The fourth declenfion hath two endings, us and u; us generally mafculine, except fome few, as hæc manus, ficus, the fruit of a tree, acus, porticus, tribus, but penus and fpecus hic or hæc. U of the neuter, as gelu, genu, veru; but in the fingular moft part defective. Proper names in os and o long, pertaining to the fourth declenfion Greek, may belong beft to the fourth in Latin, as Androgeos, Gen. Androgeo, Ac. Androgeon; hic Athos, hunc Atho, Virg.; hæc Sappho, Gen. Sapphus, Acc. Sappho. Better authors follow the Latin form, as Dido Didonis Didonem. But Jefus Jefu Jefum Jefu Jefu. The fifth Declenfion. THE fifth is when the genitive and dative fingular end in ei, &c. Sing. Nom. Voc. res Gen. Dat. rei Acc. rem Abl. re. Plur. No. Ac. Voc. res Gen. rerum Dat. Abl. rebus. All nouns of the fifth declenfion are of the feminine gender, except dies hic or hæc, and his compound meridies hic only. Some nouns are of more declenfions than one, as vas vafis of the third in the fingular, of the fecond in the plural vafa vaforum. Colus, laurus, and fome others, of the fecond and fourth. Saturnalia, faturnalium or faturnaliorum, faturnalibus, and fuch other names of feafts. Poëmatum, poëmatis or poëmatibus, of the fecond and third plural. Plebs of the third and fifth, plebis or plebei. The Declining of Adjectives. A NOUN adjective is declined with three terminations, or with three articles. An adjective of three terminations is declined like the firfi and fecond declenfion of fubftantives joined together after this manner. Sing. Sing. N. bonus bona bonum G. boni bonæ boni D. bono bonæ bono A. bonum bonam bonum A. bono bona bono. Plur. No. Vo. boni bonæ bona G. bonorum bonarum bonorum Dat. Abl. bonis A. bonos bonas bona In like manner thofe in er and ur, as facer facra facrum, fatur fatura faturum; but unus, totus, folus, alius, alter, ullus, uter, with their compounds neuter, uterque, and the like, make their genitive fingular in ius, the dative in i, as unus una unum, Gen. unius. Dat. uni, in all the reft like bonus, fave that alius maketh in the neuter gender aliud, and in the dative alii, and fometimes in the genitive. Ambo and duo be thus declined in the plural only. Nom. Voc. ambo ambæ ambo. Gen. amborum ambarum amborum. Dat. Abl. ambobus ambabus ambobus. Adjectives of three articles have in the nominative either one ending, as hic, hæc, & hoc felix; or two, as hic & hæc triftis & hoc trifte; and are declined like the third declenfion of fubftantives, as followeth. Nom. hic hæc & hoc felix | Nom. hi & hæ felices, & No. hic & hæc triftis & hoc | Nom. hi & hæ triftes & There be alfo another fort which have in the nominative cafe three terminations and three articles, as hic acer, hic & hæc acris, hoc acre. In like manner be declined equefter, volucer, and fome few others, being in all other cafes like the examples beforegoing. Comparisons of Nouns. ADJECTIVES, whofe fignification may increase or be diminished, may form comparifon, whereof there be two degrees above the positive word itself, The comparative, and fuperlative. The pofitive fignifieth the thing itself without comparing, as durus hard. The comparative exceedeth his pofitive in fignification, compared with fome other, as durior harder; and is formed of the firft cafe of his pofitive that endeth in i, by putting thereto or and us, as of duri, hic & hæc durior, & hoc durius: of dulci, dulcior, dulcius. The fuperlative exceedeth his pofitive in the highest degree, as duriffimus hardeft; and it is formed of the firft cafe of his pofitive that endeth in is, by putting thereto fimus, as of duris duriffimus, dulcis dulciffimus. If the positive end in er, the fuperlative is formed of the nominative cafe by putting to it rimus, as pulcher pulcherrimus. Like to these are vetus veterrimus, maturus maturimus; but dexter dexterrimus, and finister, finifterior, finifterrimus. All these nouns ending in lis make the fuperlative by changing is into limus, as humilis, fimilis, facilis, gracilis, agilis, docilis docillimus. All other nouns ending in lis do follow the general rule, as utilis utiliffimus. Of thefe pofitives following are formed a different fort of fuperlatives; of fuperus, fupremus and fummus; inferus, infimus and imus; exterus, extimus and extremus; pofterus poftremus. Some of thefe want the positive, and are formed from adverbs; of intra, interior intimus, ultra ulterior ultimus, citra citerior citimus, pridem prior primus, prope propior proximus. Others Others from pofitives without cafe, as nequam, nequior, nequiffimus. Some alfo from no pofitive, as ocior ociffimus. Some want the comparative, as novus noviffimus, inclytus inclytiffimus. Some the fuperlative, as fenex fenior, juvenis junior, adolefcens adolefcentior. Some ending in us, frame their comparative as if they ended in ens, benevolus, maledicus, magnificus magnificentior magnificentiffimus. These following are without rule, bonus melior optimus, malus pejor peffimus, magnus major maximus, parvus minor minimus; multus plurimus, multa plurima, multum plus plurimum. If a vowel come before us, it is compared with magis and maximè, as pius, magis pius, maximè pius; idoneus, magis and maximè idoneus. Yet fome of thefe follow the general rule, as affiduus affiduiflimus, ftrenuus ftrenuior, exiguus exiguiffimus, tenuis tenuior tenuiflimus. Of a Pronoun, A PRONOUN is a part of speech that ftandeth for a noun fubftantive, either prefent or before spoken of, as ille, he or that, hic this, qui who. There be ten pronouns, ego, tu, fui, ille, ipfe, ifte, hic, is, qui, and quis, befides their compounds, egomet, tute, hicce, idem, quifnam, aliquis, and fuch others. The reft fo called, as meus, tuus, fuus, nofter, vester, noftras, veftras, cujus, and cujas, are not pronouns, but adjectives thence derived. Of pronouns fuch as fhow the thing present are called demonftratives, as ego, tu, hic; and fuch as refer to a thing antecedent, or spoken of before, are called relatives, as qui who or which. Quis, and often qui, because they afk a question, are called interrogatives, with their compounds, ecquis numquis. Declenfions of Pronouns are three. Ego, tu, fui, be of the firft declenfion, and be thus de clined. From thefe three be derived meus, tuus, fuus, nofter, vefter, noftras, veftras, (which are called poffeflives) whereof the former five be declined like adjectives of three terminations, except that meus in the vocative cafe maketh mi, mea, meum; noftras, veftras, with three articles, as hic & hæc noftras, & hoc noftras or noftrate, veftrate. In other cafes according to rule. Thefe three, ille, ifte, ipfe, be of the fecond declenfion, making their genitive fingular in ius, their dative în i; and the former two be declined like the adjective alius, and the third like unus, before spoken of. Sing. No. ille illa illud, Gen. illius, Dat. illi. No. ipfe ipfa ipfum, Gen. ipfius, Dat. ipfi. Thefe four, hic, is, qui, and quis, be of the third declenfion, making their genitive fingular in jus, with j confonant, and be declined after this manner. Of ifte and hic is compounded iftic, iftæc, iftoc or iftuc. Acc. iftune, iftanc, iftoc or iftuc. Abl. iftoc, iftac, iftoc. Plu. iftæc only. 22 Sing. |