Francis Thompson (b. 1863), bred a Catholic at Ushaw College, showed in a volume of Poems (1893) his admiration of Crashaw and his compeers, and has since published Sister Songs (1895) and New Poems (1897), besides doing much criticism. Henry Brereton Marriott Watson (b. 1863), author of Galloping Dick, At the First Corner, The House Divided, The Skirts of Chance, assisted Mr Barrie in the play Richard Savage.

Max Pemberton (b. 1863), is author of The Iron Pirate, The Sea Wolves, Pro Patria, The House under the Sea, and a dozen others.

Arthur Morrison (b. 1863), novelist, became known in 1894 by his Tales of Mean Streets, followed by the 'Martin Hewitt' series of three stories, by The Child of the Jago, and The Hole in the Wall. William Wymark Jacobs (b. 1863) published Many Cargoes in 1896, followed by The Skipper's Wooing, The Lady of the Barge, Odd Craft, and other stories, mainly nautical and all humorous.

Robert Marshall (b. 1863), army captain and dramatist, is author of His Excellency the Governor, The Noble Lord, There's many a Slip.

Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch (b. 1863), known to

many readers as 'Q,' has since the publication of Dead Man's Rock (1887), Troy Town (1888), and The Splendid Spur (1889) allowed few years to pass without a novel, book of poems, or other work, amongst them The Delectable Duchy, The Golden Pomp, The White Wolf.

Robert Smythe Hichens (b. 1864), journalist and novelist,

attracted notice by his Green Carnation in 1894, and has since written An Imaginative Man, The Folly of Eustace, Flames, The Londoners, and has collaborated in more than one play.

Neil Munro (b. 1864) became known as author of The Lost Pibroch (1896), which has been followed by several other Highland romantic fictions on a bigger scale, such as John Splendid, a Highland Romance (1898); The Paymaster's Boy (1899); and Children of Tempest (1903).

Israel Gollancz (b. 1864), lecturer on English at Cam

bridge, has edited Pearl, Cynewulf's Christ, The
Exeter Book, and other monuments of our older
English literature, the 'Temple Shakespeare,' and
Lamb's Specimens.

George Gregory Smith (b. 1865), Lecturer on Eng

lish in the University of Edinburgh, has published books on The Days of James IV. and on The Transition Period in fifteenth-century European literature, edited a critical edition of The Spectator, and contributed to this work the articles on Addison, Jeffrey, and De Quincey.

Alfred Edward Woodley Mason (b. 1865) wrote in

1895 A Romance of Wastdale, and followed with The Courtship of Morrice Buckler, The Philanderers, Lawrence Clavering, Parson Kelly (with Mr Andrew Lang), Ensign Keightley, Clementina. Arthur Symons (b. 1865), poet and critic, has pub lished several volumes of verse, an introduction to Browning, Studies in Two Literatures, The Symbolist Movement, and Cities.

Herbert Albert Laurens Fisher (b. 1865), Fellow and tutor of New College, Oxford, became through The Medieval Empire (1898) a recognised authority on the history of Germany.

H. G. Wells (b. 1866) struck out an original vein in The Time Machine, and had by 1903 written nearly a score of stories or collections of stories somewhat in the vein of Jules Verne-The War of the Worlds, The Invisible Man, The Island of Dr Moreau, The Sea Lady. But Mankind in the Making (1903) is a serious attempt at an Utopian new republic. Thomas Seccombe (b. 1866), assistant-editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, initiated his literary career with Twelve Bad Men in 1894, and has since produced The Age of Johnson, The Age of Shakespeare (with another), and edited Smollett's Miscellanies and an edition of Baron Munchausen. Richard Le Gallienne (b. 1866) has published Volumes in Folio (1888), The Book-Bills of Narcissus, The Religion of a Literary Man, two volumes of Prose Fancies, and estimates of George Meredith and Rudyard Kipling; two or three volumes of verse; in fiction, The Quest of the Golden Girl and The Romance of Zion Chapel; besides If I were God, Travels in England, and The Life Romantic. Ernest William Hornung (b. 1866), novelist and journalist, has written A Bride from the Bush, The Rogue's March, Dead Men tell no Tales, Peccavi, The Black Mask.

Lionel Johnson (1867-1902) did much reviewing and criticism, published volumes of poems in 1895 and

1897 (Ireland and other Poems), and a criticism of The Art of Thomas Hardy.

