flood than thofe of Ruffian, Turkish or Arabic. And thereby the time will be noted carefully, when a native of this land, on being asked who he is, and whence he came, began to anfwer, in one word, that he was a FREDE, inftead of uling the tedious circumlocution, that he was "a citi. zen of the United States of America." And in like manner notice will be taken of the affociation of FREDONIA with Macedonia and Caledonia, as a word equally potent and melodious in found."

State Paper.

LOUISIANA.

MEMORIAL,

ON THE QUESTION, WHETHER IT BE. AD.
VANTAGEOUS FOR FRANCE TO TAKE

POSSESSION OF LOUISIANA.

"Presented to the French Government by Mr. Liv. INGSTON the American Minister at Paris."

TRANSLATED BY MR. NANCREDE,
FOR THE BOSTON PALLADIUM.

THIS queftion prefents itself in two points of view;-Firft, in the relation of commerce and manufactures :-Secondly, in those of the positive or relative force of France.

Colonies do not excite intereft for their own fake, but only as refpects the influ ence they may have on a nation; and as one man alone is more useful by remaining at home, than two by removing at a dif tance, a wife nation does not feek to colonize until fhe has a fuperabundance of population, which she cannot ufefully employ in any other way.

by the regular payment of workmen, by
the reduction of the interest of money, and
especially by the poffeffion of new mar-
kets.

None but rich individuals can undertake
thofe flow and expenfive fpeculations,
which often give the fuperiority to a man-
ufacture. A poor merchant cannot un-
dertake long voyages, returns from which
are flow; they are referved for the weal.
thy, who can give credits long enough to
tempt foreign nations to give his articles
the preference over those of other nations,
which expect a quick return for their's.
The want of capitals in France, is fuch,
that no manufacturer has at his command a
quantity of articles fufficient to answer the
demands; and confequently no foreigner |
can be fure to obtain from his French cor-
refpondent wherewith to make his returns
without retarding his veffel in port, or, at
leaft, without being obliged to take a con-
fiderable quantity of articles of interior
quality, picked up in a number of different
manufactories; fo that if he commits any
fraud, no one can be charged with it.
This renders the character of a manufactu
rer of very little importance in the eyes of
a French workman.

Hence when a foreign vessel, elpecially
if owned at a great diftance, fells her car-
go in France, the is ordered to take nothing
but wines or brandies, because they are the
only articles which the owner is fure to
procure in fufficient quantities in the fix-

ed time.

great number of manufactures.

In England, on the contrary, he will find all forts of goods, in one hour, from one manufacture, the reputation of which would fuffer, if the whole fupply were not of the fame quality with the fample. This confideration will ever induce a foreigner to apply to an English, in preference to a French merchant, for a purchase of goods of the fame kind. Hence cargoes goods of the fame kind. are fold in France, and the proceeds carried to England, there to be fold for articles Though very confiderable, the popula- which France might fupply, if her manution of France is very far from having factures were rich enough to anfwer every reached the term which renders colonies neceflary: Her foil, climate, and local fit-ling the purchafer to have recourfe to a demand, in a fhort time, without compel uation give her, as a commercial, and efpecially as a manufacturing nation, great advantages over all the nations of Europe. The fpirit of invention, the tafte and induf try of its inhabitants, place her in the first rank. But thofe advantages are wonderfully abridged by the want of capitals fuf. ficient to make use of them. A rival nation, greatly inferior in every one of thefe particulars, has, by the effect alone of an immenfe capital, obtained the fuperiority, yond doubt, that capitals open new channot only in commerce, but alfo in manunels; for nothing is more natura! for merfactures; and thefe advantages, by increafchants whofe capital is fmall, than to con. ing the national fortune, furnish it with the tent themfelves with acting the part of Bromeans of maintaining that very fuperiori.hers or Commiffion-Merchants; to thofe Capitals increase the number of many- who can fapply them with goods on credfactories, by the introduction of machines, it; and torlihis, very reafon, England loft

This inconveniency can only be remov ed by increafing the capitals of manufac tures. It would be too great a deviation from my fubje&t, to point out the means of obtaining thofe capitals; but it is evident, that they must be confiderably leffened by the forming of a Navy, at the expenfe of manufactures, or by using the capitals of the nation in diftant countries. It is be

nothing by the indepedence of America. Her immenfe capitals have created a monied dependance, which, in a commercial relation, replaced the fupremacy fhe had loft in the government. The increase of capital in America, trees it in fome degree from that dependancy, and by furnishing her with the means of extending her commerce, and even to offer capitals to other nations, which know how to calculate the value of the markets which fhe offers to manufactures and to the luxury of Europe.

