volumes of fairy tales (1859-60). To another category belong the works by which he is best known -his English Writers (carried down in 10 vols. to Shakespeare, 1864-94), A First Sketch of English Literature (1873, which before his death reached its 34th thousand); his Library of English Literature (5 vols. 1876–82); his English Literature in the Reign of Victoria (1881); besides four admirable series edited by him-Morley's Universal Library (63 vols. at a shilling, 1883-88), Cassell's National Library (214 vols. at threepence, 1886–90), the Carisbrooke Library (14 vols. 1888-91), and Morley's Companion Poets (9 vols. 1891-92). His Early Papers and Some Memories (1891) were largely autobiographical.

David Masson, the biographer of Milton, was born at Aberdeen in 1822, and educated at Marischal College there and at the University of Edinburgh, where he studied theology under Dr Chalmers. While still but a boy in years he was editing an Aberdeen weekly paper; for a time he was on the literary staff of the publishers of the present work, and to their 'Educational Course' he largely contributed; but by 1847 he had settled in London, and was busy writing for reviews, magazines, and encyclopædias. In 1852 he succeeded to the chair of English Literature in University College, vacated by A. H. Clough; in 1865 he was appointed to the corresponding chair in Edinburgh University, and this post he held till he retired from active work in 1895. From 1859 till 1868 he edited Macmillan's Magazine; his first published work, Essays, Biographical and Critical, saw the light in 1856, and was reprinted with other essays in 1874-76 in three volumes named from 'Wordsworth, Shelley, and Keats,' 'The Three Devils Luther's, Milton's, and Goethe's,' and 'Chatterton' respectively. But his greatest lifework is the magistral Life of John Milton, which justly claimed to be 'narrated in connection with the Political, Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of his Time;' admittedly the most complete biography extant of any Englishman, it has well been called 'a noble and final monument to the poet's memory.' The six volumes which it comprises appeared between the years 1859 and 1880, and, resting as they do on wide and laborious researches, present a marvellous compendium of material invaluable for the study not merely of Milton's life, but for all contemporary history—political, social, literary, theological. A three-volume edition of Milton's poems (1874; new ed. 1890) was followed by two smaller editions. Amongst Professor Masson's other works are books on the British novelists (1859), on recent British philosophy (1865), an exhaustive study of Drummond of Hawthornden (1873), a volume of Edinburgh Sketches and Memories (1892), and the admirable little book on De Quincey in the Men of Letters' series. Carlyle Personally and in his Writings (1885) bore testimony to a still more memorable friendship. Masson

edited the standard edition of De Quincey's works (1889-90); and as editor of the register of the Privy Council of Scotland from 1879 till 1898 he put much admirable historical work into the exhaustive but luminous introductions to the annual volumes published under his charge. He delivered the Rhind Lectures in 1885, and was appointed royal historiographer of Scotland in 1893. In London he had been the zealous secretary of the Friends of Italy; in Edinburgh he took an active part in promoting the higher education of women; and a succession of eminent writers revere him as a spiritual father. A vigorous and original thinker, a learned, sagacious, and open-minded historian, he has accepted the high responsibility and maintained the dignity of the true man of letters, and has from the first been recognised as an author of weight, as a critic of exceptional breadth and sanity.

Strafford's Doom.

The plot having been discovered, and those concerned in it having fled, the consequent indignation of the two Houses, backed by a perfect tumult in London, and cries of 'Justice, Justice,' from excited mobs in the streets, was fatal to Strafford. Knowing this, and that an attempt to bribe the Lieutenant of the Tower had failed, he himself wrote, on the 4th of May, to the King, expressing resignation to his fate, and only recommending his four young children to his Majesty's protection. On the 8th the Bill of Attainder passed the Lords in a thin House. All then depended on the King.

