E, ef, ex-out; as, e-ject, to throw out; ef-flux, to flow out; ex clude, to shut out.

Extra-beyond; as, extra-ordinary, beyond what is ordinary.

In, im, il, ir—(in, Gothick, inna, a cave or cell ;) as, in-fuse, to pour in. These prefixes, when incorporated with adjectives or nouns, commonly reverse their meaning; as, in-sufficient, im-polite, il-legitimate, ir-reverence, ir- . resolute.

Inter-between; as, inter-pose, to put between.

Intro-within, into; intro-vert, to turn within; intro-duce, to lead into. Ob, op-denote opposition; as, ob-ject, to bring against; op-pugn, to oppose.

Per-through, by; as, per-ambulate, to walk through; per-haps, by haps.
Post-after; as, post-script, written after; post-fix, placed after.
Pra, pre-before; as, pre-fix, to fix before.

Pro-for, forth, forward; as, pro-noun, for a noun; pro-tend, to stretch forth; pro-ject, to shoot forward."

Præter past, beyond; as, preter-perfect, pastperfect; preter-natural, beyond the course of nature.

Re-again or back; as, re-peruse, to peruse again; re-trace, to trace back. Retro-backwards; as, retro-spective, looking backwards.

Se-aside, apart; as, se-duce, to draw aside.

Sub-under; as, sub-scribe, to write under, or sub-sign.
Subter-under; as, subter-fluous, flowing under.

Super--above or over; as, super-scribe, to write above; super-vise, to overlook.

Trans-over, beyond, from one place to another; as, trans-port, to carry over; trans-gress, to pass beyond.

II. GREEK PREFIXES.

A-signifies privation; as, a-nonymous, without name.

Amphi-both or two; as, amphi-bious, partaking of both or two natures. Anti-against; as, anti-masonry, against masonry.

Dia-through; as, dia-meter, line passing through a circle.

Hyper-over; as, hyper-critical, over or too critical.

Hypo-under, implying concealment or disguise; as, hypo-crite, one dissembling his real character.

Meta-denotes change or transmutation; as, meta-morphose, to change the shape.

Para contrary or against; as, para-dox, a thing contrary to received opinion.

Peri-round about; as, peri-phrasis, circumlocution.

Syn, syl, sym-together; as, syn-tax, a placing together; syn-od, a meeting or coming together; syllable, that portion of a word which is taken together sym-pathy, fellow-feeling, or feeling together..

OF THE

RULES OF SYNTAX,

WITH ADDITIONAL EXERCISES IN FALSE SYNTAX.

The third part of Grammar is SYNTAX, which treats of the agreement and government of words, and of their proper arrangement in a sentence. SYNTAX Consists of two parts, Concord and Government.

CONCORD is the agreement which one word has with another, in gender, person, number, or case For the illustration of agreement and government, see pages 52, and 53.

For the definition of a sentence, and the transposition of its words and members, see pages 119, 124, 128, and 167.

The principal parts of a simple sentence are the nominative or subject, the verb or attribute, or word that makes the affirmation, and the object, or thing affected by the action of the verb; as, "A wise man governs his passions." In this sentence, man is the subject; governs, the attribute; and passions the object.

A PHRASE is two or more words rightly put to gether, making sometimes a part of a sentence, and sometimes a whole sentence.

ELLIPSIS is the omission of some word or words, in order to avoid disagreeable and unnecessary repetitions, and to express our ideas concisely, and with strength and elegance.

In this recapitulation of the rules, Syntax is presented in a condensed form, many of the essential NOTES being omitted. This is a necessary consequence of my general plan, in which Etymology and Syntax, you know, are blended. Hence, to

acquire a complete knowledge of Syntax from this work, you must look over the whole.

You may now proceed and parse the following additional exercises in false Syntax; and, as you analyze, endeavour to correct all the errours without looking at the Key. If, in correcting these examples, you should be at a loss in assigning the reasons why the constructions are erroneous, you can refer to the manner adopted in the foregoing pages.

RULE I.

The article a or an agrees with nouns in the singular number only, individually or collectively; as, "A star, an eagle, a score, a thousand."

RULE II.

The definite article the belongs to nouns in the singular or plural number; as, "The star, the stars; the hat, the hats."

NOTE 1. A nice distinction in the meaning is sometimes effected by the use or omission of the article a. If I say, "He behaved with a little reve rence," my meaning is positive. But if I say, "He behaved with little reverence," my meaning is negative. By the former, I rather praise a person; by the latter, I dispraise him. When I say, "There were few men with him," I speak diminutively, and mean to represent them as inconsiderable; whereas, when I say, "There were a few men with him," I evidently intend to make the most of them.

