had been removed to the Ghizeh Mu- | foot-high hole, the miner's gallery seum. We sat waiting in the entrance breaks into the ante-chamber to the to the narrow passage which led to king's tomb. The chamber, lined with the king's chamber; a light glimmered Tourah limestone, is encumbered with dimly a long way down, and out of the heaps of earth and rubbish on the blackness came the half-naked figures ground, while on the west side a narof Arab boys, carrying on their shoul- row doorway gives entrance to the ders baskets filled with earth. These tomb itself. baskets are the Egyptian substitutes Here the same confusion reigns for wheelbarrows, and M. de Morgan the great sarcophagus of finely polished said that not only had his men, in rose-granite yawus empty and desepiercing the gallery to the king's tomb, crated at the end of the chamber, the carried away all the earth by their royal mummy having long since permeans, but that five thousand years ished, hastily snatched from its restingago the mummy pit, down which we place and cast aside in the eager search had come, had been excavated in ex- for gold. Strange irony of fate, which actly the same way. The basket of turned the treasure piously dedicated to-day, as we find by representations by the survivors to the use of the dead, on the monuments, is not only the di- into the inevitable cause of the violarect descendant of the basket of the tion of their tombs. The whole of the ancient empire, it is also its absolute king's chamber is lined with the royal fac-simile. An English engineer after- rose-granite, strangely enough overlaid wards told me that when a wheelbar- with a coat of whitewash. So also is row was introduced on English works, the passage down which the funeral the fellaheen picked it up and tried to procession passed. About six carry it also on their shoulders, and as high, slightly vaulted, and with the there was no inducing the men to aban-masonry finished magnificently, it opens don the practice, the use of wheelbar- from the north-east corner of the tomb, rows was very soon given up.

feet

going due north for some way and then Meanwhile the others had proceeded turning straight to the west. It is not along the passage, to the king's cham- possible to go down it far at prescut, ber, pierced by M. de Morgan abso- as the débris of the wall by which the lutely straight like a miner's gallery. robbers broke into the tomb encumber The height drops almost immediately it still. It is on the sides of the deep from just under six feet at the entrance doorway leading from the royal chamto about three feet six inches, and ber to the ante-chamber that the figures towards the heart of the pyramid, left by the robbers are outlined. Imwhere the rock is very rotten, the pas-agine the hour, four thousand years sage is shored up by the short wooden props with which we had seen the camels laden at the south pyramid. At last the gallery sinks to a mere hole to be crawled through. The heat was great. Just then an extinguished candle gave evidence of the quality of the air, for it proved impossible to light a match to rekindle it, and the glass chimney being taken from a petroleum hand-lamp carried by one of the men, the flame of this also went out, leaving the party The others joined us, and we were almost in the dark. But M. Pierre all swung up into the outer air. Alpromised fresher air in the chamber lah, allah," sang the men as they itself, and the rekindling of the lights pulled, in a chant which thrilled to was left till then. After proceeding for a sudden “ Mohammed," as a heavy about twenty yards through this two-member of the party hung upon the

ago, when, resting from the work of ransacking the tomb, one of the men daubed up these rough portraits of his fellows on one side of the doorway. On the other side, the figure of the king of the robbers stands alone, crowned with the identifying headdress. Some of the chief interest of the great king's tomb now comes from this rude fellow's scrawling, for "so the whirligig of time brings in his revenges."

66

placed to descend the long passages leading to the tomb.

by people in Cairo who had seen the proofs, that these reproductions are exquisite pieces of work. Our interesting visit now came to an end, for on our way home through the desert we were

advice, and to see his discoveries there, and the wonderful Apis Mausoleum found by Marriette Bey.

rope. After lunch we asked M. de Morgan how he had forced the pyramid to yield the secret of its most hidden Asking whether M. de Morgan were chambers. He told us he had argued not going to publish some account of to himself that for the king's chamber all he had done at Dashur, we found the hardest rock would have been that the next publication issued by the chosen (he is by profession a mining Antiquities Department of the Egypengineer), and after finding the hardest tian government was to be on that substratum he had driven his gallery ject, with reproductions of the famous straight to the centre of the pyramid on | treasure in the museum. We were told the level of the hardest rock. This was the passage which broke into the antechamber of the tomb itself. We theu asked how he had found the princesses' gallery, and he said that he had made constant soundings round the pyra- to visit Sakkara, by M. de Morgan's mid with a view to discovering the mastabas, which M. Pierre had shown us before lunch, and had found that "the ground which filled the ancient As we rode home through the twimummy pit down which we went light and saw the great pyramids rise sounded as though there were a hollow once more before us, the feeling grew below it" (une cave là dessous). He that this part of the Libyan desert is had the earth removed, the whole but a vast cemetery for the tombs of mummy pit cleared, in short, and on kings covered with these "wilde enordescending it he immediately entered mities of ancient magnanimity," and the princesses' gallery by the ancient the words with which Sir Thomas passage to the north of the pit. He Browne ends his "Urne Buriall told us that he has now found thirty-in our ears: ""Tis all one to lye in St. six mastabas, probably of the king's Innocents' Churchyard, as in the sands household and of the great nobles, etc., of Egypt; Ready to be anything in above ground, and fourteen tombs in the extasie of being ever, and as conthe pyramid itself. the king's, the tent with six foot" as with the pyraqueen's, and the twelve princesses'. mids of Ghizeh. On the other side of the pyramid he fully hopes and expects to find the tombs of the princes.

