the fundamental principle of Protestantism, has not yet gained any thing like recognition and approval from the greater number of the Prelates of the Anglican Church! What the discovery of printing was to the pen, (may we not say?) the institution of the Bible Society has proved to the printed Bible. It has had at least all the effect of a new invention. It has called into a new application, the familiar principle of moral and social combination; and though it has not improved the mechanical facilities of the press, it has brought a moral power to act upon the mechanism, which has had the effect of prodigiously augmenting and multiplying its operations and results. Not only has it created a demand by producing a supply, which supply is, in turn, perpetuated by the demand which it feeds and stimulates. Not only has it increased to an indefinite extent the circulation of the extant Scriptures. It has given birth also to a polyglott apparatus absolutely unparalleled, and which would have appeared in anticipation little short of miraculous. It has conferred the gift of tongues upon the baptized press. It has refracted the light of heaven into all the shades of colour that may suit the varying organs of the intellectual sense. It has re-opened conduits long closed, and poured a living stream through the waterless desert. The British and Foreign Bible Society with all its affiliated institutions, is the great phenomenon of the age, bearing the same relation to the Revived Christianity of the nineteenth century, that the discovery of Printing did to that of the sixteenth. As the translation of the Scriptures was the distinguishing feature and seminal principle of the First Reformation, begun by Wiclif; and the printing of the Scriptures was that of the Second Reformation, begun by Tindal and Bilney, by Luther and Zwingle; so, the diffusion of the printed Scriptures in all languages, by the united efforts of Protestant Christians, is that of the Third Reformation, which is destined, we trust, to consummate the triumph of Revealed Truth. The fourth of October next is, then, with great propriety, selected as the era of the second of these great events, being the third centenary of the memorable publication of the first entire Bible in our vernacular language. For the language in which Wiclif preached and wrote was scarcely English, the language not having yet settled into its permanent form and orthography; whereas Coverdale's Bible is still perfectly intelligible. And there is this great advantage attending the fixing upon this era, that it connects the commemoration of the Reformation with a great principle, rather than with any political circumstance; it points our attention to an occasion of devout gratitude as little connected as possible with human instrumentality; it celebrates an event in which all denominations of Protestants are alike in terested, and lifts us out of the region of ecclesiastical controversy, and reminds us in what respect all Protestants who are true to the principle of the Reformation, are brethren. Mr. Horne has fixed upon a very good text, in anticipation, for his sermon on the 4th of October: viz. Acts xxiv. 14, 15: we will take the liberty of suggesting a still better for the occasion, Phil. iii. 16. "Nevertheless, whereto we have already attained, let us walk by the same rule, let us mind the same thing." We thank him, however, for his short sermon, and for the useful historical information which he has compressed into this Protestant Memorial. We have been particularly pleased with his third section, containing an extract from Sir Humphrey Lynde's "Via Tuta," published in 1630, which is an admirable specimen of the argumentum ad hominem, and turns the tables upon the Papists most adroitly. With this extract, commending the Tract itself to the favourable notice of our readers, we shall conclude this hasty article. Admit, that Protestants should allow a possibility of salvation to all believing Christians in the bosom of the Roman church, (which never yet was granted,) what do our adversaries infer from hence? Therefore (say they) It is the safer way to persist in that Church, where both asides agree, than where one part stands single in opinion by themselves. Now surely, if that be the safer way, wherein differing parties agree both in one, I will join issue with them in this very point. And if in this I make not good, that we are therefore in the safer way, because they agree in the principal points of controversy with our doctrine, I will reconcile myself to the Roman church; and creep upon all fours to his holiness for a pardon. First then we say, there is a Heaven and a Hell. It is true, say they; but there is a Purgatory, there is a Limbus Infantum also. In the first part they join with us, in the latter they stand single by themselves and that is the safer way, where both sides agree. : We say, we shall be saved by the merits and satisfaction of Christ Jesus. It is true, say they; but there are likewise merits of saints, and satisfactions of our own, helpful and necessary to salvation. In