THE N JUST PUBLISHED. Price 8s. in handsome cloth, gilt edges. ORWEGIAN PICTURES. Drawn with Pen and Pencil. With a glance at Sweden and the Gotha "One of the most charming books on Norway that has appeared for a long time. It is thoroughly creditable to all concerned in its production, and well deserves to be one of the successes of the season."-Academy. "The illustrations to the present work show no decline from the high standard of excellence attained in the former volumes of this Pen and Pencil Series."-Morning Post. "An extremely well got up, handsome, and useful book for a present."-Scotsman. NEW LIVES OF OUR LORD. The Life of Lives; or, The Story of Jesus of Nazareth in its Earliest Form. By Rev. W. S. LEWIS, M.A., author of " The Great Problem; or, Christianity as it is," etc. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. cloth boards. The Life of Jesus Christ the Saviour. By Mrs. WATSON. Specially designed for thoughtful young men and women. With many Fine Engravings. Crown Svo. 5s. cloth, bevelled boards. NEW MISSIONARY BOOKS. Hinduism, Past and Present. By J. MURRAY MITCHELL, M.A., LL.D. With an ac count of Recent Hindu Reformers, and a brief comparison between Hinduism and Christianity. Crown 8vo. 4s. cloth boards. Jottings from the Pacific. By the Rev. W. WYATT GILL, B.A., author of "Life in the Southern Isles," and joint author of "Work and Adventure in New Guinea." Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 5s. cloth boards. In Southern India. A visit to some of the chief Mission Stations in the Madras Presidency. By Mrs. MURRAY MITCHELL, author of "In India, a Missionary's Wife among the Wild Tribes of South Bengal,' etc. With a Map and many Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 68. cloth boards. FOR BOYS AND GIRLS. Everyday Life in South India; or, The Story of Coopooswamey. An Autobiography. With many Fine Engravings. Imperial 16mo. 3s. 6d. cloth boards, gilt edges. NEW STORY BOOKS. Reaping the Whirlwind; A Story of Three Lives. Vol. VII. of the "Sunflower Series" of books for young ladies. 3s. 6d. cloth. The King's Service; A Story of the Thirty Years' War. By the author of "The Spanish Brothers," etc." With many Illustrations. Imperial 16mo. 3s. 6d. cloth boards. Uncle Roger; or, A Summer of Surprises. By Miss E. EVERETT GREEN, author of "The Mistress of Lydgate Priory." With Illustrations. Imperial 16mo. 28. 6d. cloth boards. The Master's Likeness. By JOSEPH JOHNSON, author of "Uncle Ben's Stories." Illustrated. Imperial 16mo. 2s. 6d. cloth boards. BOOKS FOR EVERYBODY BY-PATHS of BIBLE KNOWLEDGE. NEW VOLUMES. The Dwellers on the Nile. Chapters on the Life, Literature, History, and Customs of Ancient Egypt. By E. A. WALLIS Budge, M.A., Assistant in Department of Oriental Antiquities, British Museum. With many Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 3s. cloth boards. Assyria: Its Princes, Priests, and People. By A. H. SAYCE. LL.D., M.A., Deputy Professor of Comparative Philology, Oxford, author of "Fresh Light from the Ancient Monuments," "Popular Introduction to Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther," etc. Illustrated. 8s. cloth boards. Egypt and Syria. Their Physical Features in Relation to Bible History. By Sir NEW BIOGRAPHY. The Life & Times of Chrysostom. Short Biographies for the People. PRESENT DAY TRACTS. No. 37.-The Christ of the Gospels. The No. 39.-Man. Physiologically con- NO 40.-Utilitarianism. An Illogical Please write for the Society's ILLUSTRATED LONDON: 56, PATERNOSTER ROW. THE Local Preacher's Treasury. HELPS TO THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE. VI. THE METONYMIES OF SCRIPTURE. A METONYMY is a figure of speech that substitutes one thing for another. I. The person acting is frequently put for the thing which he does. 1. Thus, Christ is put for His Doctrine in Rom. xvi. 9. Salute Urbanus our helper in Christ, that is, in preaching the doctrines of the Gospel, he having been a fellow-labourer with the apostles. Similar instances occur in I Cor. iv. 15, and Eph. iv. 20. 6. 2. The Holy Spirit is put for his Effects: as in 2 Cor. iii. Who hath made us able ministers of the new covenant, not of the letter, but of the spirit; for the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life. Here, by the word letter means the law written on tables of stone, which pronounces death against the transgressor. But by the spirit is intended the Gospel, which through faith gives spiritual and eternal life. In the same sense, Jesus Christ says (John vi. 63), The words that I speak, they are spirit and life. See also Rom. viii. 2. 