Barry Pain (b. 1867), journalist and author, has produced Playthings and Parodies, Scenes and Interludes, The Kindness of the Celestial, The Octave of Claudius.

Edward Frederic Benson (b. 1867) published Dodo in 1893, The Babe B.A., and half-a-dozen other novels, stories, and plays since.

Laurence Housman (b. 1867), himself an artist, wrote on Blake in 1893, and has since the publication of Arras in 1896 had an increasing circle of admirers for his poetry; Spikenard is a volume of devotional love-poems, Gods and their Makers a prose allegory. Charles Raymond Beazley (b. 1868), Fellow of Merton,

has published books on James of Aragon, Henry the Navigator, and the Cabots, and a history of The Dawn of Modern Geography (1897-1901). Edward Verrall Lucas (b. 1868) wrote a book of verses for children in 1897, published The Open Road in 1899, and is now known as editor of the life, works, and letters of Charles and Mary Lamb. George Douglas Brown (1869-1902) suddenly became famous in 1901 for his House with the Green Shutters, but died within twelve months of its publication.

Laurence Binyon (b. 1869), assistant in the British

Museum, published Lyric Poems in 1894, Poems in 1895, London Visions in 1895-98, The Praise of Life in 1896, Porphyrion and other Poems in 1898, Odes in 1900, The Death of Adam in 1903. Joseph Conrad, master in the merchant service and novelist, became known in 1895 by Almayer's Folly, later stories being The Outcast of the Islands, Tales of Unrest, Lord Jim.

Stephen Gwynn published Highways and Byways in Donegal in 1899, a book on Northcote the painter, To-day and To-morrow in Ireland, and a critical study of Tennyson.

Bernard Capes, novelist, produced in 1898 The Lake of Wine, followed by Our Lady of Darkness, Joan Brotherhood, Love like a Gipsy, Secret on the Hill. Albert Frederick Pollard (b. 1869), contributor of many articles to the Dictionary of National Biog raphy, is author of The Jesuits in Poland, England under Protector Somerset, and Henry VIII. in the Goupil Series.

Basil Hood, army captain and dramatic author, has written The Emerald Isle, Sweet and Twenty, My Pretty Maid.

Henry V. Esmond, actor and dramatist, is author of
Rest, One Summer's Day, The Wilderness.
James Douglas (born in Belfast in 1869), critic and
assistant-editor of the Star, and contributor to the

Athenæum, Bookman, and other journals, has published an Ode on the Coronation of King Edward VII. and an appreciation of Mr WattsDunton (1903); and to this work he has contributed the articles on William Blake, P. J. Bailey, Mr Watts-Dunton, Mr Swinburne, and some other authors.

William Romaine Paterson (b. 1871) has, under the pseudonym of 'Benjamin Swift,' written since 1896 a series of novels, including The Tormentor, The Destroyer, Nude Souls, and an essay, The Eternal Conflict.

Ford Madox Hueffer (b. 1873) has written poems, stories, a Life of Madox Brown a monograph on Rossetti, and, with Joseph Conrad, Romance.

Lady John Scott (Alicia Ann Spottiswoode; 1801-90) was author of 'Annie Laurie,'' Douglas, tender and true,' 'Ettrick,' 'Durisdeer,' and some others of the most esteemed of modern Scotch songs, as well as of the music to which they are sung. Anna Swanwick (1813-99) wrote An Utopian Dream and other prose works, but is remembered as the translator of Faust in accomplished verse, as well as a translator from Schiller and Æschylus. Grace Aguilar (1816-47), an English Jewess, wrote on her ancestral faith, published poems, and was known chiefly as authoress of many unsectarian but strongly religious novels, such as Home Influence and A Mother's Recompense.

Mrs Mary Anne Everett Green (1818-95) edited The Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies, The Diary of John Rous, The Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria, and calendared important series of State papers. Maria Charlotte Tucker (1821-93) wrote as 'A.L.O.E.' (A Lady of England) many stories (usually didactic) for children.

Julia Kavanagh (1824–77), a devout Irish Catholic, laid the scenes of most of her stories-Madeleine,

Nathalie, Adèle, and many others-in France; she wrote also on French and English women of

letters.

Annie Keary (1825-79) was author of the novel Castle Daly, and of stories for children, and other works. Mrs Charles Barnard (1830-69), the 'Claribel' of so many drawing-room songs, published three collections of songs, ballads, and verses.