We asked where the mummy pit to the king's tomb lies, and he told us that it is almost certainly at the end of the rose-granite passage. He proposes first to get some of the rubbish out of the robbers' well in order to let in the air, and afterwards to clear the ancient passage, working backwards from the chamber to the mummy pit. Then the entrance to the king's chamber will follow the actual route taken by his funeral procession. M. de Morgan then took us into the next room, and showed us one of his most recent finds the actual mummy carriage on which the king's body was placed. It looked like the skeleton of a sledge on wooden runners. On this the bier was

rang

AMY STRACHEY.

From Nature.

THE QUARRYING OF GRANITE IN INDIA.

AT Bangalore, in southern India, the quarrying of granite slabs by means of wood-fire has been brought to such perfection, that an account of the method may not be out of place. The rock is a grey gneissose granite of very irregular composition through unequal segregation of hornblende and the presence of numerous felspathic veins. But it is otherwise very compact, and forms solid masses uninterrupted by cracks for several hundreds of feet. Only near the surface the rock is found split parallel to the surface. In one quarry there is thus, for instance, a

four-feet thick horizontal layer of These splinters were only about an rather weathered rock, underneath this eighth of an inch in thickness, and a another layer of fresh rock three feet few inches across. They were quite thick; but below this the rock is en-independent of the general splitting of tirely fresh, and not split. These the rock, which was all the time going layers are probably due to the variations of temperature, daily and seasonal.

on at a depth of about five inches from the surface. The burning lasted eight hours, and the line of fire advanced at The undisturbed rock is quarried by the average rate of nearly six feet an means of fire, and it is remarkable hour. The area actually passed over what large plates may be detached. I by the line of fire was four hundred saw one plate of sixty feet greatest and sixty square feet, but as the crack length, and forty feet greatest width, extended about three feet on either and half a foot thickness. This thick-side beyond the fire, the area of the ness varied only one inch over the entire slab which was set free measured greater part of the area. The whole about seven hundred and forty square plate had been detached in one piece feet. All this was done with, maybe, by means of wood-fire. Afterwards about fifteen hundredweight of wood. the plate was cut with blunt chisels Taking the average thickness of the into strips two and a half feet in width. stone at five inches, and its specific So easily are these strips and slabs gravity as 2·62, the result is thirty obtained, that it is quite common to see pounds of stone quarried with one palisades of them used instead of boun-pound of wood. dary walls, and also to see them used as posts for huts, for telegraphs, and for railings and posts in gardens.

The old quarries have sloping sides formed of steps left by each successively split plate, each new plate ex

position, and as the directions of inclination differ, it follows that the action of the fire is quite independent of the original surface of the rock, and also of the direction of lamination and of the numerous veins in the rock.

In one case, I observed the opera- tending to within about two feet of the tion of burning over an area. A nar-step left by the preceding plate. Many row line of wood-fire, perhaps seven plates are taken out in an inclined feet long, was gradually elongated, and at the same time moved forward over the tolerably even surface of solid rock. The line of fire was produced by dry logs of light wood, which were left burning in their position until strokes with a hammer indicated that the rock The great uniformity of the thickin front of the fire had become de-ness of the slabs formed by the above tached from the main mass under-process is probably due to the regulatneath. The burning wood was then ing influence of the pre-existing crack. pushed forward a few inches, and left When the action of the fire is someuntil the hammer again indicated that the slit had extended. Thus the fire was moved on, and at the same time the length of the line of fire was increased and made to be convex on the side of the fresh rock. The maximum length of the arc amounted to about twenty-five feet. It was only on this advancing line of fire that any heating took place, the portion which had been traversed being left to itself. This latter portion was covered with the ashes left by the wood, and with thin splinters which had been burst off.

what slower, it takes longer for the heat to penetrate down to the crack; when the action is quicker, there will be enough expansion produced in the upper layers, and the lower layers transmit the tension to the plane of the crack. Perhaps it will be possible some day to measure the temperature of the heated rock, when a certain agreement ought to be found between the tensile strength of the rock and the strain which the expansion by the heat produces in the so-far elastic rock.

H. WARTH.

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Yet sleeps Miranda still! What was to meet

In dreamland, what, or whom, for thee to lie

Unmindful of the glory of earth and sky, With little quiet hands and quiet feet? And still thou sleepest, and thy sleep is sweet,

TO BEAUTY.

This is that lady Beauty.

D. G. ROSSETTL

FORGIVE me that, by sordid cares com-
pelled,

And witless-wisdom of the worldly-wise,
My truant soul her gaze awhile withheld
From those transcendent eyes.
Forgive me that I ceased to follow thee,

And turned aside into the dusty way,
For oh, my heart, my heart was never free,
Queen Beauty, from thy sway!

When most I seemed to shrink from thy embrace,

Then most I hungered, thirsted with de-
sire;

When at thy beckoning smile I hid my face,
My heart was all on fire.

I only fled because the love I bore

Whispered, Go hence; it may be, thou
shalt earn

Dear heart, I would not waken thee, The grace to dwell with her forevermore,
not I.
When, soon, thou shalt return.
C. J. WHITBY.

Athenæum.

E. H. HICKEY.