It will be readily granted, that Colonies beyond the feas, add nothing to the force of a nation, thefe are, on the contrary, weak points, which are guarded at a very great expenfe, both in men and money; efpecially if they be in hot and unhealthy

climates.

The queftion, therefore, is reduced to this, Has France a fuperfluity of men and money great enough to justify the fettling of a new colony?

Those which France already poffeffes in the Weft-Indies and at Cayenne, are more than fufficient for her wants, and even the wants of all Europe, if they were cultivated fo as to produce all they are capable of. But how are they to be cultivated? Experience has proved that the inhabitants of hot climates never work from want: Force alone cannot fupply the two great fpurs to labor in northern climates, hunger and cold, which nature has placed in thofe fevere climates. Henca flavery alone can fertilize thofe colonics, and flaves cannot be procured but at a great expence.

The Spanish part of Hifpaniola was almost uncultivated for want of flaves. It is now poffeffed by France; and, to ren der it of advantage, it will be necessary to lay out immenfe capital in flaves, in buildings, and in improvements of uncultivated lands. Others will be neceffary to make up for the loffes of the French part of that, not to mention the other Islands. Where are thofe capitals to be found? Men who travel into diftant and unheal. thy climates are feldom wealthy.--Thofe riches muft therefore be found in France, or in fome country that has a fuperfluity of capital. If they are found in France, it can only be to a certain degree at the expence of internal manufacturers. It may, however, appear advantageous, in a national point of view, to encourage the ufe of the riches of France for that object; confidering the extreme fertility of the French West-Indies, and their prefent fituation of culture, thofe funds will foon yield a profit. But as long as money will command fo high an intereft; fo long as the interior of the Republic all offer monied men a fonce of speculation, and property fhall lie in fo few hands, it will be difficult to induce the majority of them to difpollefs themfelves of this capital to fend

The United States poffefs confiderable capitals in money, and productions neceffary to the refloration of the Ilands. No great credit, in money, will probably be given to the planters; but with fuitable encouragements, there is no doubt they will be able to obtain thofe productions which muft, were it not for that circum ftance, be paid for in cafh, and the commercial fpeculations of the United States. will extend to the French Islands, when the public and private credit of France thall have been restored, and when experience hall have convinced the people how unwife it is to establish a revenue upon foreign trade, while it is in fact collected from their own citizens. At Hifpaniola, a duty of 20 per cent. is paid upon articles introduced by ftrangers.-This duty is in fact paid by ftrangers, and it happens that fraud, and the bad adminiflration of Cuftom-Houfes, is, as ufual, a fource of vexation for foreign merchants. But it is the planter who fu nifhes the money, for this tax is always added to the price, and even an intereft is advanced upon it as a compenfation for the vexations which the captains experience in their commerce. What then is the effect of that operation, if not to take from the planter one-fourth part of the money which he had fo much difficulty to get from France? Or otherwife to ftop, by that means, partly the reeftablishment of the capitals which alone can render the Islands finally productive? 1 fay finally, for it is folly to believe that that they will vield to France a compenfation for her actual outfets, unless it be after a great many years. I will even fay, that unless the ports of Hifpaniola areopen to every veffel loaded with articles of neceflity, unless the inhabitants have the aight of buying cheap and felling dear, by encouraging the rivalry between the fellers and purchafers, unlefs every fort of vexation is removed, and ftrangers receive every poffible fecurity for their capitals in the Ilands, ages will pafs away before Hifpaniola will ceafe draining France of its riches and frength without offering her any equivalent return.

It is therefore, evident, that if France had no other poffeffion beyond the feas, except her iflands, it might eafily place all the capital of which the now can, and

probably hereafter will be able to difpofe
in a long feries of years.

But if to all this, we add the immenfe
poffeffions in Guyanna, her productions,
and the capitals neceffary to carry the
and the capitals neceffary to carry the
whole of it to its full value; if we add the
fettlemeats neceffary to be made in India,

if the defign be to bring into the ports offf

France that variety of articles which invite
exchanges, and give commerce its due ac-
tivity, we fhall find that one century at least
will pass away before France may want
poffeffions of that kind.

