travelling to Venice, for the celebrated general Schullembourg, he returned to his own country. His long residence in Italy had excited in his countrymen a high opinion of his abilities; he was received by the prince of Orange with most flattering marks of attention; and had his residence fixed, and a pension granted to him by that prince. He was employed in the palace of Loo, where he painted a large picture of Mars disarmed by the Graces, and several other considerable works. He was a correct designer, a good colourist, and had a freedom of touch. His study of Italian art gave him a taste discernible in all his works. The prevailing characteristic of his style is that of the Roman school. (Bryan's Dict. Pilkington's Dict. Biog. Univ.) ANTISTHENES, the first of the Cynic philosophers, was born at Athens about Ol. 89, of a Thracian or Phrygian mother, for authorities differ; but so little was the disgrace he attached to such a circumstance, that when he had conducted himself bravely at Tanagra, he asserted that no man, whose parents were both Athenians, would have acted the same part; while he ridiculed the boast of that people who said they were sprung from the soil, by saying, so were muscles." He was originally a pupil of Gorgias, whose style he adopted in his dialogues; but he afterwards attached himself to Socrates, and recommended his pupils to follow his example. Like his new master, he was no friend to Plato, whose finical and factitious habits ill accorded with the simple fare and dress

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of the philosopher, who worshipped nature alone, and taught Diogenes, as confessed by the latter in the words of the Euripidean Telephus, quoted by Plutarch, Sympos. ii. p. 632, Xyl.

"To put on rags, and seem to be

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The form of abject poverty." Such was the harshness of his manners and strictures, that he drove away nearly all his followers, and hence he was called, ironically, by Socrates, "the procurer,' as stated by Plutarch, ii. p. 632, a passage that enables us to understand why the same term was applied to Socrates by Antisthenes, as detailed by Xenophon, in Sympos. ss. 8, who has preserved, in Memorab. ii. 15, a conversation between the two; while the Antisthenes, mentioned in iii. 14, can hardly be the philosopher, for he is represented by Nicomachides as never having served in the army, and skilled only in scraping money together; unless it be said that, at that period, Antisthenes had scarcely been weaned from the practice and precept of his first master Gorgias. Of his various works, which filled ten volumes, the few fragments that have come down to us have been collected by Orelli, in his Opuscula Græc. Veter. Sententiosa et Moralia. Lips. 1821. According to Cicero, in Nat. Deor. i. 13, Antisthenes, in his work on Physics, overthrew the idea of the existence and power of the gods, by asserting that the gods of the people were many, but that of nature only one. Phrynichus the grammarian, quoted by Photius, cod. 158, praises the purity of the style of Antisthenes, and considers as genuine his speech put into the mouth of Ulysses. But if the one alluded to is that which is found in the collections of the Greek Orators, the opinion is of little value; for the speech in question is evidently taken from a play of Euripides, as appears by the circumstance of finding nearly a dozen Iambic verses in their original poetic dress, while it conveys sentiments similar to those expressed in the Herc. Fur. 189-196. Nor is a greater dependence to be placed upon the judgment of Timor, who not only found fault with the number of the works of Antisthenes, but with their matter, which he said was a mass of trifling; for the Sillographer was in the habit of abusing all the philosophers equally. He is said to have lectured in the gymnasium attached to the temple of Hercules, called Cynosarges; for that was the place where inquiries were carried on respecting the parentage of persons supposed to be ille

gitimate; amongst whom, it would seem, Antisthenes was numbered, from his mother being a foreigner. He died, after a lingering disorder, at the age of seventy, but not before he saw the death of Socrates avenged by the punishment inflicted upon the accusers of his master. He appears to have been rather more attached to life than became a philosopher; for when, in his last illness, he required the aid of a friend to put him out of pain, Diogenes handed him a dagger, which Antisthenes, however, declined to use, observing that he wanted to be released, not from life, but pain.

Of the other individuals of this name, the one whose works are most to be regretted, is one who wrote upon the Pyramids, as we learn from Pliny, H.Ñ.

xxxvi. 12.

ANTISTIUS, (Labeo,) who had been prætor, and even proconsul of the province of Narbonne, is said to have amused himself with painting small pictures, which, instead of exciting public admiration, only brought on him the ridicule of his contemporaries. He died at an advanced age, in the reign of Vespasian. (Bryan's Dict.)