Amelia Blandford Edwards (1831-92), Egyptologist and novelist, wrote My Brother's Wife, Barbara's History, Half a Million of Money, Debenham's Vow, and Lord Brackenbury.

Mrs Isabella L. Bishop (born Bird; 1832-1903) travelled extensively, and wrote accounts of her experiences in America, Japan, Indo-China, Persia, and Tibet. Matilda Barbara Betham-Edwards (b. 1836), cousin of Amelia B. Edwards, has written on French topography and life, and many novels, including The White House by the Sea, Dr Jacob, Kitty, Dream Charlotte.

Mrs Mary Louisa Stewart Molesworth (b. 1839) wrote as Ennis Graham ' half-a-dozen novels, but became eminent for her delightful stories for children— Carrots, Cuckoo Clock, Herr Baby, The Boys and I, and many more.

Mrs Julia Horatia Orr Ewing (born Gatty; 1842-85) wrote a series of charming stories for children, including Mrs Overtheway's Remembrances, Ja kanapes, Jan of the Windmill, A Flat Iron for a Farthing, The Story of a Short Life.

Agnes Mary Clerke (b. 1842) wrote The System of the Stars, Problems in Astrophysics, and other astronomical works.

Mathilde Blind (1847-96), a champion of women's rights, born in Mannheim, translated Strauss's Old Faith and the New and Marie Bashkirtseff's memoirs, wrote Lives of George Eliot and Madame Roland, and published some remarkable poems, The Prophecy of St Oran, The Heather on Fire, The Ascent of Man. Mrs Flora Annie Steel (born Webster, 1847) has written From the Five Rivers, Tales from the Punjab, On the Face of the Waters, Voices in the Night, The Hosts of the Lord.

Mrs Fawcett (Millicent Garrett; b. 1847), widow of Professor Fawcett, and a defender of women's rights, is author of Political Economy for Beginners and other works on economics.

Mrs Toulmin Smith has, under her maiden name of L. T. Meade, written a long series of novels and stories, mostly for girls and children, of which Scamp and I, A World of Girls, The Girls of St Wode's, All Sorts, A Princess of the Gutter, Drift, are examples.

Mrs Henry Reeves, writing under her maiden name of Helen Mathers, became known by her novels Comin' thro' the Rye, Cherry Ripe, My Lady Greensleeves ; and Sam's Sweetheart, The Story of a Sin, A Man of To-day, My Jo John, Cinders, and Honey are some of her later ones.

Mrs Alice Stopford Greene (b. 1849), besides editing her husband's Short History, wrote Henry II. and Town Life in the Fifteenth Century.

Madame de Laszowski-Gerard (born Emily Gerard, 1849) is author of Reata, Beggar my Neighbour, The Waters of Hercules (in collaboration with her sister), and half-a-dozen other books and stories. Emily Frances Adeline Sergeant (b. 1851) is author of a score of novels, including The Story of a Penitent Soul, Beyond Recall, Sibyl Fletcher, Miss Betty's Mistake, The Common Lot, Blake of Oriel. Madame Longard de Longgarde (born Dorothea Gerard, 1855) wrote the three above-named novels with her sister, and a score of stories or books of her own.

Mrs Henry Ady (born Julia Cartwright) is especially known for her books on Burne-Jones, G. F. Watts, Bastien-Lepage, The Painters of Florence, and other artistic subjects, and for her Lives of Isabella d'Este and Beatrice d'Este.

Mrs Desmond Humphreys, as 'Rita,' published Dame Durden (1883), Peg the Rake, The Lie Circumspect, An Old Rogue's Tragedy, The Sin of Jasper Standish, and other novels.

Mrs Margaret Wolfe Hungerford (c. 1855-97), an Irish novelist writing sometimes anonymously and sometimes as 'The Duchess,' published nearly thirty volumes of short stories and novels, Phillis in 1877, and Molly Bawn, the most successful, in 1878. Violet Paget (b. 1856) is in literature Vernon Lee,' and author of The Eighteenth Century in Italy, Euphorion (essays on the Renaissance), Baldwin (dialogues), A Phantom Lover, Genius Loci, Hortus Vita.

