which you cannot parse correctly and systematically by referring to your Compend for definitions and rules, you will please to turn back and read over again the whole five lectures. You must exercise a little patience; and, for your encouragement, permit me to remind you, that when you shall have acquired a thorough knowledge of these five parts of speech, only five more will reinain for you to learn. Be ambitious to excel. Be thorough in your investigations. Give your reasoning powers free scope. By studying these lectures with attention, you will acquire more grammatical knowledge in three months, than is commonly obtained in two years.

In the following examples, the words purling, crusted, slumbering, and twinkling, are participial adjectives. There and its

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

Orlando left the herd grazing. The hunters heard the young dog barking. The old fox heard the sportsman's horn sounding. Deep rivers float long rafts. Purling streams moisten the earth's surface. The sun approaching, melts the crusted snow. The slumbering seas calmed the grave old hermit's mind. Pale Cynthia declining, clips the horizon. Man beholds the twinkling stars adorning night's blue arch. The stranger saw tne desert thistle bending there its lonely head.

REMARKS ON PARTICIPLES.

Participles frequently become nouns; as, A good understanding; Excellent writing; He made a good beginning, but a bad ending."

Constructions like the following, have long been sanctioned by the best authorities: "The goods are selling;" "The house is building;" The work is now publishing." A modern innovation, however, is likely to supersede this mode of expression: thus, "The goods are being sold;""The house is being built," "The work is now being published."

You may now answer these

QUESTIONS NOT ANSWERED IN PARSING.

How many kinds of participles are there?-What is the ending of a present participle?-What does a perfect participle denote ? -With what does the perfect participle of a regular verb correspond? What is a compound participle?-From what word is the term participle derived?-Why is this part of speech thus named? Wherein does this part of speech partake of the nature of a verb ?-Do all participles participate the properties of adjectives?-In what respect?-When are participles called participial adjectives?-Give examples.-How may a present participle be known?--Repeat the order of parsing a participle.What Rule applies in parsing a present participle?—What Ruie

in parsing a participial adjective ?—Do participles vary in the r terminations in order to agree with their subject or actor ?- What Rule applies in parsing a noun in the objective case, gov erned by a participle ?-Do participles ever become nouns ?Give examples.

QUESTIONS ON THE PHILOSOPHICAL NOTES. How are participles formed?-What does the imperfect part. express? What do perfect participles denote?

LECTURE VI.

OF ADVERBS

An ADVERB is a word used to modify the sense of a verb, a participle, an adjective, or another adverb.

Recollect, an adverb never qualifies a noun. It qualifies any of the four parts of speech abovenamed, and none others. To modify, or qualify, you know, means to produce some change. The adverb modifies. If I say, Wirt's style excels Irving's, the proposition is affirmative, and the verb excels expresses the affirmation. But when I say, Wirt's style excels not Irving's, the assertion is changed to a negative. What is it that thus modifies or changes the meaning of the verb excels? You perceive that it is the little word not. This word has power to reverse the meaning of the sentence. Not, then, is a modifier, qualifier, or negative adverb.

When an adverb is used to modify the sense of a verb or participle, it generally expresses the manner, time, or place, in which

PHILOSOPHICAL NOTES.

As the happiness and increasing prosperity of a people essentially depend on their advancement in science and the arts, and as language, in all its sublime purposes and legitimate bearings, is strictly identified with these, it may naturally be supposed, that that nation which continues, through suc cessive generations, steadily to progress in the former, will not be neglectful of the cultivation and refinement of the latter. The truth of this remark is illustrated by those who have, for many ages, employed the English language as their medium for the transmission of thought. Among its refine ments may be ranked those procedures by which verbs and nouns have been so modified and contracted as to form what we call adverbs, distributives. conjunctions, and prepositions: for I presume it will be readily conceded

the action is performed, or somc accidental circumstance respect ing it. In the phrases, The man rides gracefully, awkwardly, badly, swiftly, slowly, &c.; or, I saw the man riding swiftly, slow ly, leisurely, very fast, &c., you perceive that the words gracefully, awkwardly, very fast, &c. are adverbs, qualifying the verb rides, or the participle riding, because they express the manner in which the action denoted by the verb and participle, is done

In the phrases, The man rides daily, weekly, seldom, frequent ly, often, sometimes, never; or, The man rode yesterday, hereto fore, long since, long ago, recently, lately, just now; or, The man will ride soon, presently, directly, immediately, by and by, to-day, hereafter, you perceive that all these words in italicks, are adverbs, qualifying the meaning of the verb rides, because they express the time of the action denoted by the verb.

Again, if I say, The man lives here, near by, yonder, remote, far off, somewhere, nowhere, everywhere, &c., the words in italicks are adverbs of place, because they tell where he lives.

Adverbs likewise qualify adjectives, and sometimes other adverbs; as, more wise, most wise; or more wisely, most wisely When an adverb is joined to an adjective or adverb, it generally expresses the degree of comparison; for adverbs, like adjectives, have degrees of comparison. Thus, in the phrase, A skilful artist, you know the adjective skilful is in the positive degree; but, by placing the adverb more before the adjective, we increase the degree of quality denoted by the adjective to the comparative; as, A more skilful artist; and most renders it superlative; as, A most skilful artist. And if we place more and most before other adverbs, the effect is the same; as, skilfully, more skilfully, most skilfully.

that conciseness, as well as copiousness and perspicuity in language, is the offspring of refinement. That an immense amount of time and breath is saved by the use of adverbs, the following development will clearly demonstrate. He who is successful in contracting one mode of expression that is daily used by thirty millions, doubtless does much for their benefit.