It is not for a historian to be very ready with opinions as to what a king, or any other person, might, could, or should have done on this or that occasion. But here there can be no doubt. All the sophistication in the world cannot make a doubt. If ever there may be a moment in a man's life when, with all the clamour of a nation urging to an act, all personal and State reasons persuading to it as expedient, and all the pressure of cir cumstances impelling to it as inevitable, still even they who would approve of the act in itself must declare that for that man to do it were dastardly, such a moment had come for Charles. To dare all, to see London and England in uproar, to lose throne, life, and everything, rather than assent to the death of his minister, was Charles's plain duty. Strafford had been his ablest minister by far, had laboured for him with heart and head, had made the supremacy of the Crown the cause of his life; not an act he had done, one may say, but was with Charles's consent, or his implied command and approbation; and it was in trust in all this, and in the royal promise that 'not a hair of his head should be touched,' that Strafford, against his own better judgment, had run If the words 'honour' the risk of coming to London. and 'fidelity' have any meaning, there was but one right course for the King. How did he behave? On Sunday the 9th of May he had a consultation with Juxon, Usher, and Williams, as spiritual advisers, and with his Privy Councillors generally, respecting his scruples of conscience. Juxon and Usher gave him the manly advice that, if his conscience did not consent to the act, he ought not to do it; Williams drew some distinction or other between 'public conscience' and 'private conscience.' The sophistry helped Charles. He appointed a commission, consisting of Arundel and other

lords, to give his assent to the Bill the next day. On the 11th, however, he sent the young Prince of Wales to the Lords with a last message in Strafford's behalf. It would be an unspeakable contentment,' he said, if the Lords and Commons would agree to change Strafford's punishment into close imprisonment for life, on pain of death without farther process on the least attempt to escape or to communicate with the King. If no less than his life can satisfy my people,' the letter ended, 'I must say Fiat justitia ;' and then there was a postscript, Neither suggesting at least a reprieve till Saturday. request was granted; and on Wednesday the 12th of May that proud curly head, the casket of that brain of power, rolled on the scaffold on Tower Hill.

(From the Life of Milton.)

William Young Sellar (1825-90), born near Golspie in Sutherland, was educated at Edinburgh Academy, Glasgow University, and, as a Snell exhibitioner, at Balliol. He graduated at Oxford with a classical first, in 1850 was elected a Fellow of Oriel, next acted as assistant-professor at Durham, Glasgow (1851-53), and St Andrews (1853-59), filled for four years the Greek chair at St Andrews, and was elected in 1863 to the Latin chair at Edinburgh. He made his name widely known by his brilliant Roman Poets of the Republic (1863; enlarged 1881), which was followed by The Roman Poets of the Augustan Age -Virgil (1877) and Horace and the Elegiac Poets (1892), the latter left unfinished at his death, and edited by his nephew, Mr Andrew Lang, with brief memoir in which it is said, not amiss, that his first book 'would, in France, have given him probably a claim to membership of the Academy.'

John Conington (1825–69), born at Boston, was five years at Rugby, and while at Magdalen College, Oxford, carried off the Hertford and Ireland scholarships (1844). In 1846 he migrated to University College, where in 1848 he was elected a Fellow. Determining not to take orders, he tried the study of law, but soon abandoned it, and was Latin professor at Oxford from 1854 until his untimely death at his native place. His greatest work is his edition of Virgil (3 vols. 1861-68), with its singularly subtle and suggestive essays. It is as a skilful verse translator that he is best known, not so much for his metrical version of Horace's odes as for his rendering of the Æneid (1866), in Scott's ballad-metre-perhaps as good in its way as a verse translation by one not born a poet could be. He published also a prose translation of the Eneid. He further completed Worsley's translation of the Iliad in the Spenserian stanza, and Englished Horace's Satires and Epistles admirably in the couplet of Pope. In 1872 appeared his edition of Persius and his Miscellaneous Writings, with a short Life of him by Professor H. J. S. Smith.

Thomas Edward Brown (1830-97), son of the incumbent of a small living at Douglas in the Isle of Man, was educated on the island till he came (as servitor) to Christ's Church College,

Oxford. He won a double first, was elected a Fellow of Oriel, and after teaching in the Isle of Man and at Gloucester, where Henley was one of his pupils, spent thirty years (1863-92) as a master at Clifton College. The rest of his life he spent in his beloved native island. His poetic temper was finer and richer than his poetic achievement, even his tenderest and most touching verses being somewhat rugged in form. Some of his lyrics are admirable; his notablest works were narrative poems in Manx English. Betsy Lee appeared in Macmillan's Magazine in 1873, and with other poems was included in Fo'c's'le Yarns (1881). Other collections were named from The Doctor (1887), The Manx Witch (1889), and Old John (1893); and all his poems were collected in one volume in 1900. His native humour, his warm love of nature and of the hills and winds and waves of Man, overflow into the two volumes of his letters published in 1900, with an introductory Memoir by Mr S. T. Irwin.

