bear witness on their return. And then
the czar is something more than patri-
arch or sovereign, he is also Cæsar, the
"elect" and representative of all who
obey him. The origin of the dynasty
was elective, and the Romanoffs, hated
by the aristocratic chiefs, and without a
citizen class to support them, have al-
ways made it their policy to proclaim
themselves representatives of the dim,
common populations. They have prob-
ably felt that position also.
All kings
feel it more or less; and to the czar of
Russia, so far removed above his sub-
jects, the "mass must always seem the
most interesting as well as the most for-
midable object within his dominions.
The second main end of the coronation
is to impress them, and in the effort to
reach the true people, to become visible
across two continents and to a hundred
millions, a ceremony naturally becomes

cut out, without risk of diminishing the
impact to be made on the popular imagi-
nation. That is, we suppose, true; and
for ourselves, we can imagine for a Rus-
sian czar no coronation more impressive
than the ancient Tartar one, the raising of
the sovereign on a shield in the sight of
the whole nation, assembled on some vast
plain, each morsel of the shield being
borne up by the representative of a tribe.
Tchengis was enthroned so, and the tra-
dition of the scene has lingered for cen-
turies in men's minds. But ceremonials
usually grow of themselves, and it is not
difficult to detect the causes which have
made this one so separately grandiose.
The first idea has been to make it religious,
to show the czar to the people of his faith
as the consecrated ruler delegated by the
Almighty and by the Orthodox Church
to govern them. In nations which do
not reject symbolism, great religious
functions are always slowly performed, grandiose.
and always tend to accrete to themselves
a more and more elaborate magnificence.
No precedent must be departed from, and
precedents accumulate like paraphernalia,
like bishops' robes, for example, or the
Russian regalia, which were forwarded to
Moscow in a special train. A pope who
was elected in a moment would hardly
seem a pope, and the very notion of hurry
is inconsistent with the movements of a
Church. The czar is patriarch, as well as
sovereign; and in his consecration a reli-
gious function is performed which, in
the eyes of the Russian people, is first
of all, and must, as other ceremonials
are slow, and costly, and magnificent, be
slowest, costliest, most magnificent of
any. Otherwise, czar and Church would
alike lack the sense of the becoming.
This is indeed the ultima ratio of the
coronation, without which Alexander III.
would hardly have encountered its special
dangers or sanctioned its enormous ex-
pense. Till he is crowned he is not sa-
cred, and as his sacredness is the source
of his prerogative, the crowning must be
so done as to be past all question, must
be known by direct evidence to every
person in the empire. Coronations were
arranged before newspapers began, and
much of the immoderateness of the cere-
monial arises simply from the multitude
of witnesses from all the nations beneath
the czar's sceptre whom it was necessary
to summon, that on their return they
might testify that all had been regularly
and solemnly performed. The kings of
the desert do not come to Moscow to
please themselves, but because they are
summoned to see, and do homage, and

It is a people which is to see, not a set of spectators, a people which is to be fed, a people which is to recognize that something has occurred so great that each one even of them bears in it some part. When the tenantry count thousands, the kitchen must be big, the roast oxen many, and the beer-vats deep; and the czar only increases adequately the preparations of the squire. Add to all the forms necessary to the recognition of a patriarch, and all the forms essential in the election of a Cæsar, all the forms usual in the crowning of a European monarch, who this time is anxious to outdo precedent rather than depart from it, and we have the materials for a ceremonial which would be magnificent anywhere, and which, in Moscow, the capital of northern Asia, as well as of northern Europe, the city where East and West have embraced each other, becomes a stupendous func tion, such as could not elsewhere be performed. In no other city could a coronation be a festa at once religious and democratic, Asiatic and European, modelled upon most ancient precedents, and decorated by all the aid of modern inventiveness and knowledge. Only there could Europeans gaze astonished at a building at once fortress, palace, and basilicathe largest of fortresses, the hugest of palaces, the most stupendous of basili cas- - and watch Tartar princes gazing up thunderstruck under the electric light. And only there, we hope, could the man who is the centre of all be in more imminent risk of a violent death than a criminal tried, convicted, and expecting sentence.

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if thoughtful men decline to give that deference to their opinions which they freely accord to others, who, like Clerk Maxwell, have attained to high rank among scholars and discoverers, and who have not shrunk from bringing their extraordinary powers of mind to bear upon the great subjects involved in the beliefs and doctrines of Christianity.

