I've rolled my limbs in ecstasy along The dread earth-whisper, booming in mine ear— More grand in diapason than the roll Among the mountains of the thunder-psalm! Spare it no pang. So shalt thou be prepared To make thy song a tempest, and to shake I woke, and found myself in Badajoz. But from that day, with frantic might, I've striven Sir Theodore Martin, K.C.B., born in Edinburgh in 1816, was educated at the High School and university, and in 1846 settling in London, became a prosperous parliamentary solicitor. Besides his poetical labours in collaboration with Aytoun (see page 475), he translated Horace, Catullus, Virgil, and Goethe's Faust; the Vita Nuova of Dante; the Correggio and Aladdin of the Danish poet Ehlenschläger; King Rene's Daughter, a Danish lyrical drama by Henrik Hertz; and Poems and Ballads by Heine. He was selected by Queen Victoria to write the Life of the Prince Consort (5 vols. 1874-80), on its completion being made a K.C.B. He wrote Lives also of Professor Aytoun (1867), of Lord Lyndhurst (1883), of the Princess Alice (1885), and of his own wife (1901), whom he married in 1851-Helen Faucit (18201898), the accomplished actress, and author of the delightful studies On Some of Shakespeare's Female Characters (1885). Sir Arthur Helps (1813–75), born at Streatham in Surrey, passed from Eton to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was a member of the famous Apostles' Club, along with Maurice, Trench, Monckton Milnes, and Tennyson. He was private secretary first to Spring-Rice, then Chancellor of the Exchequer; next to Lord Morpeth, the Irish Secretary; and on the fall of the Melbourne Ministry he retired to enjoy twenty years of lettered leisure. Appointed Clerk to the Privy-Council (1860), he became well known to Queen Victoria, who formed a high opinion of his character and talents. Thus he was employed to edit the Principal Speeches and Addresses of the late Prince Consort (1862), and the Queen's own Leaves from a Journal of Our Life in the Highlands (1868). His first work was a series of aphorisms, Thoughts in the Cloister and the Crowd, published as early as 1835; his next, Essays written in the Intervals of Business (1841). Two poor plays followed, then The Claims of Labour (1844). Friends in Council (two series, 1847-59) was a collection of wonderfully attractive discussions on social questions, thrown into a conversational form. The same familiar speakers (Milverton, Ellesmere, and Dunsford) reappeared in Realmah (1869), Conversations on War and General Culture (1871), and Talk about Animals and their Masters (1873). His strong interest in the question of slavery prompted his Conquerors of the New World (1848–52), and the greater work, The Spanish Conquest in America (4 vols. 1855-61). Out of his studies for this history grew his admirable biographies of Las Casas, Columbus, Pizarro, and Cortes. Other books were a Life of Thomas Brassey, Companions of my Solitude, Casimir, Maremma, Brevia, and treatises on government and social pressure. Helps, who was made successively D.C.L., C.B., and K.C.B. (1872), was a most suggestive essayist, revealing everywhere acuteness, humour, a satire which gives no pain, and a keen sense of man's social responsibilities; his style is unusually clear and graceful. But though many of his works-especially Friends in Council and Realmah-were eminently popular, his message was mainly to his contemporaries. Discovery of the Pacific by Balboa. Early in September 1513 Vasco Nuñez de Balboa set out on his renowned expedition for finding 'the other sea,' accompanied by a hundred and ninety men well armed, and by dogs, which were of more avail than men, and by Indian slaves to carry the burdens. He went by sea to the territory of his father-in-law, King Careta, by whom he was well received, and accompanied by whose Indians he moved on into Poncha's territory. This cacique took flight, as he had done before, seeking refuge amongst his mountains; but Vasco Nuñez, whose first thought in his present undertaking was discovery and not conquest, sent messengers to Poncha, promising not to hurt him. The Indian chief listened to these overtures, and came to Vasco Nuñez with gold in his hands. It was the policy of the Spanish commander on this occasion to keep his word we have seen how treacherous he could be when it was not his policy; but he now did no harm to Poncha, and, on the contrary, he secured his friendship by presenting him with looking-glasses, hatchets, and hawkbells, in return for which he obtained guides and porters from among this cacique's people, which