James Payn (1830-98) was the son of a clerk to the Thames Commissioners, did not learn much at Eton, but was crammed successfully for Woolwich. Health failing, he resolved to take orders, and while reading with a private tutor in Devonshire sent a contribution to Household Words; thus began the friendship with Dickens which influenced him for life. At Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1852, he published two volumes of verse, and finally decided to live by literature. He wrote industriously for the magazines, and in 1859 became editor (first at Edinburgh, from 1861 in London) of Chambers's Journal, in which, till he withdrew in 1874, many of his stories and articles appeared. The Lost Sir Massingberd ran in the Journal in 1864, and attracted a great deal of notice. His best-known novel, By Proxy, appeared in 1878, and rested for its popularity more on its whimsical humour, its knowledge of men, its ingenious situations, than on special knowledge of Chinese life. In 1882 to 1896 he was Sir Leslie Stephen's successor as editor of Cornhill. Of his other sixty novels the following are some of the most successful: A Woman's Vengeance, Carlyon's Year, Not Wooed but Won, Thicker than Water, The Talk of the Town, The Heir of the Ages, A Modern Dick Whittington (1892), A Trying Patient (1893), and In Market Overt (1895). His weekly column of literary and other miscellanea was long a feature of the Illustrated London News. Some Literary Recollections (1886) and Gleams of Memory (1894) are autobiographical; and there is an admirable biographical introduction by Sir Leslie Stephen to The Backwater of Life, a volume of essays by Payn published in 1900.

Sir John Skelton (1831-97) was born in Edinburgh, called to the Scottish Bar in 1854, and in 1892 became chairman of the Local Government Board for Scotland, of which he had

been secretary from 1868. Amongst his works were a defence of Mary Stuart (1876), sumptuous Lives of her (1893) and Charles I. (1898), besides Maitland of Lethington (1887; a brilliant and picturesque but strongly biassed book), The Crookit Meg (1880; a graphic story of life at Peterhead, originally published in Fraser's Magazine), and the Table Talk of Shirley (1895-96). wrote also on Dryden and on Bolingbroke, and was closely associated with Blackwood's Magazine; and, a friend and correspondent of Mr Froude's, he was made K.C.B. in the year of his death.

He

Edmund Yates (1831-94), born at Edinburgh, the son of the actor-manager Frederick Henry Yates, from 1847 till 1872 had a berth in the Post-Office, being for ten years chief of the missingletter department. Busily engaged in journalism -mainly as dramatic critic-by 1854, he became widely known as author of an offensively personal article on Thackeray. He produced many dramatic pieces, and published over a score of novels and other works, including Broken to Harness, Running the Gauntlet, and Black Sheep; was editor of Temple Bar, Tinsley's, and other periodicals; and in 1874 founded, with Grenville Murray, a successful 'society' weekly, The World, which, for a libel on Lord Lonsdale, involved him in 1884 in two months' imprisonment. The same year he issued his Recollections and Experiences.

Laurence Oliphant was born at Capetown in 1829. Both his parents belonged to Scottish families of distinction. His father was Sir Anthony Oliphant, at that time Attorney-General at the Cape; afterwards, Chief-Justice of Ceylon. His mother was a daughter of Colonel Campbell of the 72nd Highlanders. An only child, the idol of his parents, he was nurtured in such luxury that, had it not been for their religious disposition and the essential purity of his own character, he could hardly have escaped moral ruin--the common fate of spoiled children. As it was, it took him many years to fully realise that life held any responsibility for him more serious than that of amusing himself in relatively innocent ways. He was a traveller from his childhood-coming from Capetown to England at a very early age, and rejoining his parents in Ceylon when he was twelve years old. Five years later he was about to enter Cambridge University, when his parents decided on a two years' tour through Europe; whereupon he persuaded them that from an educational point of view it would be best for him to accompany them. From that time forward, for twenty years, he was, to use his own description, 'a rolling stone' through Europe, Africa, Asia, and America. Of the many important wars and revolutions of that stirring period there were few that he did not participate in, either actively or as an observer. He conspired with Garibaldi and saw Victor