But as France has, like other countries,
but a confined capital, the only question is,
where fhall this capital be placed? fhall it
be here? in the West Indies? at Cayen.
ne? in India, or at Louifiana? For it is
obvious that what will be placed in one of
thofe fettlements will be at the expente of
another; it is equally fo, that the national
experditures will increafe with her colo-
nies; and that, in cafe of war, the points
of attack and defence will be multiplied in
the fame ratio.

Able ftatefien have queftioned whether colonies were useful to a country fituated like France; but my defign is not to examine this theory. France has colo. nies; he has invited her citizens to go and carry their riches to them; honor requires that the keep and protect them; but The is under no obligation to create new ones to multiply points of defence; to fquander away the capitals fhe wants at home and abroad. How could the poffef. fion of Louisiana be useful to her? In the firft place, its cultivation is to be carried on, as in all warm countries, by flaves; the capitals fpent in buying them, or the flaves themfelves, would have been carried to the lands, it this new channel had not opened. This rivalry will raife the price of flaves for the plinters, and may thus much retard the feulement.

On their arrival at Louisiana, the flaves
will be employed in the barren pccupation
of felling the large forefts with which this
immenfe country is covered, a labor but
little fuited to Blaves, for it requires, being
long accustomed to the axe, and force and
activity are seldom found in flaves. They
must be clothed, fed and maintained du-
ring whole years before any profit can be
derived from them. What I am about to

relate may ferve to determine that period.
In the Northern and Middle States of A-
merica, the ufual term of a quit-rent leafe
merica, the ufual term of a quit-rent leafe
in the new lands is ten years free from
rent, and after this the leffee pays 12 bush-
els of wheat for every hundred acres for-
ever. It is, therefore, obvious, that the
first ten years are confidered as a time of
expenfe, during which term the owner re-
quires no payment. But in the Southern
States, new lands cannot even be given out
on thofe terms, because the white planter
fets higher value on his labor, and the clear-

ing of forefts requires too great outlets for any one but the owner of the land.

Who then will cultivate Louifiana with flaves? Who is the citizen willing to beftow large capitals upon fo precarious a property with a prospect of a diflant re

turn?

It may be asked, why does it not happen in the fouthern States? It is aufwered, first, because none are foutherly enough to be wholly free from the colds of winter, which render favage life very difficult to men, born in hot climates; and fecondly, because the fouthern States are moftly furrounded by the sea, and by mountains, the whole population of which is white, and which cut off the communication between the flaves and the vaft torets of the interior parts.

But let us fuppofe all thefe difficulties overcome, what commercial advantages can France derive from the fettlement of this colony? The productions of Louiliana being the fame with thofe of the WeftIndies, no advantage is to be reaped, for the Iflands, being well cultivated, will fuffice for the wants of France, and even all Enrope. The introdu9ion of thofe from Louifiana, would only leffen the price without adding any thing to the value, and France would be obliged, to prevent the ruin of thofe who had employed their funds in the colonies, to imitate the Dutch, who deftroy their fpices and teas, when the quantity of thefe commodities ja Europe is large enough to caufe a depre ciation of their value.

The productions of Louifians, which do not grow in the Welt-Indies, are only lumber, and perhaps rice; but it is cer tain that thofe productions, confidering the difficulties of procuring them in a hot and unfalubrious climate, will not cover the outlets, or, at leaft, will not yield the fame profits, as would be procured by railing them in the Islands, in procuring the fame or other and more valuable articles.

The proof of this is found in the United States. It is not from Georgia nor SouthCarolina, that the Weft-Indies are fupplied with lumber, but chiefly from the Northern States, where forefts are more scarce and more valuable than in the South. The cause of this is, that the fupplying of lumber, the mills neceffary to prepare them for fale, all thefe are the work of free hands, which are fatisfied with a moderate price.

I fhall prefume further to lay down, however paradoxical it may feem, that it is not advantageous for France to fupply herfelf with lumber, even if the could procure it from Louisiana. I have two reasons to offer What lumber the northern States fupply her colonies with is paid for in molaffes and fome rum. The first article cofts the planter nothing, for, were it not

Be it our weekly task,

To note the passing tidings of the times.

Hudson, July 19, 1803.

PROCEEDINGS ON CROSWELL'S INDICTMENT.

NEW YORK GAZETTE, July 14.

Laft evening we received the following from our Philadelphia correfpondent.

