gant Gothic elevation, at an expense of many thousand pounds. There is a considerable salmon fishery here. It is thirty-one miles W.S. W. of Waterford, and 100 S. S. W. of Dublin. LISMORE, one of the Hebrides, or Western Islands of Scotland, seated at the mouth of Loch-Linnhe, or a capacious lake in Argyllshire, navigable for the largest ships to Fort William. This island is ten miles long, and from one to two miles broad. It abounds in limestone. Its population in 1791 was 1121. It is now not above 1350. It was anciently the residence of the bishops of Argyle, and gives name to the extensive parish in which it lies. It formerly abounded with deer, and elks' horns of a large size have been discovered in it. It was frequented by Fingal and his heroes, if such there were, of whom relics are still pointed out. Oats, barley, and flax, are the chief articles of cultivation. The church was once the chancel of its cathedral. LISNE, n. s. Barb. Lat. licia, an enclosure. A cavity; a hollow. In the line of a rock, at Kingscote in Gloucestershire, I found a bushel of petrified cockles, each near as big as my fist. Hale. LISP, v. a. & n. s. Sax. Blirp; Teut. lisLISP'ER, n. s. Spen; Belg. lespen. To speak with imperfect appulses of the tongue to the teeth or palate: to speak imperfectly in any way. See the extract from Holder. Farewel, Monsieur Traveller; look you lisp, and wear strange suits; disable all the benefits of your Shakspeare. own country. Appulse partial, giving some passage to breath, is made to the upper teeth, and causes a lisping sound, the breath being strained through the teeth. Holder's Elements of Speech. I overheard her answer, with a very pretty lisp, O! Strephon you are a dangerous creature. Tatler. As yet a child, nor yet a fool to fame, I lisped in numbers, for the numbers came. Pope. Pleased with the distant roar, with quicker tread, Fast by his hand one lisping boy she led. Darwin. LISSA, a large town of Prussian Poland, on the borders of Silesia, was principally peopled by the Protestants who fled, in the seventeenth century, from the persecutions in Silesia, Bohemia, and Moravia. It now consists, for the greater part, of wooden buildings; and it has accordingly suffered severely from fire. It has a palace belonging to prince Sulkoroski, the chief proprietor; a Catholic, and a Lutheran church, two Calvinist churches, a gymnasium, and a synagogue. Of the inhabitants (7600) one-half are Jews, and they have the greatest part of the trade. The articles of commerce are woollens ; the manufactures furs, hardware, and wines. Forty-four miles S. S. W. of Posen, and sixty-five west of Kalisch. LISSA, an island on the coast of Dalmatia, in the gulf of Venice. It is hilly, and thinly peopled; but has a good fishery, and produces wine, olives, almonds, and figs. It has also a good harbour. Its ancient town of Issa is now a mere village. Lissa, in 1807, was occupied by the British; but, in 1810, it was taken by a French flotilla from Ancona. Fifty-six miles west of Ragusa. LISSUS, in ancient geography, the last town of Illyricum, towards Macedonia, situated on the Drino. It had a capacious port, the work of Dionysius the tyrant, who led the colony thither, and enlarged and walled it round.-Diodorus Siculus. It is now called Alessio, in Albania. LISSUS, a river of Thrace, running into the Egean Sea, between Thasos and Samothracia, which was dried up by the army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece.-Strabo, lib. 7. LIST, n. s. & v. a. Fr. and Dan. liste; Goth. lest, leit, to speak or read. Thomson. A roll; catalogue; enrolment; hence a limit or bound: to enrol; register; hence to engage or retain for military service. He was the ablest emperor of all the list. Bacon. The lords would, by listing their own servants, persuade the gentlemen in the town to do the like. Clarendon. in the lists of poisons we find it in many authors. Some say the loadstone is poison, and therefore Browne. LIST, n. s. & v. a. Fr. lice; Ital. lizza; Span. and Port. liza (alizar, Span., is to make even or smooth). An enclosed and prepared field of combat or exercise: to enclose ground for such purposes. But telleth me what mistere men ye ber, Chaucer. Cant. Tales. How dares your pride presume against my laws, As in a listed field to fight your cause? Unasked the royal grant. Dryden's Knight's Tales. Paris thy son, and Sparta's king advance, In measured lists to toss the weighty lance: And who his rival shall in arms subdue, His be the dame, and his the treasure too. Pope.. LIST, n. s. & v. n. Sax. lyrean; Goth. lysta. Desire; choice; willingness: to choose; desire; incline. To fight in field, or to defend this wall, Point what you list, I nought refuse at all. Faerie Queene. Let other men think of your devices as they list, in my judgment they be mere fancies. Whitgifte. Unto them that add to the word of God what them listeth, and make God's will submit unto their will, and