Mrs Annie Besant (born Wood, 1857), for a while antiChristian and secularist writer and lecturer, became from 1889 onward a conspicuous representative of a pseudo-Brahminical theosophy, among her books being Reincarnation, The Ancient Wisdom, Esoteric Christianity, The Religious Problem in India. Constance Caroline Woodhill Naden (1858-89) wrote

brilliant essays on philosophical subjects, and published two volumes of poetry of singular interest. Hesba Stretton is the pen-name of Sarah Smith, author of Jessica's First Prayer and similar stories. Sarah Grand (born Frances Elizabeth Clarke) is known

as author of The Heavenly Twins and other problem
novels, The Beth Book and Babs the Impossible being
later stories.

Mrs Burnett Smith has, under her maiden name of
Annie S. Swan, written Aldersyde, Carlowrie, St
Veda's, Sir Roderick's Will, Not Yet, and many other
stories, especially popular with girls.
Edna Lyall is the pen-name of Ada Ellen Bayly (died

1903), author of Donovan, We Two, The Autobiography of a Slander, To Right the Wrong. Mrs Mona Caird (born Alison) is author of The Wing of Azrael (1889), The Daughters of Danaus, and other novels, and of essays on marriage and on vivisection.

Mrs Arthur Stannard (born Vaughan) wrote, as 'John Strange Winter,' Bootles' Baby (1885), The Truth Tellers, A Name to Conjure with, A Blaze of Glory. Maxwell Gray, the pen-name of Miss M. G. Tuttiett,

became known through The Silence of Dean Maitland (1886), An Innocent Impostor, A Costly Freak, Four-leaved Clover, and other novels and poems. Kathleen Mannington Caffyn (born Hunt) attracted notice by A Yellow Aster, Children of Circumstances, Anne Mauleverer, The Minx, The Happiness of Jill, and other novels.

Mrs W. K. Clifford, widow of Professor Clifford, has written Anyhow Stories for children; many novels not for children-Mrs Keith's Crime, Love Letters of a Worldly Woman, A Wild Proxy; and A Long Duel and other plays.

Lady Mary Montgomerie Currie has, under the penname of Violet Fane, attained some distinction as author of From Dawn to Noën (1872), Denzil Place, The Queen of the Fairies, Sophy, Thro' Love and War, Two Moods of a Man, as well as the memoirs of the Queen of Navarre, and several collections of

verse.

The Hon. Emily Lawless, daughter of Lord Cloncurry, made a name for herself by her Irish story Hurrish, followed by Grania and Maelcho; wrote a history of Ireland and a book on Essex in Ireland; as also With the Wild Geese (1892), a volume of poems. Mrs Katharine Tynan Hinkson (born Tynan, 1861) published a volume of poems in 1885, and since 1887 has written upwards of a score of books in prose and verse, mainly novels, among them The Dar Irish Girl, She Walks in Beauty, That Secret Enemy. Amy Levy (1861-89), Jewish poetess, wrote, besides Xantippe and two other collections of poems, a clever novel, Reuben Sachs.

Beatrice Harraden (b. 1864) is author of Ships that Pass in the Night (1893), In Varying Mood, Hilda Strafford, Katharine Frensham.

Marie Corelli, born in 1864, and trained in a French convent for a musical career, produced a popular novel, A Romance of Two Worlds, in 1886; Thelma, Wormwood, and The Sorrows of Lilith were the work of the next half-dozen years; and more ambitious and more popular were Barabbas, The Sorrows of Satan, and The Mighty Atom. The Murder of Delicia, Ziska, The Problem of a Wicked Soul, Jane, and Boy attracted less notice than The Master Christian (1900) and Temporal Power (1902). Elizabeth Robins, distinguished on the stage for her interpretations of Ibsen, has as 'C. E. Raimond' written The Open Question and other notable novels. Ellen Thorneycroft Fowler (by marriage Mrs Felkin) published poems and the novels Concerning Isabel Carnaby (1898), A Double Thread, The Farringdons, Love's Argument, Place and Power.

Mary Cholmondeley, author of The Danvers Jewels, Sir Charles Danvers, Diana Tempest, and A Devotee, became famous in 1899 through her Red Pottage. Jane Barlow, beginning with Bogland Studies and Irish Idylls in 1892, has become an authoritative exponent of the kindlier side of Irish life in fact and romance. Violet Martin, writing as 'Martin Ross,' in conjunction with Edith Œ. Somerville has produced a series of stories, tragic and humorous-An Irish Cousin, Through Connemara, The Real Charlotte, The Silver Fox, Some Experiences of an Irish R.M.

