His popularity, in short, in all these various branches was unrivalled; and such was his reputation as a cattle doctor, that the booksellers, aware of the value of his works in this kind of circulation, got him to sign a paper in 1617, in which he bound himself not to publish any thing further on the diseases of "horse, oxe, cowe, sheepe, swine, goates, etc." His books on agriculture were not superseded until the middle of the eighteenth century, and the fifteenth impression of his Cheap and Good Husbandry," which was originally published in 1616, is now before us, dated 1695. Nor were his works on rural amusements less relished; for his Country Contentments," the first edition of which appeared in 1615, had reached the eleventh in 1675. The same good fortune attended him even as a poet, for in England's Parnassus, 1600, he is quoted thirty-four times, forming he largest number of extracts taken from any minor bard in the book. He apears to have been an enthusiast in all that relates to field-sports, and his works, ow becoming scarce, are, in many respects, curious and interesting, and display reat versatility of talent. By far the greater part of them, as is evident from eir dates, was written before the year 1620, though many were subsequently rrected and enlarged. t 66 Having thus given a sketch of three great classes of miscellaneous writers, will be necessary to add some notice of a few circumstances which more peliarly distinguished this branch of literature during the life-time of our poet. It is to the reign of Elizabeth, that we have to ascribe the origin of genuine nted Newpapers, a mode of publication which has now become absolutely esitial to the wants of civilised life. The epoch of the Spanish invasion forms of this interesting innovation, for, previous to the daring attempt of Spain, public news had been circulated in manuscript, and it was left to the sagacity Elizabeth and the legislative prudence of Burleigh to discover, how highly ful, in this agitated crisis, would be a more rapid circulation of events, through medium of the press. Accordingly, in April, 1588, when the formidable Arla approached the shores of old England, appeared the first number of "The lish Mercury." That it was published very frequently, is evident from the umstance that No. 50, the earliest number now preserved, and which is in the sh Museum, Sloane MSS., No. 4106, is dated the 23d of July, 1588. It resembles London Gazette of the present day, with respect to the nature of its articles, of which presents us with this curious information :-" Yesterday the Scotch assador had a private audience of Her Majesty, and delivered a letter from King his master, containing the most cordial assurances of adhering to Her sty's interests, and to those of the protestant religion; and the young King o Her Majesty's minister at his court, that all the favour he expected from spaniards was, the courtesy of Polyphemus to Ulysses, that he should be ired the last."* Saint John, &c. 4to. 1600 -9. Cavalerice, or the English Horseman, 4to 1607-10. England's alluding his beginning from Sir Philip Sydney's ending, 4to. 1607.-11. Ario-to's Satyres, 4to. 12. The Famous Whore, or Noble Courtezan, 4to. 1609.-13. Cure of all diseases, incident to 4to. 1610-14. The English Husbandman in two parts, 1613.-15. The Art of Husbandry, first d from the Latin of Cour Heresbachiso, by Barnaby Googe, 4to. 1614.-16. Country Contentments, Husbandman's Recreations, 4to. 1615.-17. The English Huswife, 4to. 1615.-18. Cheap and Good dry, 4to. 1616-19. Liebault's Le Maison Rustique, or the Country Farm, folio. 1616-The Engseman, 4to. 1617.-8. How To Chuse, Ride, Traine, And Diet Both Hunting Horses And Running 1599.-22. The Inrichment of the Weald of Kent, 4to.-23. Markham's Farewel to Husbandry, 0.-24. The Art of Fowling, Svo. 1621.-25. Herod and Antipater, a Tragedy, 4to, 1622.-26. The Art of Husbandry, contained in Four Bookes, 4to. 1631.-27. The Art of Archerie, 8vo. 1634. Faithful Farrier, Svo. 1635-29. The Soldiers Exercise, 3d edit. 1643.-30. The Way to Get 4to. 1638.-31. The English Farrier, 4to. 1649.-32. Epitome concerning the Diseases of Beasty iltry, 8vo.-34. His Masterpiece, concerning curing of Cattle, 4to. an edition 1662-10. Marie n's Lamentations, 4to. 1601.) rous editions of many of these works, with alterations in the title-pages, were published to the 10. See Censura Literaria, vol. ii. p. 217–225. Ritson's Bibliographia Poetica, p. 273, 274. Anecdotes of Literature, vol. ii. p. 244, et seq. and vol. ii. p. 339. Bridges's Theatrum Poetarum, 285. Biographia Dramatica. British Bibliographer, No. iv. p. 380, 381. Warton's Hist. of Engl vol. iii. p. 485. Chalmers's Life of Ruddiman, 8vo. p. 106. Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, vol. iv. p. 34, and History of Great Britain, vol. i. p. 145, 156. exclaims, "No man his threshold better knowes, than I What were his knights did Salem's siege maintaine: Was physick'd from the new-found paradise! * and even so late as Burton, who finished his interesting work just previous to our great poet's decease, we have sufficient testimony that the major part of our gentry was employed in the perusal of these seductive narratives: "If they read a book at any time," remarks this eccentric writer, "'tis an English Chronicle, Sr. Huon of Bordeaux, Amadis de Gaul, etc.; and subsequently, in depicting the inamoratoes of the day, he accuses them of " reading nothing but play books, idle poems, jests, Amadis de Gaul, the Knight of the Sun, the Seven Champions, Palmerin de Oliva, Huon of Bordeaux, etc."