when he is old he will not depart from it. Your book is less than his. Look at the condition of man in the lowest state in which we are acquainted with him. Take the native of New Holland, advanced only a few steps above the brute creation, and that principally by the use of fire; naked, defending himself against wild boasts, or killing them for food, by weapons made of wood, hardened in the fire. Mountains, lakes, and rivers are closely connected in the purposes they serve in the economy of nature, and are all, but especially the last, of great importance to man. The mountain is the father of streams, and the lake the regulator of their discharge. This is not James's, but another's. Come to the King's palace. ADVERBS. Adverb means added to a verb. An adverb is a word added to verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs, to express some circumstance of manner, time, place, or quality respecting them, and may be generally known by answering to the questions How? How much? How often? When? or Where? They are divided into several classes; the chief are Adverbs of Time, as-Ago, again, after, already, afterwards, always, anon, aye (always), before, beforehand, continually, daily, ever, early, formerly, frequently, hereafter, hence, henceforth, heretofore, incessantly, immediately, instantly, just (just now), late, last, lastly, long (long ago), monthly, now, never, nightly, oft, often, occasionally, presently, perpetually, recently, rarely, since, soon, seldom, still, then, till, to-morrow, to-day,* to-night, until, when, while, whilst, yesterday, yearly; with such words as, firstly, secondly, thirdly, &c.-These adverbs answer to the question When? Adverbs of Place, as-Above, aloft, about, around, afar, away, abed, afoot, among, below, back, down, far, hither, hence, here, in, out, off, thither, there, thence, up, where, and its compounds; whence, whither, within, without; and all words ending in wards, &c.-These answer to the question Where? Adverbs of Manner, as-How, well, ill, bravely, so, thus, as,† highly, beautifully, excessively, much, little, very, almost, verily, &c.-These adverbs answer to the question How? Adverbs of Causation, as—` -Why, wherefore, &c. Adverbs of Affirmation, as— -Yea, yes. Adverbs of Negation, as-No, nay, not. Perhaps the following classification may be more acceptable to some teachers : Quality-Well, ill, bravely, prudently, softly, with many others formed from adjectives and participles by adding ly. Affirmation-Verily, truly, undoubtedly, yea, yes, surely, certainly. Contingency-Perhaps, peradventnre, perchance. Explaining-Namely. Separation-Apart, separately, asunder. Conjunction-Together, generally, universally. Interrogation-Why? wherefore? when? how? Pre-eminence-Very, exceedingly, too, more, better, worse, best, worst. Defect-Almost, nearly, less, least. *To-day and to-morrow are merely corruptions of "the day," "the morrow," and in the more archaic dialects of the language, they are still thus pronounced. Some grammarians regard words of this kind as exclusively nouns, and governed by a preposition, when used as adverbs. They are, however, adverbs in most languages. As is sometimes an Adverb of Time, thus-As I was walking. Almost every adjective may be turned into an adverb by adding the syllable ly, which is derived by abbreviation from like-as bravely from brave-like, wisely from wise-like, happily from happy-like. Inequality-Else, otherwise, or. To a Place-Hither, thither, whither. Toward a Place-Hitherward, thitherward, whitherward, homeward. From a Place-Hence, thence, whence. Time present-Now, to-day. Time past-Yesterday, before, heretofore, already, hitherto, lately. Time future-To-morrow, hereafter, presently, immediately, afterwards. Time indefinitely-Often, seldom, frequently. Quantity-Much, little, enough, sufficiently. Most Adverbs of Manner, and some Adverbs of Time, admit of comparison, as-wisely, more wisely, most wisely, less wisely, least wisely; soon, sooner, soonest. The following are irregularly compared :- POS. COMP. SUP. POS. COMP. SUP. POS. COMP. SUP. Well better best. Little less least. Far farther farthest. Much more most. Ill worse worst. Certain combinations of words are used as adverbs, as by and by, at once, at last, at all, &c. EXERCISES. Yesterday. Where have you left your books? Yonder. When did you leave them there? Do you intend to go for them now? Yes, if I possibly can. How often have you left them there? Thrice; perhaps oftener. You should * In such phrases as "An eternal now does aways last," and "The dread hereafter shrouds itself from view," now and hereafter are nouns ; under the same head also we may class those adverbs that follow prepositions-as, For ever, and aye, &c. go early, or you may possibly lose them. I shall go and bring them to-morrow, not sooner. came in last? Thomas. Who first? Who John. Thomas comes but seldom; John more frequently. William does not come at all. He will come to-night if the weather clears up; but at present it rains incessantly. It will cease just now. has ceased while we are speaking. Full many a gem of purest ray serene The dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, It ; And waste its sweetness on the desert air. He vanished for ever and aye, and will never return. Whenever and wherever you see him, tell him this. Come out of the house. Remain either within or without, and do not be going about continually. He reads better than you. John is better than James. William acted wisely; George, more wisely still. You may remain here, but I shall go farther. once. I shall tell you all to-night. Supply Adverbs: It was went Tell me at done. She loves him gorgeous. He How did he do Distinguish between the Adjectives and Adverbs: No money was got. No, I was not there. A low house. They speak low. That boy came in last. That is the last boy who came in. Speak louder. Louder tones I hear. The hound runs faster than the hare. Eclipse was a very fast horse. Distinguish between the Nouns and Adverbs:You shall have it to-morrow. He was born yesterday. Yesterday will never come again. To-morrow's sun to thee may never rise; to-day is all thine own. Be wise to-day. CAUTION.-Do not use adjectives as adverbs. It is improper to say, Indifferent well. THE PREPOSITION. Preposition means place before. A prepo sition is a word placed before nouns and pronouns to join them to other words, and show a relation between them, as The book is in the bag that lies on the form. Sometimes the preposition comes after the word it governs, as The house which we came to is sold. The following is a list of the principal prepositions: Between, beside, above, beneath, about, * Prepositions are occasionally placed before adverbs; as, He came to where the murder was committed; and the preposition to generally precedes the infinitive mood. † But is in most grammars classed among the prepositions, and so used |