break God's commandments for their own tradition's sake, unto them it seemeth not good. I find it still when I have list to sleep. Hooker. Shakspeare. Nothing of passion or peevishness, or list to contradict, shall have any bias on my judgment. King Charles. I first adventure; follow me who list, And be the second English satirist. Bp. Hall. Kings, lords of time, and of occasions, may Take their advantage when, and how, they list. Daniel. When they list, into the womb I need not swear he had no list to crow. Dryden. Cowper. And frolic where they list. LIST, n. s. & v. a. Fr. lice; Ital. Span. LISTED, adj. Port. and barb. Lat. lista; Swed. list; Belg. lisse. The border or limit of a web, or piece of cloth; any border or margin; a strip of cloth; to list is to sew together in strips: hence listed; striped; party-colored. See LIST, a roll. They thought it better to let them stand as a list, or marginal border, unto the Old Testament. Hooker. A linen stock on one leg; and a kersy boot hose on the other, gartered with a red and blue list. Shakspeare. Antigonus used often to go disguised, and listen at the tents of his soldiers; and at a time heard If you speak ill of me, you should go a little farther some that spoke very ill of him: whereupon he said, Bacon's Apophthegms. off. I, this sound I better know: List! I would I could hear mo. Ben Jonson. They are light of belief, great listeners after news. Howel. It may be the palate of the soul is indisposed by listlessness or sorrow. Taylor. The wonted roar was up amidst the woods, And filled the air with barbarous dissonance, At which I ceased and listened them a while. Milton. It [piety] is an employment most constant, never allowing sloth or listlessness to creep in; incessantly busying all our faculties with earnest contention. Barrow. Dryden's Virgil. On the green bank I sat, and listened long; Nor till her lay was ended could I move, But wished to dwell for ever in the grove. Listeners never hear well of themselves. Dryden. L'Estrange. To know this perfectly, watch him at play, and see whether he be stirring and active, or whether he lazily and listlessly dreams away his time. Locke. If it is dangerous to be convinced, it is dangerous to listen; for our reason is so much of a machine, that it will not always be able to resist when the ear is perpetually assailed. Mackenzie. To this humour most of our late comedies owe their success: the audience listens after nothing else. Addison. Lazy lolling sort Of ever listless loiterers, that attend No cause, no trust. Pope. I was listless and desponding. Gulliver's Travels. The hush word, when spoke by any brother in a lodge, was a warning to the rest to have a care of listeners. Swift. Silence how dead! and darkness how profound! Nor Creation sleeps. eye, nor listening ear an object finds; Young. At first he aims at what he hears, And listening close with both his ears, Just catches at the sound. Cowper List!-'tis the bugle-Juan shrilly blew~ One kiss-one more-another-Oh! adieu! Byron. Id. Who listens once will listen twice; Her heart, be sure, is not of ice, And one refusal no rebuff. LIST, in commerce, the border of cloth or stuff: serving not only to show their quality, but to preserve them from being torn, in fulling, dyeing, &c. LIST, in gardening, a border used by gardeners for securing their wall-trees. LIST, in the tournament, was so called, as being hemmed round with pales, barriers, or stakes, as with a list. Some of these were double, one for each cavalier; which kept them apart, so that they could not come nearer to each other than a spear's length. See DUEL, JUST, TOURNAMENT, &c. TO LIST, OF ENLIST, SOLDIERS. Persons listed either as volunteers, or by any kind of compulsion, must be carried within four days, but not sooner than twenty-four hours after, before the next justice of peace of any county, riding, city, or place, or chief magistrate of any city or town corporate (not being an officer in the army), and if before such justice or magistrate they dissent from such enlisting, and return the enlisting money, and also 20s. in lieu of all charges expended on them, they are to be discharged. But persons refusing or neglecting to return and pay such money, within twenty-four hours, shall be deemed as duly listed as if they had assented to it before the proper magistrate; and they shall, in that case, be obliged to take the oath, or, upon refusal, shall be confined by the officer who listed them till they do take it. LISTER (Sir Matthew), M. D., physician to queen Anne of Denmark, queen of James VI., and to king Charles I., was president of the College of Physicians, and one of the greatest practitioners of his age. He died about 1637. LISTER (Martin), M. D. and F. R. S., nephew to the preceding, was born in Bucks, in 1638, and educated at Cambridge. He afterwards travelled into France; and at his return practised physic at York, and afterwards in London. In 1683 he was created M. D., and became fellow of the College of Physicians in London. In 1698 he attended the earl of Portland in his embassy from king William III. to France; of which journey he published an account at his return, and was afterwards physician to queen Anne. He also published, 1. Historia Animalium Angliæ, 4to. 2. Conchiliorum Synopsis, folio. 