Emmanuel crowned. When war broke out with Russia he hastened to the Crimea. In 1856 he was

assisting a filibustering adventure in Nicaragua, and narrowly escaped hanging. Failing to enter Parliament at the general election of 1857, he joined Lord Elgin's embassy to China, calling on the way at India, where the Mutiny was in progress. In China he accompanied the squadron which captured the Peiho forts, and was one of the party which scaled the walls of Tientsin. In 1861 he was in Yedo as one of the British Legation, and in that famous midnight assault with which the Japanese tried to expel the unwelcome foreigners he was severely wounded. After participating in the Polish insurrection of 1863 and the war in Schleswig-Holstein in 1864, he returned to London, meaning to enter Parliament. Well-born, personally attractive, brilliant as a writer, witty and genial, he was already a favourite in the fashionable world, and it seemed as though the highest social and political honours were at his disposal. He entered the House of Commons as member for the Stirling Burghs, and was regarded with reason as amongst the most promising of coming Liberal statesmen.

About this time, however, occurred a turningpoint in Oliphant's career. He came under the influence of Mr Thomas Lake Harris, then an obscure preacher of mystical doctrines. The man of pleasure, careless but not vicious, was awakened by this teacher to a consciousness of some of the deeper realities of existence. Up to thirty-eight years of age Oliphant had been possessed by an absorbing passion for knowing whatever could be known. It had been a period of learning, of preparation-a prolonged boyhood. Of the meaning of life he had hardly begun to think. But he had learned much, and qualified himself, as he said, to be a citizen of the world by an extended knowledge of it; and, when he came to settle down, Mayfair and Parliament proved, by comparison, trivial. The long preparation had qualified him for something larger and better than anything they could offer; their prizes, precious to others, did not allure him. When, at the moment of disillusion, Mr Harris opened out to him visions of broader and nobler possibilities in new worlds yet unexplored, he appealed alike to his conscious need and his love of adventure. In 1867 he startled London society by his sudden departure for America, where he joined the community of the Brotherhood of the New Life at Brocton, on the shores of Lake Erie. He had thrown in his lot with Mr Harris, and with characteristic impetuosity and thoroughness had cast away his worldly prospects to work thenceforward, for the remainder of his days, for the regeneration, first of himself, and afterwards, when self-renunciation had qualified him, for the regeneration of mankind. The basis of his philosophy and religion was a belief that there were latent forces in nature which could be utilised in the interests of the human race, but, misused, would prove to be sources of grave peril. The first condition for successful work in this direction was absolute personal purity

of life. On the mystical doctrines of 'open breathing' and the two-in-one' which entered largely into Oliphant's beliefs it is not necessary to enlarge. He associated himself also with certain phases of spiritualism, disclaiming the authorship of some of his later books on the ground that he was simply the 'writing medium.' From the time he abandoned London society he lived a cheerful and even joyous life in the service of others. By many of his friends his career, thus diverted at the hour of its brightest promise, was counted a failure; but Oliphant himself thought otherwise, and, considering what he gained by the renunciation, he counted the world well lost.

Oliphant's mother, Lady Oliphant, became a member of the Brotherhood of the New Life a year later than himself. In 1872 he was married to Alice le Strange, of Hunstanston, Norfolk, who also joined the community. Lady Oliphant died in 1881, and in the same year Oliphant and his wife severed their connection with Mr Harris. The following year they established a settlement at Haifa in Palestine, where, in 1886, Mrs Oliphant died. In August 1888 Oliphant was married to Rosamond, daughter of Robert Dale Owen, and granddaughter of the famous Robert Owen. Two days later he was seized with a severe illness, and before the close of the year he died.

Oliphant's contributions to literature were numerous; they included books of travel, graphically written, some clever satires on society, and two novels scarcely so successful. His chief works are The Russian Shores of the Black Sea (1853); The Transcaucasian Campaign of the Turkish Army under Omer Pasha (1856); Narrative of the Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and Japan (1859); Patriots and Filibusters (1860); Piccadilly (1866); The Land of Gilead (1880); Traits and Travesties (1882); Altiora Peto, a novel (1883); Sympneumata (1885); Haifa, or Life in Modern Palestine (1885); Masollam, a novel (1886); Scientific Religion (1888). The authorised biography is the Memoir (2 vols. 1891) by Mrs Oliphant the novelist, who justly acknowledges her inability to understand the mystical philosophy which had so important a bearing on Oliphant's character and

career.