66

"I have juft received a Barbadoes paper of the 26th ult. containing the official account of the conqueft of St. Lucia by the British forces under the command of Lt. Gen. Grinfield, in which the British loft in killed, wounded and miffing, 138 men, of whom four were field officers. The place was defended with great fpirit and obftinacy.

BRIDGE-TOWN, (BARR) JUNE 26.

At 8 o'clock this morning arrived the fchr. Suppiy, exprefs, from St. Lucia, with difpatches from Lt. Gen. Grinfield, announcing the important Conquest of that ifland, which is communicated from the Lt. Gen. in a letter to his Excellency the Rt. Hon. Lord Seaforth, from which the fol

:

"St. Lucia, 22d June, 1803. "I am fure it will give your Lordship pleasure to hear that St. Lucia eft a nous, and taken in the moft handfome manner within twelve hours after the landing.We laft night drove in the enemy's Out Pofts and took the Town of Caftries.-I then offered the Commandant a capitulation, which he refufed as a foldier and a man of honour. This morning at fourthe affault began, and before five we were in pofleffion of Morne Fortune. Our lofs in officers, wounded, particularly of rank, has been great, but I hope many if not all will be restored to a fervice, to which

The Ship Diana, Capt. Hunter, arriv. ed at New-York the 7th infl. in 39 days from Newry. By her we have received Irish papers to the 28th May. War appears to be the order of the day, and the din of arms refounded from one end of the kingdom to the other. The oppofition-lowing is an Extract :ifts firongly.approbate the meafures adopted by the government, and have agreed to fupport the war. Several captures have been made by the British, and orders have Laft week the indictment against Harry been fent by that government to take all Crofwell for publifhing the annexed paraDutch veffels. General Victor with an graph, was tried at the Circuit Court held army of 80,000 men, has taken charge of at Claverack. On Monday, the queflion the Batavian Republic. Auftria and Prufwhether the truth could be given in evi-fia, by their active preparations, feem dedence as a juftification, was decided in the negative by Chief Juftice Lewis. On Tuefday the caufe was advocated by Mr. Attorney-General Spencer, and his Foot -and very ably defended by Mr. Van Vechten, of Albany, and Mr. Van Nefs of this city. Judge Lewis, in his charge, confined the jury to very narrow limits. He ftated, that the only enquiry for them to make, was, whether Crolwell was the publifher of the paragraph, and whether the inuendoes were truly fet forth. The jury retired about feven o'clock on Tuefday evening, and returned a verdict of GUILTY, at eight the next morning. As the whole tranfaction is to come before the

Supreme Court in Auguft next, we deem it improper to enlarge on the fubje&t at prefent. A fair and correct ftatement will be laid before the public in 'due feafon. The following is the paragraph which gave rife to the indictment:

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66

termined to protect their neutrality.

Lord Nelfon had failed to take the com-
mand of the Mediterranean fleet, and
Cornwallis was to have his fleet augment-
ed to 21 fail of the line. It appears from
various accounts that the main of the peo
ple in England are actuated by one fpirit,
and are determined, by flocking to the
ftandard of their country, to revenge the
infults they have received, and check the
growing ambition of Bonaparte.

[Com. Adv.]

There is a letter in town from a nobleman of the first rank and moft honorable

they have added Luftre."

The Kneil.

veracity in England, which fays a negoc a-
tion of the most inportant nature was late-
ly carried on between Bonaparte and Louis
the XVIII. King of France, through the
medium of the King of Pruffia. Bonaparte
propofed to his Moft Chriftian Majefly, morning last, much lamented by every true friend

that if he would for him and his heirs re. "Holt fays, the burden of the Federal nounce all right and title to the crown of fong is that Mr. Jefferfon paid Callen-France, Bonaparte would on his part make der for writing againft the late admin-moft ample provifion for his moft Chrif "iftration. This is wholly falfe. The tian Majefty." To this overture, Louis charge is explicitly this Jefferfon XVIII. replied with the temperate dignity paid Callender for calling Wafhington becoming a Monarch," that it Monfieur "a a traitor, a robber, and a perjurer-Bonaparte would return to his allegiance, For calling Adams a hoary headed incendiary; and for moft grofsly fandering the private characters of men, who he well knew were virtuous.These charges, not a democratic editor "has yet dared, or ever will dare to meet in an open and manly difcuffion." The other indictment is to be tried at the next circuit.

66

A AW

and affift in the refloration of his lawful
fovereign to the throne of France, all that
has paffed fhould be forgotten-and his
majefty would moit aniply reward him."
It is likely from his overture of the Corfi-
can Conful, that he feels fomething like an
equity of redemption, fubfifting in the
Bourbon family against his own title to the
fovereignty of France. [Dublin pap.]