enabled him to prosecute his journey. Following Poncha's guides, Vasco Nuñez and his men commenced the ascent of the mountains, until he entered the country of an Indian chief called Quarequa, whom they found fully prepared to resist them. The brave Indian advanced at the head of his troops, meaning to make a vigorous attack; but they could not withstand the discharge of the firearms; indeed, they believed the Spaniards to have thunder and lightning in their hands-not an unreasonable fancy-and, flying in the utmost terror from the place of battle, a total rout ensued. The rout was a bloody one, and is described by an author, who gained his information from those who were present at it, as a scene to remind one of the shambles. The king and his principal men were slain, to the number of six hundred. In speaking of these people, Peter Martyr makes mention of the sweetness of their language, and how all the words might be written in Latin letters, as was also to be remarked in that of the inhabitants of Hispaniola. This writer also mentionsand there is reason for thinking that he was rightly informed that there was a region not two days' journey from Quarequa's territory, in which Vasco Nuñez found a race of black men, who were conjectured to have come from Africa, and to have been shipwrecked on this coast. Leaving several of his men, who were ill, or over-weary, in Quarequa's chief town, and taking with him guides from this country, the Spanish commander pursued his way up the most lofty sierras there, until, on the 25th of September 1513, he came near to the top of a mountain from whence the South Sea was visible. The distance from Poncha's chief town to this point was forty leagues, reckoned then six days' journey, but Vasco Nuñez and his men took twenty-five days to do it in, suffering much from the roughness of the ways and from the want of provisions. A little before Vasco Nuñez reached the height, Quarequa's Indians informed him of his near approach to it. It was a sight which any man would wish to be alone to see. Vasco Nuñez bade his men sit down while he alone ascended and looked down upon the vast Pacific, the first man of the Old World, so far as we know, who had done so. Falling on his knees, he gave thanks to God for the favour shown to him in his being the first man to discover and behold this sea; then with his hand he beckoned to his men to come up. When they had come, both he and they knelt down and poured forth their thanks to God. He then addressed them in these words: 'You see here, gentlemen and children mine, how our desires are being accomplished, and the end of our labours. Of that we ought to be certain, for as it has turned out true what King Comogre's son told of this sea to us, who never thought to see it, so I hold for certain that what he told us of there being incomparable treasures in it will be fulfilled. God and his blessed mother who have assisted us, so that we should arrive here and behold this sea, will favour us that we may enjoy all that there is in it.' Every great and original action has a prospective greatness, not alone from the thoughts of the man who achieves it, but from the various aspects and high thoughts which the same action will continue to present and call up in the minds of others to the end, it may be, of all time. And so a remarkable event may go on acquiring more and more significance. In this case, our knowledge that the Pacific, which Vasco Nuñex then beheld, occupies more than one-half of the earth's surface, is an element of thought which in our minds lightens up and gives an awe to this first gaze of his upon those mighty waters. To him the scene might not at that moment have suggested much more than it would have done to a mere conqueror; indeed, Peter Martyr likens Vasco Nuñez to Hannibal showing Italy to his soldiers. Sir William Smith (1813-93), who by his dictionaries of classical and Christian learning rendered great service to general culture in the nineteenth century, was the son of an Enfield householder. He studied classics at University College, London, after being articled to a solicitor, and becoming a teacher, was soon editing classical manuals and writing for the Penny Cyclopædia. His Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, largely his own work, with contributions from scholars like J. W. Donaldson, Benjamin Jowett, Henry George Liddell, and George Long, appeared in 1842, and was ultimately much extended. Other dictionaries of which he was mainly editor were those of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (1849), of