3. Cochlearum et Limachum Exercitatio Anatomica, 4 vols. 8vo. 4. Many pieces in the Philosophical Transactions, and other works. LITANA, or LITANA SILVA, in ancient geography, a wood of the Boii, in Gallia Togata, or Cispadana, where the Romans, under L. Posthumius Albinus, sustained a great defeat, scarcely ten escaping of 25,000, and their general's head being cut off by the Boii, and carried in triumph into their temple.-Livy. Holstenius supposes this happened above the springs of Scultenna, in a part of the Appennines, between Cersinianum and Mutina; now called Selva di Lugo. LIT'ANY, n. s. Gr. Airavela. Pezron derives this Greek word from the Celtic lit, a feast or solemnity. A form of prayer. See below. Supplications, with solemnity for the appeasing of God's wrath, were, of the Greek church, termed itanies, and rogations of the Latin. Hooker. There was never any church-liturgy but said litanies for their king and for their bishop! Bp. Taylor. If our holy martyrs heretofore went to heaven with a litany in their mouth, let not an ill-advised newfangledness be suffered to put scorn upon that, wherein they thought themselves happy. Bp. Hall. LITANY is derived from λravevw, I beseech, the expression repeated by the people in the service. At first litanies were not fixed to any stated time, but were only employed as exigencies required. They were observed with ardent Supplications and fastings, to avert the threatening judgments of fire, earthquakes, inundations, or hostile invasions. About A. D. 400 litanies began to be used in processions, the people walking barefoot, and repeating them with great devotion. The days on which these were used were called rogation days; these were appointed by the canons of different councils, till it was decreed, by the council of Toledo, that they should be used every month throughout the year; and by degrees they came to be used weekly on Wednesdays and Fridays, the ancient stationary days for fasting. To these the rubric of the church of England has added Sundays. Before the last review of the Common Prayer the litany was a distinct service by itself, and used some time after the morning prayer was over; at present it is made one office with the morning service, being ordered to be read after the third collect for grace, instead of the intermissional prayers in the daily service. LITCHFIELD, a county of Connecticut, is bounded on the north by Massachusetts, east by Hartford, south-east by New Haven, south-west by Fairfield county, and west by New York. LITCHFIELD, a post town, the capital of Litchfield county, in Connecticut, is situated thirtyeight miles N. N. W. of New Haven, and thirty west of Hartford. It contains a court house, a jail, a female academy, a law school, and two houses of public worship, one for Congregationalists, and one for Episcopalians, and has some trade. In the township there are nine houses of public worship; four for Congregationalists, four for Episcopalians, and one for Baptists. In the parish of South Farms there is another academy. It is a good agricultural town, and contains numerous mills and manufacturing establishments, among which are four forges for iron, a slittingmill, nail manufactory, cotton manufactory, paper-mill, and five large tanneries. Tom, on the western border of the town, is 700 feet high. There are four ponds in this town, the largest of which comprises 900 acres. There is a medicinal spring within half a mile of the court-house. Mount The law school in this town is a private institution, established upwards of thirty years since. It has two professors, and at present thirty-six or thirty-seven students. The members study the law by titles, in the order in which the lectures are given. The mode of instruction is by lec turing on the several titles of the law in an established order. The course of lectures occupies about fourteen or fifteen months. One lecture is given every day. There are two vacations of four weeks each; one in May, the other in October. The price of tuition is at the rate of 100 dollars a year, that of board from three dollars to three and a half a week. Also a county of Ohio, on Lake Erie. LITERAL, adj. & n. s. LITERALLY, adv. Fr. literal; Lat. litera. See LETTER. LITERAL'ITY, n. s. Following the letter; according to the strict or primitive meaning; consisting of letters: literal, as a substantive, and literality, both signify original or primitive meaning. The fittest for public audience are such as, follow ing a middle course between the rigour of literal translations and the liberty of paraphrasts, do