+ These contemporary authorities prove, to a certain extent, what were considered the most popular romances in the reigns of Elizabeth and James; but it will be satisfactory to enquire a little more minutely into this branch of literature. The origin of the metrical Romance may be traced to the fostering influence of our early Norman monarchs, who cultivated with great ardour the French language; and it was from the courts of these sovereigns that the French themselves derived the first romances in their own tongue. The gratification resulting from the recital or chaunting of these metrical tales was then confined, and continued to be for some centuries, to the mansions of the great, owing to the vast expense of maintaining or rewarding the minstrels with whom, at that time, a knowledge of these splendid fictions exclusively rested. No sooner, however, was the art of printing discovered, than the wonders of romance were thrown open to the eager curiosity of the public, and the presses of Caxton and Winkin de Worde groaned under the production of prose versions from the romantic poesy of the Anglo-Norman bards. So fascinating were the wild incidents and machinery of these volumes, and so rapid was their consequent circulation, that neither the varied learning nor the theological polemics of the succeeding age, availed to interrupt their progress; and it was not until towards the close of the seventeenth century, that the feats of the knight and the spells of the enchanter ceased to astonish and exhilarate the halls of our fathers. In the whole course of this extensive career, from the era of the conquest to the age of Milton, a poet whose youth, as he himself tells us, was nourished "among those lofty fables and romances, which recount, in sublime cantos, the deeds of knighthood," perhaps no period can be mentioned in which a greater love of romantic fiction existed, than that which marks the reign of Elizabeth; and this, too, notwithstanding the improvement of taste, and the progress of classical learning; for though the national credulity had been chastened by the gradual efforts of reason and science, yet was the daring imagery of romance still the favourite resource of the bard and the novelist, who, skilfully blending its potent magic with the colder but now fashionable fictions of pagan antiquity, flung increasing splendour over the union, and gave that permanency of attraction which only the peculiar and unfettered genius of the Elizabethan era could bestow. Confining ourselves at present, however, chiefly to the consideration of the prose romance, we may observe, that five distinct classes of it were prevalent in the age of Shakspeare, which we may designate by the appellations of AngloNorman, Oriental, Italian, Spanish, and Pastoral Romance. * Chalmer's English Poets, vol. v. p. 283, col. 2. Anatomy of Melancholy, 8th edit. p. 84, 177. See Ellis's Specimens of Early English Metrical Romances, vol. i. Introduction, p. 38; and the Abbe de la Rue's Dissertations on the Anglo-Norman poets, Archæologia, vol. xii. and xiii. Under the first of these titles, the Anglo-Norman, we include all those productions which have been formed on the metrical romances of the feudal or Anglo-Norman period, and to which the terms Gothic or Chivalric have been commonly, though not exclusively, applied. These are blended not only with much classical fiction, but with a large portion of oriental fable, derived from our commerce with the East during the period of the Crusades, and are principally occupied either in relating the achievements of Arthur, Charlemagne, and the knights engaged in the holy wars, or in chivalarising, if we may use the word, the heroes of antiquity, or in expanding the wonders of oriental machinery. The most popular prose romance of this class was undoubtedly "La Morte d'Arthur," translated from various French romances by Sir Thomas Malory, and printed by Caxton in 1485, a work which includes in a condensed form the most celebrated achievements of the knights of the Round Table.* This "noble and joyous book," as it is termed by its venerable printer, was the delight of our ancestors until the age of Charles the First; and in no period more decidedly so than in the reign of Elizabeth, when probably there were few lordly mansions without a copy of this seducing tome, either in the great hall or in the ladies bower. Such were its fascinations, indeed, as to excite the apprehensions, and call forth the indignant and somewhat puritanical strictures of Ascham and Meres; the former in his "Schoole Master," 1571, when, reprobating the inordinate attachment to books of chivalry, instancing, as one for example, Morte Arthur, the whole pleasure of which booke," he says, "standeth in two specyall poyntes, in open mans slaghter and bolde bawdrie: in which booke, those be counted the noblest knights that doe kill most men without any quarrell, and commit fowlest adoultries by sutlest shifts; as, Syr Lancelote with the wife of King Arthure, his maister; Syr Tristram with the wife of King Marke, his uncle: Syr Lameroche with the wife of King Lote, that was his own aunte. This is good stuffe for wise men to laughe at, or honest men to take pleasure at. Yet I knowe when God's Bible was banished the court and Morte Arthure receaved into the princes chamber, what toyes the dayly reading of such a booke may worke in the will of a yong