the first part they join with us, in the latter they stand single by themselves and that is the safer way, where both sides agree. We say, the Sacrament of Baptism, and the Eucharist, are two proper Sacraments instituted by Christ. It is true say they; but there are five more to be received, as true and proper Sacraments, de fide, for an article of belief. The first two they confess with us, in the latter five they stand single by themselves: and that is the safer way, where both sides agree. We say, that the images of Christ and his Saints are ornaments and memorials of the absent, and may in some cases serve for history. It is true, say they; but there is also worship and veneration due unto them. In the first part they agree with us, in the latter they stand single by themselves: and that is the safer way, where both sides agree. We say, with the Evangelist: "Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve." (Matt. iv.) It is true, say they; but there be saints and angels also, that are to be invocated and adored. In the first part they join with us, in the latter they stand single by themselves and that is the safer way, where both sides agree. : We say, that Christ is the Mediator and Intercessor betwixt God and man. It is true, say they ; but the saints and angels are our intercessors and mediators also. In the first part they join with us, in the latter they stand single by themselves: and that is the safer way, where both sides agree. • We say that Christ is the Head and Monarch of the Church. It is true say they ; but there is likewise another visible head of the church, which is the Pope. In the first part they join with us, in the latter they stand single by themselves: and that is the safer way, where both sides agree. < We say, that Peter had a Primacy of Order, that is, a firstship among the Apostles. It is true, they say; but withal he had a supremacy of power and jurisdiction. In the first place they join with us, in the latter they stand single by themselves: and that is the safer way, where both sides agree. We say, there are two-and-twenty Books of Canonical Scripture. It is true, say they; but there are other books also; as namely, Tobit, Judith, the Maccabees, &c., that are Canonical. In the first part they approve all that we hold, in the latter they stand by themselves: and that is the safer way, where both sides agree. We say, Scripture is the Rule of Faith. It is true, say they ; but there are traditions likewise, and unwritten verities, that must be added to the Scriptures. In the first part they join with us, in the latter they stand single by themselves: and that is the safer way, where both sides agree. Lastly, We say there are Twelve Articles of the Creed, and this is the Tenet and Confession of all Christian Churches. It is true, say they; but there are Twelve Articles more, published by Pope Pius the Fourth, to be received of Catholics. In the first place they confess all that we hold, in the latter they stand single by themselves: and that is the safer way, by our adversaries' confession, where both sides agree.' pp. 50-53. com Art. VI. A Dictionary of Geography, ancient and modern: prising a succinct Description of all the Countries of the Globe. By Josiah Conder. Small 8vo, pp. 724. Price 12s. London, 1834. THIS singularly comprehensive volume exhibits what we are 6 almost inclined to term a waste of labour. Knowing something of the way in which these things are commonly got up, we were prepared to encounter such an application of the pasteand-scissors system' as custom has now fairly licensed; although, knowing also something of the Author, we were at the same time VOL. XIV.-N.S. E E quite certain that an adoption, partial or general, of the usual plan, would never with him be allowed to supersede a constant appeal to ultimate authorities in all cases of doubt or importance. We have, however, done him great injustice in these anticipations; for he has produced a work of extensive and original research, exemplifying an economy of space and a condensation of matter, such as we have no present recollection of having met with elsewhere. In a form that makes it really convenient either for the library table, or, if we may be allowed the phrase, as a book of passage, we have a mass of information of the highest practical value to the traveller and the student, got together with a patience and skill that could only have been acquired by long and successful application to geographical studies. The style, too, which is in most similar works either sterile or slovenly, has evidently been an object of much care: it varies, judiciously, with the matter, and the readers of the following splendid passage will readily acknowledge that a painter's eye and a poet's feeling may find opportunity to shew themselves even in a treatise on geography. A description of the natural history and vegetable productions of Brazil would occupy a volume. The Brazil-wood-tree, from which the country takes its name, (Caesalpinia Brasiletto,) called by the natives ibiri pitanga, is the same as the