Most adverbs express in one word what would otherwise require two or

You will generally know an adverb at sight; but sometimes you will find it more difficult to be distinguished, than any other part of speech in the English language. I will, therefore, give you some signs which will assist you a little.

Most words ending in ly are adverbs; such as, politely, gracefully, judiciously. Any word or short phrase that will answer to any one of the questions, how? how much? when? or where? is an adverb; as, The river flows rapidly; He walks very fast; He has gone far away; but he will soon return; She sings sweetly; They learn none at all. How, or in what manner does the river flow? Rapidly. How does he walk? Very fast. Where has he gone? Far away. When will he return? Soon. How does she sing? Sweetly. How much do they learn? None at all. From this illustration you perceive, that, if you could not tell these adverbs by the sense, you would know them by their answering to the questions. However, your better way vill be to distinguish adverbs by considering the office they perform in the sentence; or by noticing their grammatical relation, or their situation, with respect to other words. To gain a thorough knowledge of their real character, is highly important. Rapidly, fast, far away, soon, sweetly, &c. are known to be adverbs by their qualifying the sense of verbs. "A very good pen vrites extremely well." Well, in this sentence, is known to be an adverb by its qualifying the sense of the verb writes; extremel, by its ending in ly, or by its being joined to the adverb well to qualify it; and very is known as an adverb by its joining the adjective good.

Expressions like these, none at all, a great deal, a few days ago, long since, at length, in vain, when they are used to denote the manner or time of the action of verbs or participles, are generally called adverbial phrases.

more words; as, "He did it here," for, He did it in this place; there, for, in that place; where, for, in what place; now, for, at this time. Why means for what reason; how-in what mind, mood, mode, or manner; exceedingly to a great degree; very in an eminent degree; often and seldom signify many times, few times.

Gentle

The procedures by which words have been contracted, modified, and combined, to form this class of words, have been various. The most prolifick family of this illegitimate race, are those in ly, a contraction of like. man-ly, means gentleman-like, like a gentleman. We do not yet say, ladily but lady-like. The north Britons still say, wiselike, manlike, instead of, wisely, manly.

Quick comes from gwick, the past part. of the Anglo-Saxon verb gwiccian, to vivny, give life. Quick-ly or live-ly, means, in a quick-like or life-like manin the manner of a creature that has life. Rapid-ly-rapid-like, like a rapid; a quick-ly or swift-ly running place in a stream.

ner;

Al-ways, contraction of in all ways. By a slight transition, it means in or 8

Adverbs, though very numerous, may, for the sake of practi cal convenience, be reduced to particular classes.

1. Of Number; as, Once, twice, thrice, &c.

2. Of Order; as, First, secondly, lastly, finally, &c. 3. Of Place; as, Here, there, where, elsewhere, anywhere, somewhere, nowhere, herein, whither, hither, thither, upward, downward, forward, backward, whence, thence, whith.ersoever, &c.

4. Of Time.

Present; as, Now, to-day, &c.

Past; as, Already, before, lately, yesterday, heretofore, hitherto, long since, long ago, &c.

Future; as, To-morrow, not yet, hereafter, henceforth, henceforward, by and by, instantly, presently, immediately, ere long, straightways, &c.

Time indefinite; as, Oft, often, oft-times, often-times, sometimes, soon, seldom, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, always, when, then, ever, never, again, &c.

5. Of Quantity; as, Much, little, sufficiently, how much, how great, enough, abundantly, &c.

6. Of Manner or quality; as, Wisely, foolishly, justly, un. justly, quickly, slowly, &c. Adverbs of quality are the most numerous kind; and they are generally formed by adding the termination ly to an adjective or a participle, or by changing le into ly; as, Bad, badly; cheerful, cheerfully; able, ably; admirable, admirably.

7. Of Doubt; as, haply, perhaps, peradventure, possibly, perchance.

8. Of Affirmation; as, Verily, truly, undoubtedly, doubtless, certainly, yea, yes, surely, indeed, really, &c.

9. Of Negation; as, Nay, no, not, by no means, not at all, wise, &c.

10. Of Interrogation; as, How, why, wherefore, whither, &c., and sometimes when, whence, where.

at all times. Al-one, contraction of all-one. On-ly-one-like. Al-so-all the same (thing.) Ever--an age. For ever and ever--for ages and ages. Ever is not synonymous with always. Never-ne ever. It signifies no age, no period of time. No, contraction of not. Not, a modification of no-thing, noth-ing, nought, naught. "He is not greater" is greater in nought-in no thing.

Adrift is the past part. adrifed, adrif'd, adrift; from the Saxon drifan, or adrifan, to drive. Ago, formerly written ygo, gon, agon, gone, agone, is the past part. of the verb to go. It refers to time gone by. Asunder, the Saxon past part. asundren, from the verb sondrian or asondrian, to separate. Alt-on the loft, on luft, on lyft; lyft being the Anglo-Saxon word for air or clouds. Asiray, the part. of straegan, to stray. Awry, part. of wrythan, to writhe. Needs-need-is; anciently, nedes, nede is.