ANTISTIUS, a friend and physician of Julius Cæsar, who was taken prisoner with him, by the pirates, at the island of Pharmacusa, (Sueton. in Vitâ Cæsaris, cap. 4; Plutarch, ibid.) and after his assassination, examined his wounds, of which, in his opinion, one only was mortal, viz. that in the breast. (Sueton. cap. 82.)

ANTJE, AERTJEN, or AART VAN LEYDEN, a painter of history, called also Aert Claesson, (1498-1564,) was born at Leyden, and was pupil of Cornelius Engelbrecht. He fell into the water and was drowned. His portrait is found in the new edition of C. Van Mander, engraved by L'Admiral. There are, by him, the Priests of Baal, engraved in folio by Mulder, with the name of the painter-Aentje Van Leiden, which print is inserted in the Bible of Gerard Hoet; the four Evangelists, in one plate, engraved by B. Dolendo; and, the Shipwreck of St. Paul, a large work engraved by the same. (Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.)

ANTOINE, (called le Grand Bâtard,) born 1421, died 1504, was a natural son of Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy. After distinguished military services in Africa, and against the Liègeois and the Swiss, he was taken prisoner at the battle of Nancy, in 1476. Louis XI. ransomed him from Réné, duke of Lor

raine, and loaded him with honours. Antoine of Burgundy afterwards served the French crown, under him and Charles VIII., with zeal and fidelity. (Biog. Univ.)

ANTOINE DE BOURBON, (king of Navarre,) father of Henry IV. and son of Charles de Bourbon, duke of Vendôme, was born in 1518. In 1540 he married Jeanne d'Albret, heiress of Navarre, and obtained with her the principality of Bearn and the title of king. He was a weak and irresolute prince, and wavered all his life between the two religions and parties which then divided France. Suspicion of the constable Montmorenci prevented him from asserting his right to the guardianship of Francis II., as first prince of the blood, on the death of Henry II.; and he saw the government entrusted to the Guises, and the prince de Condé, his brother, preferred to himself for the command of the Huguenot forces. During the minority of Charles IX. he yielded the regency to Catherine de Medicis, and was contented with the empty title of lieutenantgeneral of the kingdom. Reconciled to the Guises, and entirely detached from the protestant party, he now formed, with the duke of Guise and the constable Montmorenci, the union which was called by the Huguenots the triumvirate, and took the command of the royal army. He died in 1562, from the effects of a wound received at the siege of Rouendetested by the protestants, whom he had deserted, and little regretted by the catholics. A negotiation was at one time pending for a marriage between him and Mary Queen of Scots. (Biog. Univ.)

ANTOINE, (Paul Gabriel,) a learned Jesuit, born 1679, died 1743; was rector of the university of Pont-à-Mousson. His works are:-Theologia Moralis Universa. Nancy, 1731. Avignon, 1818. Theologia Universa, speculativa et dogmatica. Pont-à-Mousson, 1725. Lectures Chrétiennes. Nancy, 1736. Meditations, 1737. Demonstration de la Religion, 1739. They were published at first anonymously, have been frequently reprinted, and have always retained their reputation. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ANTOINE, (Pierre Joseph,) a civil engineer, born 1730, died 1814. He wrote, Navigation de Bourgogne, 1774; Serie de Colonnes, 1782; and several remarks on subjects of local utility, connected with his profession. His brother Antoine was also a civil engineer. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ANTOINE, (Sebastian,) an engraver, a native of Nancy in Lorraine, where he engraved a portrait of R. P. Augustin Calmet, in a large oval, in 1729. The Enterprise of Prometheus, one of the ceilings of Versailles, painted by Mignard, was also engraved by him; and the crown of precious stones, with which Louis XV. was crowned, Oct. 25, 1722. He worked chiefly with the graver in a thin feeble style, without effect; he was also very deficient in the other requisites of the art. (Strutt's Dict. of Eng. Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.)