3. The Holy Spirit is spoken of for His Operations: For regeneration, Psal. li. 10, Ezek. xxxvi. 26, 27, compared with Eph. iv. 23, Rom. xii. 2, which passages imply a radical change, both moral and spiritual, wrought in the soul by His influence. 4. The Holy Spirit is put for the Influences or Gifts of the Spirit, as in I Thess. v. 19, Quench not the Spirit. The figure here is borrowed from the ancient altar of burnt-offering, on which the fire kindled from heaven was to be kept always burning. The Holy Spirit, as a fire, enlightens, quickens, purifies, and refines the soul. The Christian therefore must not quench this Sacred Fire, by any act, word, or disposition, that may cause Him to withdraw His presence from within him. So, in 2 Tim. i. 6, Paul says, Stir up the gift of God which is in thee, that is, the gift of the Holy Spirit. See also I Tim. iv. 14. 5. The Holy Spirit is put for His peculiar and extraordinary gifts, which, for various uses, are bestowed on man. Thus, in 2 Kings ii. 9, Elisha earnestly requests of Elijah, Let a double portion of thy spirit rest on me; that is, an extraordinary measure of the gifts of prophecy, and of power in working miracles, which are here called the portion of the spirit. See also Num. xi. 17, 25, Dan. v. 12. The prophet Daniel had a more excellent spirit, that is, a more eminent gift of the Spirit, more knowledge, and more understanding. 6. Parents or ancestors sometimes denote their posterity ; this mode of speaking is of very frequent occurrence in the sacred writings. Thus, Shem, Japhet, and Canaan, are put for their posterity, in Gen ix. 27; Jacob and Israel for the Israelites, in Exod. v. 2, Num. xxiii. 21, xxiv. 5, 17, Deut. xxxiii. 28, 1 Kings xviii. 17, 18, Psal. xiv. 7, and cxxxv. 4, Amos vii. 9, in which verse Isaac, as in verse 16, the house of Isaac, means the same people. The seed of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (of whom, according to the flesh, Christ came, Rom. ix. 5), is put for Christ Himself, in Gen. xii. 3, xviii. 18, xxii. 18, xxvi. 4, xxviii. 14, and Gal. iii. 8, as is evident by comparing Acts iii. 25, and Gal. iii. 14, 16. In 2 Chron. xxv. 24, Obededom is put for his descendants, who, it appears from I Chron. xxvi. 15, were porters and keepers of the sacred treasures. In Ezek. xxxiv. 23, David is put for David's Lord, the Messiah. 7. A writer is put for his writings: as in Luke xvi. 29, xxiv. 27, Acts xv. 21, xxi. 21, and 2 Cor. iii. 15, in which passages Moses and the Prophets denote the Mosaic and Prophetic writings. II. A second form of metonymy is when the cause or instrument is put for the thing effected by it. For instance, 1. The mouth and the tongue are respectively used for the speech. Thus Deut. xvii. 6, by the mouth of two or three witnesses (that is, their speech or testimony) shall he that is worthy of death be put to death. So Deut. xix. 15, Matt. xviii. 16. Prov. xxv. 15, A soft tongue breaketh the bone; that is, a mild and courteous way of speaking softens the hardest heart and most obstinate resolutions. Similiar instances occur in Psal. v. 9, Prov. x. 20, Jer. xviii. 18, Acts ii. 4, 11. Tongue is also put for the gift of foreign languages, in Mark xvi. 17, I Cor. xiv. 19, and Gen. xi. 1. 2. The hand is ordinarily put for its writings (1 Cor. xvi. 21, Col. iv. 18). By the same form of speech also labour is put for wages, or the fruit of labour (Ezek. xxiii. 29); and things that are sold, for the price at which they are sold. Thus, in Matt. xxvi. 9, it is said the ointment might have been sold for so much and given to the poor. See likewise Exodus xxi. 21. 3. The sword, famine, and pestilence, are used to signify the effects that follow them. Ezek. vii. 15, The sword is without, and the pestilence and the famine within; that is, death and ruin are every where scattered by those terrible agents. So, in Matt. x. 34, I came not to send peace (or temporal prosperity), but a sword; that is, variance, death, and persecution. Christ's meaning is, not that His coming was the necessary and proper cause of such a state of things, but that, because His kingdom was not of this world, but opposed to all its designs and interests, such would be the results of the antagonism. III. A third form of this figure of speech is when the effect is put for the cause. Take examples-God is called Salvation, that is, the author of it, Exod. xv. 2, our life and the length of our days, Deut. XXX. 20, our strength, Psalm xviii. 