In this county, about 6 o'clock on Wednesday of his country, THE LIBERTY OF THE PRESS. The wound which caused this lamentable event, was inflicted in January last, with an uncouth & rusty old instrument, forged some centuries ago in England. and now weilded by a high official character and twenty-four of his associates. Among the physicians who were consulted in the case, opposite opinions existed; and the culy condition of cure was, that the victim should never again utter a word of truth, on which a distant voice was heard to exclaim that the remedy was worse than the disease, and the Liberty of the Press expired with many strug gles, but without a groan.

FOR THE BALANCE.

A POLITICAL CATECHISM.

Question. Wi

HAT is liberty?

Anfwer. Liberty is an angel; fhe is the first-born of heaven; he is a goddess; and all who refufe to worship her, are unworthy to breathe the vital air.

in the French republic, who fired with the
holy zeal of liberty, facrificed millions of
human victims at her fhrine.

feel my felf a flave-a grovelling worm of the duft.

Q. Wherein confifts the liberty of po

Q. What are the works of liberty, litical opinion? which manifeft her exiftence?

A. The liberty of political opinion confifts in this, that every man, nay, that every woman and child, in the United States, have free permiffion to think as the leaders of the democrats think :-and I

boldly aver, and will maintain it, that any act or edit, that fhould contravene this liberal conftruction of the liberty of political opinion, would be an act of "political intolerance," both " defpotic and

A. The works of liberty, which manifeft her existence, are very many and very wonderful to tell. In Republican France, above all countries, the works of liberty have appeared, in numbers and fublimity, fuch as to excite a moft pleasing aftonishment there a pretty profitute, dreffed in white, was enthroned in a temple as the representative of the goddefs, and was worshipped by that enlight-wicked." ened people-There there was paid a due tribute to the goddess liberty; not of filver and gold, but of the lives of miriads of men, women and children.-How august was the fcene, when liberty, in the full exercife of her prerogatives, erected a thoufand Baftiles; when blood flowed from guillotines, like rivers; when the Q. Since liberty is invifible, how is it groans and wailings of reprobates, met known that the really exifts?

Q. Is this goddess vifible?

A. She is always invifible to man in civil fociety; eye hath not feen her; nor can civilifed man fully conceive what the is. The favage, ah, the favage, only, knows her charms, and quaffs bowls of nectar from her hands.*

A. Her existence is known by a fu pernatural, or rather a preternatural affla. tus or inspiration ;—and it is also known from the works of her hands.

Q. Have fome men been favoured with extraordinary measures of this afflatus or inspiration ?

A. Yes; there have been apostles of liberty-fublimated fouls, who panted with unutterable fervor for a near communion with the goddess ;-fuch were the French philofophifts; fuch also were Robespierre, Marat, Danton, and hundreds of others,

See the writings of Rosseau, the Abbe Raynall, Godwin, &c.

with the mockery and derifion they de-
ferved; when the waters of the river Loire

Q. What are the peculiar privileges belonging to thofe whole political opinions are perfectly orthodox ?

A. They are cherished in the bofom of our holy church; all their moral offences are blotted out, or covered with the mantle of charity; their follies and weakneffes are never marked against them: -to them exclufively belongeth the priviledge of eligibility to offices of all grades, from the higheft to the lowest.

Q. What are the penalties to be inflicted on thofe who fall into a licentiouf. nefs refpecting political opinion, so far forth as to prefume to think for themfelves ?

were difcoloured with blood and choaked
with human corfes; when fans-culottes
took rank of nobles, and rent the air with
fhouts of vive la liberté !—Ca ira was
refounded over the wide-fpread gallic re-
gions; ca ira was refponded, in this coun-
try, by every friend of the equal rights
of man.-
-Ab, that was a glorious day! ||
-Never was liberty fo triumphant; nev-
er were her works fo maniteft.
Q. What are your ideas of the liberty bominable herefy-they are to be chafed
of political opinion.

A. I glory in it as the birth-right of every free-born American; it is dearer than life itfelf-ftripped of that, I fhould

A. They are to be excommunicated; they are to be anathamitifed ;-all their former fervices are to be buried under a torrent of holy execration against their a

from whatever offices they had held; and their removal from office is to be inflantly followed by gibbetting their charac

ters.