ANTOINE, (Jacques Denis,) born at Paris, Aug. 6, 1733, was an artist who did much for the reformation of architectural taste in the French capital. One of his first works which attracted notice was the small tetrastyle portico in the court of the Hospital de la Charité, which, although now not at all remarkable, was at the time of its erection a striking novelty, being the earliest application of the ancient Grecian Doric, a style that has found few imitators in France. He was also one of the architects employed in repairing and altering the Palais de Justice, after the fire in 1776; but his great work is the Hôtel des Monnaies, or Mint, a vast pile of building with two fronts-one towards the quay and Pont-Neuf, the other towards the Rue Guénégaud,-each upwards of 370 feet in extent; and notwithstanding faults of detail, and a certain littleness of taste in some respects, it is unquestionably an imposing unbroken mass of building; at the same time, it has no particular propriety of character, having more the air of a palatial residence than of what would indicate the actual purpose of the edifice. Antoine also designed the Mint at Bern, and the palace of the Duc de Bervic at Madrid. He died August 24th, 1801.

ANTOINETTE OF ORLEANS, daughter of Eléonore of Orleans, duke of Longueville, was married to Charles de Gondi, marquis of Belle-Isle, who was killed in 1596. Abandoning herself to grief, she entered a nunnery at Toulouse, and afterwards founded the order of the Filles du Calvaire, among whom she died, at Poitiers, in 1618. (Biog. Univ.) ANTON, (Gottfried, 1571-1618,) was born at Freudenberg in Westphalia. He was a student, and afterwards professor, at Marburg, from whence he removed to Giessen, at the request of the landgrave Lewis V., who was then about to found a university in that town, and wished to

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have the benefit of his advice and assistance. Anton was appointed chancellor and first professor of laws in the new institution, to which a large number of students were attracted by his celebrity as a lecturer. In addition to these duties, he was actively engaged in affairs of state, and was sent as ambassador to several courts. His comprehensive juridical science gained him a reputation which has survived him. The most celebrated of his works are:-1. Disputationes Feudales, the best edition of which was published by Stryk, Halle, 1699, 4to. 2. De Cameræ Imperialis Jurisdictione. This treatise, in which the author differed from Herman Vulteius as to the extent of the emperor's constitutional rights, involved him in a hot controversy with the latter, who had the advantage, in point of temper and moderation at least. A complete list of his works is given by Willen, Memoriæ Jurisconsultorum, p. 82.

ANTON, (Robert,) one of the minor poets of the reign of King James the First, calls himself, in the title-page of the only work known of his, of Magdalen College, Cambridge. The work here spoken of consists of a collection of satires, and is entitled, Vice's Anatomy Scourged and Corrected; but there is also a second title, the Philosopher's Satires, which, on a subsequent page, is expanded into the Philosopher's Seven Satires, alluding to the Seven Planets. There is an edition of the date 1616, and another of 1617, or possibly the same edition with a reprinted title-page. The satires possess little claim on the reader's attention, although there are a few slight notices of the eminent poets contemporary with this almost forgotten author.

ANTON, or ANTONIUS, (Paul,) a Lutheran divine, born 1661 at Hirschfeld, in Upper Lusatia, died 1730 at Halle. His principal works are-De Sacris Gentilium Processionibus. Leipsig, 1684. Concilii Tridentini adeoque et Pontificiorum Doctrina publica. Halle, 1697, often reprinted. Elementa Homiletica. Halle, 1700. Collegium Antitheticum. Halle, 1732; and some controversial writings. See Walch, Bibl. Theol. vol. ii. p. 754. (Biog. Univ.)

ANTON, (Conrad Gottlob,) a learned German, born 1745, died 1814; was professor of morality, and afterwards of oriental languages in the university of Wittemberg. He is the author of a number of works, chiefly on Hebrew and oriental literature. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

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ANTON, (Charles Gottlob,) born 1751, died 1818; practised as an advocate at Goerlitz. He wrote several historical and other works-among them, Essays on the Templars; and on Rural Economy in Germany. He was also an active contributor to a great number of scientific and literary journals. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ANTONA, (Giovanni de,) a painter of portraits. Francisco Zucci, of Venice, engraved an oval portrait of Giovanni Antonio Murani, after a picture by his hand. (Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.) ANTONELLA DA MESSINA. See

MESSINA.