HE Dominion of Canada, even without its Arctic islands, occupies more of the surface of the North American continent than the United States, and is in area little less than the whole of Europe. But at the beginning of the twentieth century the energetic population who had already given it its rank amongst the most promising countries and communities of the world numbered less than five and a half millions-a little more numerous than the people of the Netherlands at the same date, larger by a million than the population of Scotland, but less by a million than the population of Greater London. Only since the early years of the seventeenth century has any part of what we now call Canada been the home of men of European blood and speech. The earliest settlers were Frenchmen, whose sparsely peopled settlements on the shores of the St Lawrence and in Acadia were til near the end of the century but little disturbed by the English colonists to the south. From New England the tide of colonisation gradually flowed towards north and west. Collisions between French and English interests, between French and English colonists, became frequent and almost inevitable; and in the middle of the eighteenth century Canada was the stake for which France and England contended in wars fought out partly in Europe and partly in America. The capture of Quebec by Wolfe in 1759 practically ended the struggle; and by the Treaty of Paris in 1763, what was then called Canada, with the parts of New France between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi, was ceded to Great Britain. During the revolution which led to the constitution of the United States as a new nation, Canada remained loyal to the mother-country. And the immigration into Canada at the close of the war of some thirty or forty thousand United Empire Loyalists, sadly shaking off the dust of their feet against the new republican polity, greatly strengthened the still numerically. weak English element in the loyal province, and permanently saved British interests in the vast area where till of late settlers of English speech

had been greatly outnumbered by those of French blood.

French literature in Canada, beginning with the books of the old explorers and missionaries, and including in modern days the poems of Fréchette, Crémazie, Le May, and Sulte, lies wholly without the scope of this work. And the earliest books in English written in Canada or about Canadasuch as the accounts of their explorations by the Londoner Samuel Hearne and the Scotsman Alexander Mackenzie, all dating from the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century-need only passing mention. Nor have the Earl of Selkirk's writings, William Smith's History of Canada (1815), or David Thompson's The War of 1812 much to do with the development of Canadian literature; as in the other colonies, a majority of the earlier writers were British born. From 1828 onwards Joseph Howe made his newspaper, the Nova Scotian, published in Halifax, an important literary as well as political organ, and secured for it Haliburton's humorous papers. In virtue of his three years' sojourn in Canada, and of his Lawrie Todd, Bogle Corbet, and other works dealing with Canadian life, John Galt (see pages 296-300) is at least associated with Canadian literature; and whoever it was who wrote it, the Canadian Boat Song,' referred to on page 298, is (in contrast to Moore's) a very noteworthy and early poetic outcome of a Scottish exile's life in the Canadian backwoods. Many of R. M. Ballantyne's stories (see page 623) reflect his experiences in the Hudson Bay territories, and have made two generations of British boys familiar with some aspects of life in those regions.

The first considerable verse writer in Canada was Mrs Susannah Moodie, youngest sister of Miss Agnes Strickland. With her husband, a Scottish officer who had seen service in the Low Countries and South Africa, she settled in Ontario in 1832, and before her death in 1885 produced a good deal of verse (including notable poems on the maple and the canoe) and much minor fiction. Charles Heavysege (1816–76), a Liverpool cabinetmaker, published after he settled in Canada, in 1853, sonnets, longer poems, novels, and several tragedies, of which the most important

was Saul. Isabella Valancey Crawford (1851–87), born in Dublin, came to Canada as a child, and is gratefully remembered for her lyrics, such as 'The Master Builder' and 'The Axe of the Pioneer.' George Frederick Cameron (1854-85), a Nova Scotian born, deserves to be regarded as the first native poet whose lyrics, intense and passionate, were greeted as admirable by the foremost English critics and poets. Educated at Queen's University, Kingston, Cameron became editor of a Kingston newspaper, and is perhaps best known for his defiant 'What reck we of the creeds of men?' At the end of the nineteenth century an enthusiastic Canadian anthologist was able to commemorate the work of no less than a hundred and thirty-five Canadian poets, of whom C. G. D. Roberts, Bliss Carman, W. W. Campbell, and Sir Gilbert Parker may be reckoned amongst the foremost.