with greater shortness and plainness deliver the meaning. Hooker. No man puts out his right eye literally, or cuts off his right hand to prevent scandal. Certain it is, there hath been much greater inconvenience by following the letter of these words of institution, than of any other in Scripture. Bp. Taylor. How dangerous it is in sensible things to use metaphorical expressions unto the people, and what absurd conceits they will swallow in their literals, an example we have in our profession. Browne. Not attaining the true deuteroscopy, and second intention of the words, they are fain to omit their superconsequences, coherences, figures, or tropologies, and are not sometimes persuaded beyond their literalities. Browne's Vulgar Errours. the students are obliged to attend; a part of literary economy which is but little attended to in the universities of England. Beattie. Hence a moderate pain, upon which the attention may fasten and spend itself, is to many a refreshment; as a literary controversy. Paley. As boys love rows, my boyhood liked a squabble; But at this hour I wish to part in peace, Leaving such to the literary rabble, Whether my verse's fame be doomed to cease While the right hand which wrote it still is able, Byron. Or of some centuries to take a lease. LITERARY PROPERTY. See COPYRIGHT. LITERATI (letrados, lettered), an epithet given to such persons among the Chinese as are able to read and write their language. The literati alone are capable of being made mandarins. See CHINA. LITERATI may also be considered as the name of a particular sect in religion or philosophy, consisting principally of the learned men of China. It is called the jukiao, i. e. learned sect. It had its rise A. D. 1400, when the emperor, to awaken the attention of the people to knowledge, which had been quite neglected during the civil wars, and to stir up emulation among the mandarins, ordered forty-two of their ablest men of learning to compose a body of doctrine agreeable to that of the ancients. The work, being composed by so many learned persons, and approved by the emperor, was received with great applause. Many were pleased with it because it seemed to subvert all religion; others approved it because the little religion that it left them could not give them trouble to regard it. The court, the mandarins, persons of fortune and quality, &c., are generally literati. They freely tolerate the Mahommedans, because they adore, with them, the king of heaven, and author of nature; they have an aversion, however, to all sorts of idolaters, and it was once resolved to extirpate them. See CHINA. LITERATURE, as a branch of the fine arts, has been chiefly regarded as embracing the consideration of the effects of ELOQUENCE OF ORATORY, and of the structure and influence of POETRY. Both these arts are connected in their essence and end with the sister arts of music, painting, sculpture, and architecture; that essence being in the whole of them expression, and the end, pleasure. Beauty, again, is the object with which all these arts are conversant; and words are admitted by Mr. Burke to have as considerable share in exciting the ideas of beauty and of the sublime as any of them; but he contends that words affect us in a very different manner to nature, or the other fine arts. The common notion,' he observes, 'is, that the power of poetry and eloquence, as well as that of words in ordinary conversation, is, that they affect the mind by raising ideas in it of those things for which custom has appointed them to stand; but their influence on the passions may be traced to a totally different source.' 'Nobody, I believe,' says this great man, immediately on hearing the sounds, virtue, liberty, or honor, conceives any precise notions of the particular modes of action and thinking, together with the mixt and simple ideas, and the several relations of them for which these words are substituted; neither has he any general idea, compounded of them; for, if he had, then some of those particular ones, though indistinct, perhaps, and confused, might come soon to be perceived. But this, I take it, is hardly ever the case. For put yourself upon analysing one of these words, and you must reduce it from one set of general words to another, and then into the simple abstracts and aggregates, in a much longer series than may be at first imagined, before any real idea emerges to light, before you come to discover any thing like the first principles of such compositions; and, when you have made such a discovery of the original ideas, the effect of the composition is utterly lost. A train of thinking of this sort is much too long to be pursued in the ordinary ways of conversation, nor is it at all necessary that it should. Such words are in reality but mere sounds; but they are sounds, which being used on particular occasions, wherein we receive some good, or suffer some evil; or see others affected with good or