ancient geography (1857), of the Bible (1860-65), of Christian antiquities (with Cheetham, 1875-80), and of Christian biography (1877-87). He also edited smaller dictionaries of classical subjects, a 'Principia' series of schoolbooks, students' manuals of various kinds, and an annotated Gibbon; he wrote a 'student's' history of Greece; and from 1867 till his death he edited the Quarterly Review. LL.D., D.C.L., and Ph.D. of Leipzig, he was knighted in 1892. Mark Pattison (1813-84) was born at Hornby in the North Riding of Yorkshire, and brought up in the neighbouring parish of Hauxwell, of which his father had become rector. The eldest of twelve children (of whom ten were daughters), he was educated at home until he entered Oriel College, Oxford, in 1832. A shy and awkward lad, diffident and hesitating, he suffered much in his first years as an undergraduate, but duly took his Bachelor's degree in 1836 with a second-class in classics, was elected a Fellow of Lincoln College, and ordained deacon. Under the dominant influence of Newman he gave himself first to the study of theology, wrote two Lives of the Saints, translated for the 'Library of the Fathers,' and almost followed his master into the fold of Rome. We have his own account of his spiritual growth out of the Puritanism of his home into Anglicanism, and see how the still wider horizon of the Catholic Church opened itself up before his eyes, only to disappear before 'the highest development, when all religions appear in their historical light as efforts of the human spirit to come to an understanding with that Unseen Power whose presence it feels, but whose motives are a riddle.' The reaction from Newmanism reawakened his zeal for pure scholarship; he became a tutor of exceptional influence, and acting head of the college as sub-rector, under Dr Radford. At Radford's death (1851) Pattison was kept out of the headship which was his right, and a further unsuccessful attempt was made to deprive him of his fellowship on a technical plea. The result of his disappointment was that for ten years he took little real interest in the life of Oxford. He published an article on education in the Oxford Essays, acted on a commission on education in Germany, and served for three months of 1858 as Times correspondent at Berlin. Meanwhile he gave himself to severe and unbroken study, and scholars soon came to recognise his Roman hand in the columns of the Quarterly, the Westminster, and the Saturday Review. His report on German education appeared in 1859; his paper on 'Tendencies of Religious Thought in England, 1688– 1750,' was one of the famous Essays and Reviews (1860). At length in 1861 he was elected Rector of his college, but, though he made an exemplary head, the spring and elasticity of earlier days were gone. In 1862 he married the accomplished Emilia Frances Strong, afterwards Lady Dilke, who helped him to make Lincoln a social and intellectual centre for a world much wider than the walls of Oxford. Down to his last illness he lived wholly for study, maintaining the mediæval rather than the modern ideal of the scholar's life. Everything he wrote was characteristic; nowhere else among contemporaries could be found such fullness of knowledge set in such terse and vigorous English. Yet his standard of perfection was so high that his actual achievement is rather suggestive than representative of his powers, and the greatest project of his life-the study of Scaliger—remains a fragment printed in his collected Essays (1889). He actually published Suggestions on Academical Organisation (1868); admirably annotated editions of Pope's Essay on Man (1869) and Satires and Epistles (1872); the monograph on Isaac Casaubon (1875), which grew out of his Scaliger studies; Milton, almost the best book in the English Men of Letters' series (1879); the Sonnets of Milton (1883); and a collection of Sermons (1885). His volume of posthumous Memoirs (1885) was a strikingly frank judgment of himself and others, and a remarkable revelation of a singular moral and intellectual personality. George Gilfillan (1813–78), son of the Secession minister at Comrie, studied at Glasgow University, and from 1836 till his death was minister of a Secession (later United Presbyterian) congregation in Dundee. But it was by a series of papers on the literary men of the time that he became known. These, ultimately published as a Gallery of Literary Portraits (3 vols. 1845-54), were originally contributed to a Dumfries newspaper edited by Gilfillan's friend Thomas Aird, and from the first were immensely popular and