1. Christ is termed Salvation, Isa. xlix. 6, Luke ii. 30. Life, John xi. 25, and the resurrection in the same place. See also Col. iii. 4. Peace, Eph. ii. 14. He is also said to be made unto us wisdom, righteousness, sanctification, and redemption, that is, the author of all these, in I Cor. i. 30. In Luke xi. 14, compared with Matt. ix. 32, a dumb devil or demon is one that made the person whom he possessed, dumb. The Gospel is called the power of God unto salvation, in Rom. i. 16, that is, the instrument of His power. Faith is called our victory, because by it we overcome the world, I John v. 4. That which is the means of sustaining or preserving life is called our life, Deut. xxiv. 5, or our living, Mark xii. 44, Luke viii. 43, and XV. 12. Glad tidings are such as make glad, Rom. x. 15. A lively hope is that which revives or enlightens, I Pet. i. 3. Wine is a mocker, and strong drink is raging, Prov. xx. 1, that is, they make men such. There is the same form of speech likewise in Heb. vi. I and ix. 14, where dead works are deadly works, that is, such as make men obnoxious to death. Deut. XXX. 15. I have set before thee this day life and death, that is, have clearly shewed thee what is the cause of each. John iii. 19, This is the condemnation, that is, the cause of it. Rom. vii. 7, Is the law sin? that is, the cause of sin, in itself. Rom. viii. 6, To be carnally minded is death, that is, its cause, but to be spiritually minded is life and peace, or the cause of those blessings. A similar expression occurs in Rom. vi. 23. Bread is put for the seed of which bread is made, Eccl. xi. 1. Shame is put for that which is the cause of it, or the idols worshipped by the Israelites, which proved their shame. Jer. iii. 24, Hos. ix. 10. IV. Sometimes the subject is put for the adjunct, that is, for some circumstance or appendage belonging to or depending upon it. Thus, the HEART is frequently used for the will and affections, as in Deut. iv. 29, vi. 5, x. 12, Psal. ix. I, xxiv. 4, li. 10, lxii. 10, cv. 25, cxix. 10, 32, 112, Prov. xxi. 1, xxiii. 26, Acts iv. 32. For the understanding, mind, thoughts, and memory, Deut. iv. 39, vi. 6, xi. 16, 18, xxix. 4, I Sam. i. 13, 2 Chron. vi. 8, Job xxii. 22, Psalm iv. 4, lxiv. 6, Prov. xix. 21, xxviii. 26, and Luke ii. 51. For the conscience, 2 Sam. xxiv. 10, 2 Kings xxii. 19, Eccles. vii. 22, and 1 John iii. 20, and for the desires of the soul expressed in prayer, in Psal. lxii. 8, Lam. ii. 19, The reins are also frequently put for the thoughts, as in Psal. vii. 9, xxvi. 2, li. 6, lxxiii. 21, Prov. xxiii. 16, Jer. xi. 20, xvii. 10, and xx. 12. So, the new or inward man is put for the state of a regenerated soul, to which the old or outward man is opposed. See Rom. vi. 6, and xii. 2, Eph. iv. 22, 24, 2 Cor. v. 17. V. Sometimes the place or thing containing anything denotes that which it contains. Thus, the EARTH and the WORLD are frequently put for the men that dwell therein, as in Gen. vi. 11, Psal. xcvi. 13, Hab. ii. 14, John i. 29, iii. 16, 17, xv. 18, and xvii. 21, I Cor. vi. 2, as also in many passages. In a similar manner, countries, islands, cities, and houses, are put for their inhabitants, Gen. xli. 57, Psal. c. 1, cv. 38, Isa. xli. 1, 5, xlii. 4, xliii. 3, li. 5, Matt. iii. 5, viii. 34, xi. 21, 22, 23, Gen. vii. 1, Exod. i. 21, 2 Sam. vii. 11, I Chron. x. 6, Acts x. 2, 1 Tim. iii. 4, Heb. xi. 7. So the houses of Levi and Israel signify their several families, Exod. ii. 1, Ezek. iii. 1. The basket, Deut. xxviii. 5, 17, is the fruit of the basket; a table, Psal. xxiii. 5, lxix. 22, and lxxviii. 19, denotes the meat placed on it; the cup, the wine or other liquor in it, Jer. xlix. 12, Ezek. xxiii. 32, Matt. xxvi. 27, 28, Mark xiv. 23, Luke xxii. 17, 20, I Cor. x. 16, 21, and xi. 26, 27; ships, Isa. xxiii. 1, 14, the men in them; the grave, those who are buried in it, as in Isa. xxxviii. 18, compared with verse 19, and in Psal. vi. 5. Heaven is put for God Himself, in Psal. lxxiii. 9, Matt. xxi. 25, Luke xx. 4, and xv. 18. VI. Sometimes the thing signified is used for the sign. So, the strength of God, in I Chron. xvi. 11, and Psal. cv. 4, is the ark, which was a sign and symbol of the divine presence and strength, and hence it is called the ark of the strength of God, in Psal. cxxxii. 8. Thus, in Ezek. vii. 27, desolation denotes a mourning garment as a token of it. VII. When an action is said to be done, the meaning frequently is, that it is declared or permitted, or foretold that it shall be done. So Gen. xli. 13, me he restored, means, foretold or declared that I should be restored. Jer. iv. 10, Ah, Lord God! Thou hast greatly deceived this people, that is, hast permitted them to be deceived by their false prophets. Ezek. xiii. 19, to slay the souls which should not die, denotes the |