gentleman, or a yong maide that liveth welthely and idlely, wise men can judge, and honest men do pittie ;" and the latter declaring in his "Wits' Commonwealth," that "as the Lord de la Nonne in the sixe discourse of his politike and military discourses censureth of the bookes of Amadis de Gaule, which he saith are no less hurtfull to youth, than the workes of Machiavell to age; so these bookes are accordingly to be censured of, whose names follow; Bevis of Hampton, Guy of Warwicke, Arthur of the Round Table, etc." That these strictures are too severe, and that the consequences apprehended by these ingenious scholars did not necessarily follow, we have the authority of Milton to prove; who, so far from deprecating the study of romances as dangerous to morality, declares" that even those books proved to me so many enticements to the love and stedfast observation of virtue;"‡ a passage which appears to have kindled in the mind of a modern writer, a spirited defence of the utility of these productions, even at the present day. "There is yet a point of view," he remarks, in which Romance may be regarded to advanlage, even in the present age. The most interesting qualities in a chivalrous knight, are his hightoned enthusiasm, and disinterested spirit of adventure-qualities to which, when properly modified and directed, society owes its highest improvements. Such are the feelings of benevolent genius yearning to diffuse love and peace and happiness among the human race. The gorgeous visions of imagination, familiar to the enthusiastic soul, purify the heart from selfish pollutions, and animate to great and beneficent actions. Indeed, nothing great or eminently beneficial ever The title of this first edition, as gathered from the prologue and colophon, has been thus given by Mr. Dibdin: A BOOK OF THE NOBLE HYSTORYES OF KYNGE ARTHUR, and of certeyn of his knyghtes. Whiche book was reduced in to englyshe by syr Thomas Malory knyght and by me devyded into XXI bookes chapytred and enprynted, and funysshed in the abbey Westmestre the last day of July the yere of our lord M.cccc.lxxxv. folio."-Dibdin's Typographical Antiquities, vol. i. p. 241. Toland's Life of Milton, p. 35. Ascham's Works, Bennet's edit. 254. has been or can be effected without enthusiasm—without feelings more exalted than the consideration of simple matter of fact can produce. That Romances have a tendency to excite the enthusiastic spirit, we have the evidence of fact in numerous instances. Hereafter, we shall bear the great Milton indirectly bearing his testimony of admiration and gratitude for their inspiring influence. It is of little consequence, comparatively speaking, whether all the impressions made, be founded on strict philosophical truth. If the imagination be awakened and the heart warmed, we need give ourselves little concern about the final result. The first object is to elicit power. Without power nothing can be accomplished. Should the heroic spirit chance to be excited by reading Romances, we have, alás! too much occasion for that spirit even in modern times, to wish to repress its generation. Since the Gallic hero has cast his malign aspect over the nations, it is become almost as necessary to social security, as during the barbarism of the feudal times. There is now little danger of its being directed to an unintelligible purpose. Romances, then, not only merit attention, as enabling us to enter into the feelings and sentiments of our ancestors, -a circumstance in itself curious, and even necessary to a complete knowledge of the history of past ages; they may still be successfully employed to awaken the mind -to inspire genius: and when this effect is produced, the power thus created may be easily made to bear on any point desired." The demand for Morte Arthur, which continued for nearly two centuries, produced of course several re-impressions: the second issued from the press of Winkin de Worde in 1498, the colophon of which, as specified by Herbert, is singularly curious. Here is the ende of the hoole boke of kynge Arthur, and of his noble knygtes of the rounde table. That whane they were hoole togyder, there was ever an c. and XI. And here is the ende of the deth of Arthur. I praye you all gentylmen and gentylwymmen that rede thys boke of Arthur and his knyghtes from the beginnynge to the endynge praye for me whyle I am a lyue, that God send me good utterance. And when I am deed, I pray you all pray for my soule: for the translacion of this boke was fynisshed the Ix. yere of the regne of kyng Edwarde the fourth, by syr Thomas Maleore knyght, as Jhesu helpe him for his grete myghte, as he is the servaunt of Jhesu bothe day and nyghte. Emprynted fyrst by William Caxton, on whose soul God have merey."