From The London Quarterly Keview. JAMES CLERK MAXWELL.* THE life of James Clerk Maxwell, who, as his biographers state, "has enriched the inheritance left by Newton, consolidated the work of Faraday, and impelled the mind of Cambridge to a fresh course of real investigation;" and who, amid all the subtlety of speculation, the profundity of research, and the brilliance of discov- It is almost taken for granted in some ery for which his career is so distin- quarters that there is a necessary and guished, retained the simplicity and fer- irreconcilable conflict between science vor of the Christian faith, well deserves and religion. The bolder spirits amongst to be chronicled, and to hold a permanent the devotees of science, and the more place in human memory. Professors timid of the adherents to Christianity, to Campbell and Garnett have performed whom perhaps science is almost a sealed their task with great ability and fairness, book, have come to regard one another and have conferred an invaluable boon with feelings approaching to implacable upon what is after all the major portion hostility, as if the one class tended to the of scientific students, those who are ob- license of atheism, and the other dreaded servers rather than theorizers, and who anything like freedom of thought. These, do not desire to drift away from the old however, are the extreme sections of the moorings of religious conviction and sen- two encampments between which there is timent. We have here presented to us a vast phalanx of sober and devout men the history of a man of eminent natural who love both science and religion, and endowments, of keen penetration fitting see much in each to help the other. Scihim for the closest scrutiny, of calm, clear entific methods of the pursuit of truth judgment without which genius is but a give precision and accuracy to the visions Phaeton holding the reins of the sun, who of faith, while a wider sweep and loftier attained to scholarship in classics and range are imparted to the inquiries of the English literature, who shone in mathe- mind by the aspirations of faith. Science matics and astronomy, and who spoke might have grown ridiculous because of with unsurpassed authority in brilliant but false theories and unwarrantbranch of physical science. Such a man able generalizations had it not been for cannot be regarded as narrow and fossil- the moderating influence of Christian ized in his ideas when he ventures to tell thought, and theology owes some of the out the deeper feelings of his mind, awak- most effective demonstrations of her reaened by a contemplation of the soul's sonableness and truth to the principles relationship to God. Those who have and researches of scientific men. Ear. won celebrity by the brilliance of their nest and painstaking study of the laws theories, or the novelty of their specula- and phenomena of nature have not only tions in one or two departments of sci- a practical influence upon the material ence, but who with an almost scornful and social welfare of humanity, amelioratcynicism have turned aside from those ing sanitary conditions by the light of realms of thought and study which bor- physiological researches, improving mander upon religion, or which are of a dis-ufacturing industry by a better undertinctly theological character, while they have not refrained from pronouncing dog matically upon the vast problems concerned therein, ought not to be astonished

every

• Life of James Clerk Maxwell. By PROFESSOR LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D., and PROFESSOR

WILLIAM GARNETT, M.A. London: Macmillan and

Co. 1882.

standing of physical laws, or making agriculture more productive as the result of the chemist's skill and the observations of the botanist; but it also cultivates a true metaphysic by the discovery of cause and effect, and fosters those intellectual qualifications which are as indispensable to correct religious as to scientific thought.

And there ought to be no concern as to the fate of Christianity in consequence of the study of nature, when we call to mind that the most distinguished philosophers and scientists of every age have clung to it with fervent tenacity, and have attributed to its inspirations the noblest impulses of their minds. Copernicus, Tycho Brahé, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, and Descartes, all accepted a divine revelation. Pascal defended the faith, and Kant bent all his energies against sceptical modes of thought. Hamilton, Hugh Miller, Owen, Faraday, Agassiz, and Clerk Maxwell, princes among men, found a place in their beliefs for a direct communication of the Creator's will to mankind, and Francis Bacon, whom students of nature reverence as the high priest of their order, has said, " Slight tastes of philosophy may perchance move to atheism, but fuller draughts lead back to religion."

We shall have to refer again to what we regard as the most charming characteristic of this lamented man, too soon stricken down by death, the trustfulness and fervor with which he clung to the faith in which he had been nurtured; but we must now endeavor to outline the development of his mind, and sketch the growth of those intellectual tastes which led on to the splendid attainments of after years, and the permanent contributions to science which he has made.

of age. During this period the kindly and ingenious father exercised a deep and lasting influence on the susceptible nature of his son. Mr. Maxwell planned all the buildings and improvements on his estate, and superintended all domestic matters, even to the cutting of the last for his own square-toed shoes. And as James was his one companion and care, it is not an exaggeration to say that those mechanical and mathematical proclivities which he manifested at a quite juvenile age, and which found their consummation in the planning of the Cavendish Laboratory during his Cambridge professorship, were the direct products of his father's example and training. As his biographers say, "The Galloway boy was in many ways the father of the Cambridge man; and even the 'ploys' of his childhood contained the germ of his life work" (p. 429).

The necessities of education led to James being sent to Edinburgh Academy at the age of ten, his father taking up his abode again at Edinburgh, except during the summer season, when he repaired to Glenlair. He was thus enabled to take the oversight of his son's studies, and also, which was more important, of his recreation. Some slight oddities in dress and manners did not tend to make the boy's introduction to school-life smooth and agreeable. Tunics of hodden gray tweed, and shoes clasped and fashioned

father, were not likely to escape the keen observation of frolicsome schoolboys, to whom round jackets and shoestrings were de rigueur. But his fine natural gift of irony, combined with his geniality of disposition, saved him on many an occasion from provoking merriment, and established him eventually as a general favor. ite. The very first time he was questioned as to the maker of his shoes, he replied in broad Scotch patois :

James Clerk Maxwell was born at Ed-after the somewhat bucolic ideas of his inburgh, in 1831. Being an only child, with the exception of a daughter who died in infancy, he was the object of great solicitude, and as his mother died when he was but nine years old, it was fortunate that his father was eminently qualified for the training of a young mind, and the moulding of a moral character. This important and congenial task he performed with the "judiciosity," to borrow a word from his Bradwardinean vocabulary, which characterized all he did. As a younger son he had received a portion of the old Middlebie estate, which by the conditions of entail could not go with the Penicuick estate of the Clerks, and to this he added by purchase the Glenlair farm. It was to Glenlair that he retired after his marriage, and here James lived till he was ten years

Din ye ken, 'twas a man,
And he lived in a house
In whilk was a mouse.

At school, though at first he seems to have found more pleasure in watching "humble bees" than in the monotony of Latin grammar, yet he soon applied him