ANTONELLE, (Pierre Antoine, marquis d',) was born at Arles in 1747. He served in the army for some time, but on the breaking out of the French revolution he became an extreme democrat; was named mayor of Arles in 1790, and was more than once censured in the National Assembly for his violence, but was defended by Mirabeau. He was chosen member of the Legislative Assembly for the department of Bouchesdu-Rhone; and in 1792 was despatched with two colleagues to arrest Lafayette. He presided over the revolutionary tribunal which condemned the Girondins, in whose favour he seems to have relented, but was compelled by FouquierTainville to go on. After the fall of Robespierre, he continued to play a conspicuous part, and was concerned in a newspaper called the Journal des Hommes Libres. He was involved in the conspiracy of Babeuf, but acquitted; and was regarded by the Directory as one of their most dangerous enemies. After the affair of the infernal machine, he was obliged to withdraw from France for a time; but on returning to Paris, was allowed to pursue in peace the philosophical speculations to which he was addicted. In 1814 he undertook the defence of the restoration, in Le Reviel d'un Vieillard, in which he declared that France could only obtain liberty under the legitimate king. He died in 1817. He published several political pamphlets on various occasions. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ANTONELLI, (Giovanni Carlo, 1690 -1768,) an Italian prelate, known in Italy for some treatises of local interest, relating to Velletri, his native place. He was in several official employments; he was ordained subdeacon, 1718, and priest and bishop 1752.

ANTONELLI, (Niccolo Maria, count of Pergola,) rose through various eccle

siastical dignities to that of cardinal. He was born in 1698, died 1767. He published-De Titulis quos S. Evaristus Romanis Presbyteris distribuit. Rome, 1725. Ragioni della sede Apostolica sopra il Ducato di Parma e Piacenza esposte a' Sovrani e Principi Cattolici dell' Europa. 1742. S. Athanasii Archiepiscopi Alexandriæ Interpretatio Psalmorum. 1746. Vetus Missale Romanum. 1756. Other works by him were collected and published at Rome, in 1756. (Biog. Univ. Tipaldo, vol. i. p. 114.)

ANTONELLI, (Leonard, Cardinal, 1730-1811,) was one of the most able members of the Sacred College, and accompanied Pius VII. to Paris in 1804. He was also a member of the Académie des Inscriptions, and collected a valuable library of books. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ANTONI, (Alexander Victor Papanico d',) born 1714, died 1786; was director of the School of Artillery of the king of Sardinia, and author of a Course of Military Mathematics, Architecture, and Artillery. The most valuable parts of this work are treatises on gunpowder, and the use of fire-arms, which contain the results of a great number of experiments in illustration of the science of gunnery. (Biog. Univ.)

ANTONI, (Vicenzo Berni degli,) a very celebrated Italian lawyer, born 1747, was procureur du roi in Napoleon's Italian kingdom. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ANTONI, (Degli,) or D'ANTONIO. See MESSINA.

ANTONIA, (Minor,) second daughter of M. Antony and Octavia, born (not before) B. c. 36, died 37 or 38 A. D. She married Drusus, the youngest son of Livia (Augusta) and of Claudius Tiberius Nero, who fought against Octavianus at Perusium, B. c. 40, 41. Of many children of Drusus and Antonia three survived their father, Germanicus, Livilla, and Claudius, afterwards emperor. Antonia was prevented by Tiberius and Livia from appearing at the funeral of Germanicus, (see Tacit. Ann. iii. 3,) that the spectacle of her grief might not add to the popular excitement of the time (see AGRIPPINA I.) beauty, her long widowhood, above rumour or suspicion, and her abstinence from court-intrigue, procured for Antonia universal esteem, and even conciliated the jealous temper of Tiberius. According to Josephus, Antiq. xviii. 8, she was the first to apprise him of the real designs of Sejanus. Cf. Xiphilin in Dio C.