A Filibustering Expedition.

It was on the last day of the year [1857] that the good ship Texas cleared out of New Orleans with three hundred emigrants on board. At least we called ourselves emigrants a misnomer which did not prevent the civic authorities, with the city marshal at their head, trying to stop us; but we had the sympathies of the populace with us, and under their ægis laughed the law to scorn. It would have been quite clear to the most simple-minded observer what kind of emigrants we were the day after we got out to sea and the men were put through their squad-drill on deck. There were Englishmen who had been private soldiers in the Crimea, Poles who had fought in the last Polish insurrection, Hungarians who had fought under Kossuth, Italians who had struggled through the revolutions of '48, Western 'boys' who had

just had six months' fighting in Kansas, while of the 'balance' the majority had been in one or other of the Lopez expeditions to Cuba. Many could exhibit bulletwounds and sword-cuts, and scars from manacles, which they considered no less honourable — notwithstanding all which, the strictest order prevailed. No arms were allowed to be carried. There were always two officers

As

of the day who walked about with swords buckled over their shooting-jackets, and sixteen men told off as a guard to maintain discipline. Alas! the good behaviour and fine fighting qualities of these amiable emigrants were destined to be of no avail; for on our arrival at the mouth of the San Juan River we found a British squadron lying at anchor to keep the peace, and the steamer by which we hoped to ascend the river in the hands of our enemies, the Costa Ricans. . . . Just before sunset we observed, to our dismay, a British man-of-war's boat pulling towards us; and a moment later Captain Cockburn, of H.M.S. Cossack, was in the captain's cabin, making most indiscreet inquiries as to the kind of emigrants we were. It did not require long to satisfy him; and as I incautiously hazarded a remark which betrayed my nationality, I was incontinently ordered into his boat as a British subject, being where a British subject had no right to be. As he further announced that he was about to moor his ship in such a position as would enable him, should fighting occur in the course of the night, to fire into both combatants with entire impartiality, I the less regretted this abrupt parting from my late companions, the more especially as, on asking him who commanded the squadron, I found it was a distant cousin. This announcement on my part was received with some incredulity, and I was taken on board the Orion, an 80-gun ship, carrying the flag of Admiral Erskine, to test its veracity, while Captain Cockburn made his report of the Texas and her passengers. soon as the Admiral recovered from his amazement at my appearance, he most kindly made me his guest, and I spent a very agreeable time for some days, watching the 'emigrants' disconsolately pacing the deck, for the Costa Ricans gave them the slip in the night and went up the river, and their opponents found their occupation gone. . . . Poor Walker! he owed all his misfortunes, and finally his own untimely end, to British interference; for on his return to Central America, where he intended to make Honduras the base of his operations, he was captured at Truxillo by Captain (now Sir Nowell) Salmon, and handed over to the Honduras Government, who incontinently hanged him. This was the usual fate which followed failure in this country; and those who fought in it knew they were doing so with a rope round their necks-which doubtless improved their fighting qualities. I did not know, however, until my return to England, that rumour had accredited me with so tragic an end, when, at the first party I went to, my partner, a very charming young person, whom I was very glad to see again after my various adventures, put out two fingers by way of greeting, raised her eyebrows with an air of mild surprise, and said in the most silvery and unmoved voice, 'Oh, how d'ye do? I thought you were hung!" I think it was rather a disappointment to her that I was not. There is a novelty in the sensation of an old and esteemed dancing partner being hanged, and it forms a pleasing topic of conversation with the other (From Episodes in a Life of Adventure.) WALTER LEWIN.

ones.