stimulating. He had a high reputation as an eloquent preacher and genial-liberal theologian, but henceforward wrote, edited, and compiled incessantly, being remarkable rather for the warmth and width of his literary sympathies than for his critical acumen. For Nichol, an Edinburgh publisher, he edited a comprehensive series of British poets, with memoirs, dissertations, and notes (48 vols. 18531860). He celebrated the Scottish Covenanters, the English Puritans, and the Secession preachers in ́volumes; wrote Lives of Burns, Scott, David Vedder, and others; published, besides sermons, lectures, and smaller theological works, Alpha and Omega (1850), a volume of Bible studies, and Bards of the Bible (1851), which reached a seventh edition in 1887; and in his History of Man (1856) produced a curious melange of autobiography and fiction. (The Sketches Literary and Theological, published in 1881 after his death, were excerpts from an unfinished continuation of this work.) His only poem in verse-though much of his prose was dithyrambic, rhetorical, and full of audacious flights of fantasy-was Night, a Poem (in nine books, 1867), which, spite of many years' polishing, turned out to be less poetic and popular than his prose. David Livingstone (1813-73), greatest of missionary explorers, was born at Blantyre in Lanarkshire, and from ten till twenty-four years old worked in a cotton-mill there. Resolving to become a missionary, he was trained for the service of the London Missionary Society; and sailing for Africa a fully-equipped medical missionary in 1840, he laboured for years amongst the Bechuanas. Repulsed by the Boers when he attempted to establish native missionaries in the Transvaal, he struck north and discovered Lake Ngami; and between 1852 and 1856 made his famous journey westward across the continent to the Atlantic, amidst sicknesses, perils, and difficulties without number. The story of his adventures and of his discovery of the Victoria Falls of the Zambesi awakened extraordinary enthusiasm, and was recorded in his Missionary Travels (1857). He next took service under Government as chief of an expedition for exploring the Zambesi, and between 1858 and 1863, when he was recalled, studied the Zambesi, Shiré, and Rovuma rivers; discovered Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa; and became convinced that, spite of Portuguese officials and slave-traders, Nyassa and its basin was the best field for missionary and commercial enterprise. His second book, The Zambesi and its Tributaries (1865), was largely designed to expose the Portuguese slave-dealers. His next journey, begun in 1866, was undertaken on behalf of the Royal Geographical Society, to settle vexed questions as to the sources of the Nile and the watershed of Central Africa. He discovered Lakes Moero and Bangweolo; saw the Lualaba, which he supposed to be the upper Nile, though not certain it was not (what it proved to be) the upper Congo; and, after severe illness, found Mr Stanley, or was found by him, at Ujiji on Tanganyika (in November 1871). Stanley had been sent by the New York Herald to look for and succour him, and the two examined Tanganyika and decided it was not part of the Nile basin. But spite of illhealth determined to solve the problem, he returned to Bangweolo, and in Ilala was found dead by his attendants (1st May 1873), who, faithful to the last, carried his body to the coast. By his strenuous and self-denying labours and his singularly great and valuable geographical discoveries, he had worthily earned the resting-place in Westminster Abbey to which he was borne nearly a year after his death in Central Africa. His own Last Journals, published in 1874, bring the record of his great third journey down to within a few days of its tragic close. The indomitable and powerful but simple and noble character of the man is reflected in his literary work, which is artless and straightforward, without any attempt at securing literary effect. His books are but an accident of his work. His most exciting adventures and his most brilliant discoveries are told in the main with the same unaffected simplicity as the most ordinary daily experiences; though episodes like his first great adventure with the lion and his first view of the Victoria Falls stand out from the background of painfully plotted marchings and delays, daily recurring successes and failures, and frankly recorded hopes and aspirations. Robert Nicoll (1814-37) was the son of a ruined farmer at Auchtergaven in Perthshire. After being an apprenticed grocer at Perth, he managed a circulating