2. The indefinite article sometimes has the meaning of every or each; as, "They cost five shillings a dozen ;" that is, 'every dozen.'

"A man he was to all the country dear,

"And passing rich with forty pounds a year!"

that is, 'every year.'

3. When several adjectives are connected, and express the various qualities of things individually different, though alike in name, the article should be repeated; but when the qualities all belong to the same thing or things, the article should not be repeated. "A black and a white calf," signifies, A black calf, and a white calf; but "A black and white calf," describes the two colours of one calf.

RULE III.

The nominative case governs the verb; as, "1 learn, thou learnest, he learns, they learn.”

RULE IV.

The verb must agree with its nominative in number and person; as, "The bird sings, the birds sing, thou singest."

NOTE 1. Every verb, when it is not in the infinitive mood, must have a nominative, expressed or implied; as, "Awake, arise;" that is, Awake ye; rise ye.

2. When a verb comes between two nouns, either of which may be considered as the subject of the affirmation, it must agree with that which is more naturally its subject; as, "The wages of sin is death; His meat was locusts and wild honey;" "His pavilion were dark waters and thick clouds." EXAMPLES OF FALSE SYNTAX.

Frequent commission of sin harden men in it.

Great pains has been taken to reconcile the parties.
So much both of ability and merit, are seldom found.
The sincere is always esteemed.

Not one of them are happy.

What avails the best sentiments, if people do not live suitably to them?

Disappointments sinks the heart of man; but the renewal of hope give consolation.

The variety of the productions of genius, like that of the operations of nature, are without limit.

A variety of blessings have been conferred upon us.

Thou cannot heal him, it is true, but thou may do something To relieve him.

In piety and virtue consist the happiness of man.
O thou, my voice inspire,

Who touched Isaiah's hallowed lips with fire.
Note 1. Will martial flames for ever fire thy mind,
And never, never be to Heaven resigned?

He was a man whose inclinations led him to be corrupt, and had great abilities to manage the business.

Note 2.

The crown of virtue is peace and honour.

His chief occupation and enjoyment were controversy.

RULE V.

When an address is made, the noun or pronoun addressed, is put in the nominative case independent; as, Plato, thou reasonest well;" "De, my uncle Toby."

Trim, said

66

NOTE 1. A noun is independent, when it has no verb to agree with it. 2. Interjections require the objective case of a pronoun of the first person after them, but the nominative of a noun or pronoun of the second or third person; as, "Ah! me; Oh! thou; O! virtue."

RULE VI.

A noun or pronoun placed before a participle, and being independent of the rest of the sentence, is in the nominative case absolute; as, "Shame being lost, all virtue is lost;" "The sun being risen, we travelled on."

NOTE. Every nominative case, except the case absolute and independent should belong to some verb expressed or understood; as, "To whom thus Adam;" that is, spoke.

FALSE SYNTAX.

Him Destroyed,

Or won to what may work his utter loss,
All this will follow soon.

Note.-Two substantives, when they come together, and do not signify the same thing, the former must be in the genitive

case.

Virtue, however it may be neglected for a time, men are so constituted as ultimately to acknowledge and respect genuine merit.

RULE VII.

Two or more nouns, or nouns and pronouns, signifying the same thing, are put, by apposition, in the same case; as, " Paul the apostle," Joram the king;" "Solomon, the son of David, king of Israel, wrote many proverbs."

NOTE. A noun is sometimes put in apposition with a sentence; as, "The sheriff has just seized and sold his valuable library-(which was) a misfortune that greatly depressed him."

FALSE SYNTAX.

We ought to love God, he who created and sustains all things.

The pronoun he in this sentence, is improperly used in the nominative case. it is the object of the action of the transitive verb "love," and put by apposition with "God;" therefore it should be the objective case, him, according to Rule 7. (Repeat the Rule, and correct the following.)

I saw Juliet and her brother, they that you visited.
They slew Varus, he that was mentioned before.

It was John, him who preached repentance.

Adams and Jefferson, them who died on the fourth of July, 1826, were both signers and the firm supporters of the Declaration of Independence.

Augustus the Roman emperor, him who succeeded Julius Cesar, is variously described by historians.

RULE VIII.

Two or more nouns, or nouns and pronouns in the singular number, connected by copulative conjunctions, must have verbs, nouns, and pronouns, agreeing with them in the plural; as, "Socrates and Plato were wise; they were eminent philosophers."