Thomas William Robertson (1829–71) was born at Newark-on-Trent of a family that had for generations produced actors and actresses, and was himself brought up almost on the boards. In 1848 the Lincoln circuit, with which his father was connected, ceased to pay; the company was broken up, and Tom came to London. There and elsewhere he struggled for a living, acting as prompter and stage manager, writing unsuccessful plays, acting himself, writing for newspapers and magazines (Fun amongst them), translating French plays, and so forth; but he never became an actor of mark. His first success as a dramatist-when he was seriously thinking of becoming a tobacconist --was with David Garrick in 1864, the title-rôle of which was one of Sothern's great things. Spite of its name, this was substantially an adaptation from the French; and it was followed by a more original study of English Bohemianism, his comedy Society, first produced at Liverpool (1865), and received there and in London with the warmest approval. Ours (1866), produced by the Bancrofts at the Prince of Wales's Theatre in London, thoroughly established Robertson's fame; and from that time his pen was kept incessantly busy. Caste (1867), Play (1868), School (1869), M.P. (1870)—all brought out by the Bancrofts at the Prince of Wales's; and Home (1869), and Dreams (1869), the former at the Haymarket, the latter at the Gaiety, were all equally successful. But in the midst of his triumphs the author died. His best comedies-notably Caste and School-still retain their popularity, which rests on the excellence of their construction and stagecraft, their merry humour, their healthy tone, their happy contrasts, and the sunny spirit that shines through them. His Principal Dramatic Works were published with a Memoir by his son in two volumes in 1880; and a more formal biography, his Life and Writings, by Pemberton in 1893.

Henry James Byron (1834-84), the son of a British consul in the West Indies, was born in Manchester, and entered the Middle Temple in 1858, but became famous as a prolific and popular writer of burlesques and extravaganzas. He wrote extensively for periodicals, was the first editor of Fun, and leased several theatres, where he produced more ambitious plays, in which he himself occasionally appeared-comedies or domestic dramas of a sort, enlivened by the smart dialogue and brisk incidents of farce. The best was Cyril's Success (1868); the most successful, Our Boys, which had an unprecedented run in London for more than four years (from the beginning of 1875). The Upper Crust suited Toole admirably. Byron excelled in depicting Cockney vulgarity; his dialogue is usually clever and amusing, but overladen with repartee and puns, for which he readily sacrificed probability and appropriateness. His plots have a considerable measure of originality and ingenuity, and even of human interest, but are always artificial and often inane. His verse was

uniformly poor; and his work showed altogether a serious falling off from the standard even of Robertson.

John Nichol (1833-94), son of a Glasgow professor of astronomy, was educated at Glasgow and Balliol College, Oxford, and from 1862 to 1889, when he resigned, was Professor of English Literature in Glasgow University. Hannibal (1873), a drama, was his first notable achievement; The Death of Themistocles, and other Poems (1881), his next. But, a pithy and accomplished writer both in verse and prose, he was known also as author of little books on Byron ('Men of Letters,' 1889), on Burns, and on Carlyle, and of a history of American literature (1882), originally contributed to the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Professor Knight published a Life of him in 1896.

Roden Noel (1834-94)—in full the Hon. RODEN BERKELEY WRIOTHESLEY NOEL-was a son of the Lord Barham made Earl of Gainsborough in 1841, and graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge. Behind the Veil (1863) was the first of a series of more than half a-dozen poems or books of poems (including Songs of the Heights and Deeps and A Little Child's Monument); besides a drama in verse. There was also from the same pen a volume of Essays on various poets from Chatterton to Whitman, and a short Life of Shelley; and Mr Roden Noel edited selections from Spenser and from Otway's plays.

Joseph Henry Shorthouse (1834-1903) was born at Birmingham, and became a chemical manufacturer there. He was profoundly interested in religious questions; bred a Quaker, he was as a grown man baptised into the Church of England. The greater part of his working life he devoted to business, though to literature he gave of his best. It was not till 1881, when he was within measurable distance of fifty, that his romance John Inglesant, on which he had been engaged for many years, and which had been privately printed the year before, carried his name over England; and people asked in surprise, 'Can such a thing come out of Birmingham, and be by a Birmingham manufacturer?' For the work was a protest in a modern and materialistic age and country in favour of old-world High Church religious fervour, chivalrous devotion to a sovereign, and holy reverence for woman. It awakened echoes in unlikely quarters, and stirred all readers who realise the eternal conflict between flesh and spirit. The mystical romance would never have been printed but for the urgency of Mr Shorthouse's friends; when submitted to James Payn it was rejected as defective in structure and lacking in the elements of popularity. It never was popular in the ordinary sense; yet a sale of over 80,000 copies had by 1901 testified to a grip on contemporary thought that was more than a succès d'estime. The Little Schoolmaster Mark (1883-84) met with no