Sapan-wood of the East Indies : it is a government monopoly, and owing to the improvident manner in which it has been cut down, is becoming scarce. Other species of trees yielding valuable dyes, forest-trees of all descriptions, some furnishing beautiful woods for cabinet work, others timber for ship-building, abound in the low lands. The prevailing character of the forests is a magnificence, arising from the infinite diversity, richness, and luxuriance of the vegetation, of which the untravelled European can have no conception. The various tints of a Brazilian forest are described as ranging from a light yellow green to one bordering on blue, mingled with red, brown, and deeper shades approaching to black. The silver-tree is of a brilliant white; the rose-wood-tree bears large golden blossoms, which beautifully contrast with the dark green of the double-feathered leaves; the Brazil-wood-tree puts forth large flowers of a purple hue; the head of the mangoa is brown; and here and there, the dark brown of a Chilian fir appears among the lighter foliage, like a stranger amid the natives of the tropics. The effect of the flowering parasitical plants, which entwine about the forest-trees, and sometimes form, by interlacing, an almost impenetrable barrier, is compared to that of gay parterres in the air. The flora of Brazil is peculiarly rich. Nor is the animal kingdom less distinguished by its variety and profusion. Butterflies, rivalling in splendour the colours of the rainbow, myriads of the most brilliant beetles, sparkling like jewels on the leaves and flowers, birds of the most splendid form and superb plumage, above all, the various species of humming-birds, rivalling in beauty and lustre, rubies, emeralds and sapphires, lizards and serpents of scarcely less brilliant colours, squirrels and troops of gregarious monkeys, with a variety of the gallinaceous tribes, toucans, orioles, fly-catchers, woodpeckers, and different kinds of the melodious thrush, are among the winged or creeping tenants of the forests; and even the campos, or mountain plains, abound with birds, reptiles, and insects, as well as deer, tapirs, and peccaries. The luxuriance and richness of the vegetable world is attributable to the prevalent moisture, which gives it an advantage over most other hot countries. In the exuberance of evergreen foliage, which forms the peculiar characteristic of the New Continent, in the number of its finely wooded mountains, the sources of countless springs, in the abundance of large streams, in the character even of its deserts without sand, and the impervious forests, the tropical region of Brazil has, indeed, the pre-eminence over every other part of the globe.' pp. 96, 97. The plan takes in much that would hardly be expected from a mere announcement of the general subject. Geography, ancient as well as modern; the physical aspect and the political condition of countries; the distinct races of mankind; are not only exhibited on the grand scale, but their various details are carefully investigated. Important cities, the different seas, rivers, and mountain chains, are fully and distinctly described; and an explanation, both clear and ample, of technical terms is given in alphabetical order. We shall select a portion of the admirable summary of the leading facts connected with climatology. The sea exerts an important equalizing influence on the temperature of the globe; and while it tempers the heat of tropical regions, it also mitigates, in some instances, the cold of maritime or insular regions. Greenland, under the 60th parallel, notwithstanding its southern exposure and the neighbourhood of the sea, has, indeed, a much more rigorous climate_than Lapland under the parallel of 72°, with a northern exposure. But the latter is separated from the arctic region by a vast expanse of ocean; while Greenland, gradually widening, extends at least as high as the parallel of 82o. The remarkable difference between the insular climate and the continental climate, is strikingly exemplified in Norway and Lapland, both enjoying a more temperate climate than any other country in the same latitude. Norway, exposed to the moist and temperate atmosphere of the ocean, enjoys a singularly mild winter, but receives little of the sun's rays in summer; partly from the humidity and mistiness of the air, partly from the declivity of the land towards the N. Lapland has a colder winter, but a warmer summer. Accordingly, it is found that such plants as require only a few weeks of warm weather to bring them to maturity, succeed in Lapland, while they will not grow in Norway; whereas those which are easily killed by a severe frost, flourish better in Norway, than in Lapland. Thus, in Great Britain, on approaching the Land's End, neither the apricot, the vine, nor the greengage is found to ripen for want of sufficiently powerful sunbeams; while such is the mildness of the winter, that the myrtle and other green-house plants grow luxuriantly in the open air. At Dublin, the difference between the summer and the winter temperature amounts to 20°; at |