Her

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She educated Caligula and his sisters. With his usual caprice, that emperor procured for his grandmother from the senate all the honours Livia had enjoyed; and shortly after, by his contemptuous neglect, by express command, or even by more direct means, occasioned her death. Claudius, after his accession, assigned to her memory a covered chariot (carpentum) on days of public procession, and the surname of Augusta. For further account of Antonia Minor, see Pliny, N. H. vii. 19; ix. 55. Valer. Maxim. iv. c. 3; and the author of the poem, "Consolatio ad Liviam Augustam de Morte Drusi," vv. 299-344, and the art. "Antonia," in Bayle. Pliny mentions, N. H. XXXV. c. 10, a Templum Antoniæ; see Hardouin's remark.

ANTONIANO, (Silvio, Cardinal,) born at Rome, in 1540, of a family which came from Castello, a village of the province of Abruzzo, in the kingdom of Naples. His father was a woollen-draper. From his infancy he showed a singular disposition to poetry and music. At the age of ten years he played on the lyre, and accompanied himself, singing extemporary verses upon any given subject-a phenomenon not uncommon in Italy. From this circumstance he obtained the surname of Poetino. His rising reputation procured him the protection of cardinal Ottone Trucses, who took him into his house, enabled him to acquire a knowledge of the Greek and Latin languages, and to improve his talent of improvisation, of which he gave one day a striking proof, at a great entertainment given by his patron. Cardinal Alexander Farnese taking a nosegay, presented it to the youth, telling him to give it to him whom he thought most likely to be pope; Silvio immediately addressing himself to cardinal Giannangelo de Medici, who was afterwards Pius IV., in extemporary verses, begged him to accept the emblem of his future dignity. Ercole II. duke of Ferrara, was so pleased with his talents that he took him under his special protection; and at sixteen years of age, gave him the professorship of literature at Ferrara, where the historian relates many remarkable instances of his power of improvisation. After the death of the Ducca Ercole, pope Pius IV., not forgetting the incident of the nosegay, sent for him to Rome, and appointed him tutor and secretary to his nephew, cardinal Carlo Borromeo, with whom he went to Milan, and compiled the Acts of the Council which was held there. On his

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ANT

return to Rome he was made professcr
of belles-lettres in the college of the
Sapienza, and so learned and popular
were his lectures, that on the day he
began to explain the Oration of Cicero
pro Marcello, he reckoned amongst the
crowd of his auditors no less than five
and twenty cardinals. In 1567 he took
orders, and was appointed secretary of
the Sacred College. The popes Gregory
XIII. and Sixtus V. employed him on
several important missions. Gregory XIV.
offered him three successive bishoprics,
but he refused them all. At last, Cle-
ment VIII. made him a canon of the
Basilica Vaticana, his chamberlain, and,
in 1598, a cardinal. He died in Rome
on the 15th of August, 1603. His printed
works are 1. Dell' Educazione Cristiana
dei Figliuoli, written by the desire of
cardinal Borromeo, whilst with him in
Milan.

Verona, 1584, and reprinted at Naples. 2. Orationes Tredecim, published at Rome in 1610, after his death, by Castiglione, with the addition of his Life. 3. Many Discourses, Dissertations, Letters, and Poems, both in Latin and Italian, which have been several times printed in different collections.

en

ANTONIANUS, (Silvius,) an graver on wood, who flourished about 1567. According to Papillon, he ornamented with cuts a small book of fables by Gabriel Faerno, published at Antwerp, entitled Centum Fabulæ ex Antiquis Auctoribus delectæ, et a Gabriele Faerno Cremonensi Carminibus explicatæ. Antuerpia ex Officina Christoph. Plantini, To each fable he has given a 1567. print, of which there are one hundred, all marked with a cipher of A. and S.a cipher also used, it is said, by Sambucus. (Strutt's Dict. of Eng.)

ANTONIANUS, (John,) a Dominican of Nimeguen, died in 1558, who edited some of the works of the Fathers. (Biog. Univ.)

ANTONIDES, (Hans,) an eminent Dutch poet, surnamed Van der Goes, from his birthplace in Zealand, was born in 1647, of poor parents. When a boy, he took great pleasure in reading the Latin poets, and his first attempts in poetry consisted of imitations from them. He next composed a tragedy, called Trazet, or Howthe Invasion of China, which his modesty would not allow him to publish. ever Vondel thought so well of it, that he honoured the young poet by adopting some passages of it into one of his own plays. In 1671, he published his most esteemed work, the Y-stroom, an epic

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