+ The re-impression of De Worde was followed by the editions of Copland, East, and William Stansby, this last being dated 1634. Of the elder copies East's was probably the one most generally used in the reign of Elizabeth, and it differs only in a few unessential phrases from the edition of Caxton. La Morte d'Arthur, which, by its frequent republication, kept alive a taste for romantic fiction, may be considered as giving us, with a few exceptions as to costume, a very pleasing though somewhat polished picture of the chivalric romance of the Anglo-Norman period. It has the merit also of furnishing an excellent specimen of purity and simplicity in style and diction; qualities which have stamped upon many of its otherwise extravagant details the most decided features of sublimity and pathos. A passage in the twenty-second chapter of the second book, for example, furnishes a noble instance of the former, and the speech of Sir Bohort, over the dead body of Sir Launcelot, towards the close of the work, is as admirable a specimen of the latter. These, as short, peculiarly interesting, and characteristic of the work, we shall venture to transcribe. The description of, and the effect arising from so simple a circumstance as that of blowing a horn, are thus painted : "So bee rode forth, and within three days hee came by a cross, and thereon was letters of gold written, that said, It is not for a knight alone to ride toward this castle. Then saw hee an old hoar gentleman coming toward him, that said, Balin le Savage, thou passest thy bounds this way, therefore turne againe and it will avail thee. And hee vanished away anon: and so hee heard an horne blow as it had been the death of a beast. That blast, said Balin, is blown for mee; for f am the prize, and yet am I not dead." Sir Ector de Maris, the brother of Sir Launcelot, after having sought him in vain through Britain for seven years, has at length the melancholy satisfaction' of recognising the body of the hero, who had just breathed his last. "And then Sir Ector threw his shield, his sword, and his heline from him. And when hee beheld Sir Launcelot's visage, he fell downe in a sowne. And when hee awaked, it were hard for any tongue to tell the dolefull complaints that he made for his brother. Ah, Sir Launcelot, said hee, thou were head of all christian knights, and now I dare say, said Sir Bors, that Sir Launcelot, there thou liest thou were never matched of none earthly knight's hands. And thou were the curtiest knight that ever beare shield. And thou were the truest friend to thy lover that ever bestrod horse, and thou were the truest lover of a sinful man that ever loved woman. And thou were the kindest man that ever stroke with sword. And thou were the goodliest parson that ever came among presse of knights. And thou were the meekest man and the gentlest that ever cate in hall among ladies. And thou were the sternest knight to thy mortall foe that ever put speare in the rest."-Book iii. chap. 170. We have taken the more notice of this work, not only as it affords a pretty correct idea of what the old chivalric metrical romance consisted, but as it was. in Shakspeare's time the favourite book in this branch of literature, and furnished Spenser with many incidents for his "Faerie Queene." It constitutes, in fact, an exemplar and abridgment of the marvels of the Round Table, such as were dispersed through a variety of metrical tales, and can only be found condensed in this production, and of which the popularity may be considered as an indubitable mark of the taste of the age in which it was so much admired and cherished. If it be objected, that, though Morte Arthur was very popular, it did not originate during our period, it may be answered, that many prose imitations of the Anglo-Norman romance, the undoubted offspring of the Elizabethan era, might, if necessary, be mentioned: but one will suffice, and this has been selected from its having obtained an influence over the public mind nearly as long as the Death of Arthur. We allude to the well-known romance entitled "The Seven Champions of Christendome," written in the age of Elizabeth by Richard Johnson, the author of various other productions during this and the subsequent reign. In what year the first part of the Seven Champions made its appearance is not known; but the second was published with the following title and date:-"The Second Part of the famous History of the Seven Champions of Christendome. Likewise shewing the princely Prowesse of Saint George's three Sonnes, the lively Sparke of Nobilitie. With many memoriall atchieuements worthy the Golden Spurres of Knighthood. Lond. Printed for Cuthbert Burbie, etc., 1597." 4to. Black Letter. If Mr. Warton's opinion be correct, that Spenser was indebted to this work for some incidents in the conduct of his Faerie Queene, the first part must have been printed before 1590; and Mr. Todd, indeed, seems to think that the second part was published some time after the first;" a supposition which is corroborated by the address to the reader prefixed to the second part, in which, after mentioning "the great acceptance of his First Part," he nevertheless deprecates the severity of criticism to which it had been exposed; "thy courtesy," he says, "must be my buckler against the carping malice of mocking jesters, that being worse able to do well, scoff commonly at that they cannot mend, censuring all things, doing nothing, but, monkey-like, make apish jests at any thing they see in print: and nothing pleaseth them, except it savour of a scoffing or invective spirit;" passages which indicate that the first part of this romance had been for some length of time before the public. We may also add, that Johnson is known to have been a popular writer in 1592, having published in that year his "Nine Worthies of London." 66 "If we except La Morte D'Arthur, and one or two Spanish romances, which will be afterwards mentioned, the Seven Champions appears to have been the most popular book of its class. It has accumulated in a small compass the most Vide Warton's Observations on the Faerie Queene, and Todd's edition of Spenser's Works, vol ii. p lxviii + Vide Bibliotheca Reediana, No. 2670, and Todd's Spenser, vol. ii. p. lxvii. note k. |