library at Dundee; and having steadily cultivated his mind by reading and writing, he became editor of the Leeds Times, a weekly paper representing extreme Liberal opinions. He overworked himself in an election contest; at twenty-three died of consumption at Trinity near Edinburgh; and was buried in Leith. He wrote songs and occasional poems marked by simplicity, tenderness, and some humour. Some of the Scotch poems of this lad of twenty-three are still remembered by his countrymen; among the bestknown are 'We are Brethren a', 'Thoughts of Heaven,' 'The Dew is on the Summer's greenest Grass.' See the Memoir by Mrs Johnstone in the edition of 1844, and the biography by P. R. Drummond (1884). Charles Mackay (1814-89), author of 'Cheer, Boys! Cheer!' and a hundred other songs vastly popular in their day, was born, the son of a half-pay naval lieutenant, at Perth. His mother being dead, he spent his first eight years with a nurse in a lonely house on the Firth of Forth. He was educated at the Caledonian Asylum in Hatton Garden, and later at Brussels acquired a knowledge of French, German, Italian, and Spanish. While acting as private secretary to an ironmaster near Liége he began contributing French articles and English poems to Belgian newspapers. In 1834, having returned to London, he published his first volume, Songs and Poems, and began his career as a journalist. From the office of the Sun he passed to that of the Morning Chronicle, and in 1844 became editor of the Glasgow Argus. Meanwhile he had written a History of London; a romance, Longbeard, Lord of London; and books on The Thames and its Tributaries and on Popular Delusions, as well as two further volumes of poetry. It was while he was in Glasgow in 1846 that some of his songs were set to music by Henry Russell, and suddenly attained a world-wide popularity, selling in editions of hundreds of thousands. Glasgow University conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1846; and in 1852 he became editor of the Illustrated London News. In the previous year this paper had begun to issue musical supplements, each containing an original song by Mackay set to an old English air by Sir Henry Bishop. These also proved immensely popular, and were afterwards collected and published as Songs by Charles Mackay. He was entertained to a banquet at the Reform Club to celebrate his starting of the London Review in 1860; but neither this nor Robin Goodfellow, another periodical he took in hand, proved successful. As Times correspondent during the American Civil War he discovered and revealed the Fenian conspiracy in America. During his later years many volumes, both of prose and poetry, came from his pen. Among others were a History of the Mormons, a fantastic book on Gaelic etymology, and two interesting volumes of reminiscences. By his first wife he had three sons (one of them Eric-1851-98-author of half-a-dozen volumes of verse) and a daughter; and Miss Marie Corelli was his adopted child. Cheer, Boys! Cheer-The Departing Emigrants. Cheer, boys! cheer! for England, mother England! Cheer, boys! cheer !—in the new and happy land! The star of empire glitters in the West. Here we had toil, and little to reward it, But there shall plenty smile upon our pain, And ours shall be the mountain and the forest, And boundless prairies ripe with golden grain. Cheer, boys! cheer! for England, mother England! Cheer, boys! cheer! united heart and hand!Cheer, boys! cheer! there's wealth for honest labour Cheer, boys! cheer !—in the new and happy land! Who shall be Fairest? Who shall be fairest? Who shall be rarest? Who shall be first in the songs that we sing? When Fortune is blindest, Bearing through winter the blooms of the spring; Charm of our gladness, Friend of our sadness, Angel of life when its pleasures take wing! She shall be fairest, She shall be rarest, She shall be first in the songs that we sing! Who shall be nearest, Noblest, and dearest, Named but with honour and pride evermore? He, the undaunted, Whose banner is planted On Glory's high ramparts and battlements hoar; Fearless of danger, To falsehood a stranger, Looking not back while there's Duty before! He shall be nearest, He shall be dearest, He shall be first in our hearts evermore. Frederick William Faber (1814-63) was born at Calverley in Yorkshire, passed from Shrewsbury School to Harrow, and thence to Balliol College, Oxford, where in 1834 he was elected a scholar of University College, in 1837 a Fellow. Already he had come under the influence of Newman, and in 1845, after three years' tenure of the rectory of