In novels, tales, and stories Galt's first successor was Major John Richardson, author of Wacousta (1833), who was born in Ontario of Scottish parents. William Kirby, G. M. Adam, Miss Lily Dougall, and Miss M. M. Saunders are but a few amongst recent or living authors of romance and story. Grant Allen, though Canadian born, came to Oxford as a youth, and was reckoned amongst English authors. Sir Gilbert Parker, though serving as English M.P. from 1900, is still accounted a Canadian poet and Canadian novelist, and is the most conspicu

ous Canadian man of letters.

Amongst historical writers, besides Bourinot and C. G. D. Roberts, Kingsford and Goldwin Smith, should be named Robert Christie, James Hannay, George Bryce, J. C. Dent, and G. M. Adam. Mr Arthur Doughty's six volumes on Wolfe's campaign (1903) constitute a very important contribution to Canadian history. Alpheus Todd produced in his Parliamentary Government in England (1867–68) what even in England ranks as an authoritative work. Sir Daniel Wilson had attained eminence in Scotland as an antiquarian and historian ere in 1853, in mid-time of his life, he came to Toronto as Professor of History and English Literature. Sir William Logan, geologist,

was the first native man of science who can be reckoned amongst really eminent representatives of his profession: the Dawsons, father and son— Sir J. W. Dawson and Dr G. M. Dawson-worthily maintained the tradition. Sir John Murray 'of the Challenger, a supreme authority on oceanography, was born in Coburg, Ontario, and partly educated in Canada, but has done most of his scientific lifework in Britain. Dr Theal (see page 730) is a New Brunswicker. Dr J. B. Crozier, though settled in London, may be claimed by Canadians as one of their most original and stimulating thinkers and writers. Professor John Watson of Kingston went from Scotland to Canada in 1872, and has since then published a series of works on Kant, Schelling, Comte, Mill, and Spencer, on ethical

philosophy and Christian idealism, which rank him amongst our most fruitful writers on philosophy.

On the beginnings of literature in Canada, see the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (1883 et seq.), especially a paper by J. G. Bourinot in 1893, published also as a separate book, Canada's Intellectual Strength and Weakness; the same author's Intellec tual Development of the Canadian People; the relevant portions of the histories of Canada, particularly that by Roberts; Lighthall's collection of Songs of the Great Dominion (1889), and his anthology of Canadian Poems and Lays (Canterbury Poets,' 1891); Sladen and Roberts, Younger American Poets (1891); Stedman's Victorian Anthology (1895); Wetherell's Later Cana dian Poems (1893); Rand's Treasury of Canadian Verse (1900).

Thomas Chandler Haliburton (1796-1865) was born at Windsor in Nova Scotia, and educated in his native town. Called to the Bar in 1820, he became a member of the House of Assembly, Chief-Justice of the Common Pleas (1828), and Judge of the Supreme Court (1842). In 1856 he retired and settled in England, was made D.C.L. by Oxford, and in 1859-63 was Conservative M.P. for Launceston. He takes rank in British American literature mainly as creator of 'Sam Slick,' Yankee pedlar and clockmaker, whose quaint drollery, unsophisticated wit, simple but trenchant satire, knowledge of human nature, and aptitudè in the use of 'soft sawder' have given him a fair chance of immortality. The newspaper sketches (written anonymously) in which this character first appeared were collected in 1837-40 as The Clockmaker, or Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick of Slickville, and were continued as The Attaché, or Sam Slick in England (1843-44), the typical Yankee having been brought to England in this new capacity. Haliburton's other works include A Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia (1825-29); Bubbles of Canada (1839); The Old Judge, or Life in a Colony; The Letter-bag of the Great Western; Wise Saws and Modern Instances; Nature and Human Nature; Traits of American Humour; and Rule and Misrule of the English in America (1850). The Canadian humourist has had few successors in his own country; but he is recognised as the father of all such as have anywhere in America written humorous work in dialect. There is a Memoir by F. B. Crofton (1889).

Joseph Howe (1804-73) was the son of an emigrant-loyalist who came from Boston to Halifax after the American Revolution. Bred, like his father, a printer, he soon showed exceptional journalistic gifts, and in 1828 became proprietor and editor of the Nova Scotian, remarkable not merely as the paper in which Haliburton's 'Sam Slick' made his bow to the world, but for its editor's own brilliant contributions. These comprised sketches of his own experiences, ‘Western and Eastern Rambles ;' a series of papers, 'The Club,' on the model of Noctes Ambrosiana; and his weightier 'Legislative Reviews.' He became the most conspicuous man in provincial public life, the most eloquent speaker in the Assembly, Secretary of State, and