Elton in Huntingdonshire, he followed him into the Roman fold, and at Birmingham founded a community of converts, 'the Wilfridians,' he himself being Brother Wilfrid, from his Life of St Wilfrid (1844). With his companions he joined in 1848 the Oratory of St Philip Neri, of which a branch was then established in England by Newman; next year a branch under Faber's care was established in London, and finally located at Brompton in 1854. Faber wrote many theological works; but his fame rests upon his hymns-'The Pilgrims of the Night,' 'The Land beyond the Sea,' 'My God, how wonderful Thou art,' 'Souls of men, why will ye scatter?' are amongst those in use by Christians of all denominations; for though they were designed for the use of English Roman Catholic fellow-believers, many of them have been heartily adopted as a fervent expression of their faith alike by English Churchmen and by evangelical Nonconformists. A collection of a hundred and fifty of them was published in 1862. See the Lives by J. E. Bowden (1869; new ed. 1892) and his brother, F. A. Faber (1869). Sir John William Kaye (1814-70), son of a London solicitor, was educated at Eton and Addiscombe, served in the Bengal Artillery for ten years, and was ultimately John Stuart Mill's successor as secretary of a department in the East India Company's office in London. He wrote a memorable series of works, begun by a novel in 1845, and including the famous history of The War in Afghanistan (2 vols. 1851) and The Sepoy War in India (3 vols. 1857-58; completed by Malleson as The History of the Indian Mutiny, 6 vols. 1890), besides histories of the East India Company and of Christianity in India, and Lives of Sir John Malcolm and other Indian soldiers and statesmen. His works showed not only conscientious research but much of the true historical spirit, and were written with a dignity suited to his subjects. His name was a household word in India, both amongst AngloIndians and natives. He was K.C.S.I. and F.R.S. William Henry Giles Kingston (1814–80), though born in London, was the son of a merchant in Oporto, and there spent much of his youth. He had already published two stories and a book of Portuguese travel, when he found his life-work in the immediate success of Peter the Whaler (1851), the first of over a hundred and fifty similar books for boys, simple, vigorous, healthy in tone, and full of daring adventures and hair-breadth escapes. Among the most popular were The Three Midshipmen (1862), The Three Lieutenants (1874), The Three Commanders (1875), and The Three Admirals (1877). Kingston took an active interest in many philanthropic schemes, such as seamen's missions and assisted emigration. A Portuguese knighthood was conferred on him in 1842 for helping to bring about a commercial treaty with England. Samuel Phillips (1814–54), son of a Hebrew shopkeeper in Regent Street, tried the stage, studied at London and Göttingen, and at Cambridge was qualifying for orders in the Church of England when his father died. After a vain struggle with the family business, he took to writing for a livelihood, his best-known novel, Caleb Stukely (sent to Blackwood in 1842) just serving to save him and his wife from starvation. In 1845 he became a leader-writer to the Times, a post he held all the rest of his life; he was also 'literary director' to the Crystal Palace from 1853 Charles Reade was born at Ipsden House in Oxfordshire, on the 8th of June 1814. The youngest of eleven, he came on both sides of good lineage, his father a squire; from his mother, a clever woman of strong Evangelical convictions, he 'inherited his dramatic instinct.' After five years (largely flogging) at Iffley, and six under two other and milder private tutors, in 1831 he gained a demyship at Magdalen College, Oxford, and in 1835, having taken a third-class in honours, was duly elected to a lay fellowship. Next year he entered at Lincoln's Inn, and in 1843 was called to the Bar, having meanwhile made the first of many tours abroad and at home, and developed a craze for trading in violins. 'I studied the great art of Fiction for fifteen years before I presumed to write a line of it,' is his own report; and it was not till 1850 that he put pen seriously to paper, 'writing first for the stage-about thirteen dramas, which nobody would play.' Through one of these dramas, however, he formed his platonic friendship with Mrs Seymour, a warm-hearted actress, who from 1854 till her death in 1879 kept house for him. She animated, counselled, guided him; and, apart from his quarrels and lawsuits-which were many |