evil; or which we hear applied to other interesting things or events; and being applied in such a variety of cases, that we know readily by habit to what things they belong, they produce in the mind, whenever they are afterwards mentioned, effects similar to those of their occasions. The sounds being often used without reference to any particular occasion, and carrying still their first impressions, they at last utterly lose their connexion with the particular occasions that gave rise to them; yet the sound, without any annexed notion, continues to operate as before. I find it very hard,' he adds, to persuade several that their passions are affected by words from whence they have no ideas; and yet harder to convince them, that in the ordinary course of conversation we are sufficiently understood without raising any images of the things concerning which we speak. It seems to be an odd subject of dispute with any man, whether he has ideas in his mind or not. Of this, at first view, every man, in his own forum, ought to judge without appeal. But, strange as it may appear, we are often at a loss to know what ideas we have of things, or whether we have any ideas at all upon some subjects. It even requires a good deal of attention to be thoroughly satisfied on this head. Since I wrote these papers I found two very striking instances of the possibility there is, that a man may hear words without having any idea of the things which they represent, and yet afterwards be capable of returning them to others, combined in a new way, and with great propriety, energy, and instruction. The first instance is that of Mr. Blacklock, a poet blind from his birth. Few men blessed with the most perfect sight can describe visual objects with more spirit and justness than this blind man; which cannot possibly be attributed to his having a clearer conception of the things he describes than is common to other persons. The second instance is of Mr. Saunderson, professor of mathematics in the University of Cambridge. This learned man had acquired great knowledge in natural philosophy, in astronomy, and whatever sciences depend upon mathematical skill. What was the most extraordinary, and the most to my purpose, he gave excellent lectures upon light and colors; and this man taught others the theory of those ideas which they had, and which he himself undoubtedly had not. But it is probable that the words red, blue, green, answered to him as well as the ideas of the color themselves for the ideas of greater or less degrees of refrangibility being applied to these words, and the blind man being instructed in what other respects they were found to agree or to disagree, it was as easy for him to reason upon the words, as if he had been fully master of the ideas. Indeed it must be owned he could make no new discoveries in the way of experiment. He did nothing but what we do every day in common discourse.' Our author then instances, in passages from Virgil, Horace, and Milton, the manner in which he conceives we are affected by verbal description :- There is not perhaps in the whole Æneid a more grand and labored passage than the description of Vulcan's cavern in Etna, and the works that are there carried on. Virgil dwells particularly on the formation of the thunder, which he describes unfinished under the hammers of the Cyclops. But what are the principles of this extraordinary composition? Tres imbris torti radios, tres nubis aquosæ Addiderant; rutili tres ignis et alitis austri; Fulgores nunc terrificos sonitumque, metumque Miscebant operi, flammisque sequacibus iras. This seems to be admirably sublime; yet, if we attend coolly to the kind of sensible images which a combination of ideas of this sort must form, the chimeras of madmen cannot appear Three rays of twisted showers, three of watery more wild and absurd than such a picture. clouds, three of fire, and three of the winged south wind; then mixed they in the work terrific lightnings, and sound, and fear, and anger, with formed into a gross body; it is hammered by the pursuing This strange composition is Cyclops, it is in part polished, and partly continoble assemblage of words, corresponding to nues rough. The truth is, if poetry gives us a many noble ideas, which are connected by circumstances of time or place, or related to each other as cause and effect, or associated in any natural way, they may be moulded together in any form, and perfectly answer their end. The picturesque connexion is not demanded; because no real picture is formed; nor is the effect of the description at all the less upon this account. flames.' "What is said of Helen by Priam and the old men of his council, is generally thought to give us the highest possible idea of that fatal beauty. Ου νεμέσις Τρωας και ἔνκνημιδας Αχαιες For nine long years have set the world in arms; Here is not one word said of the particulars of her beauty; nothing which can in the least help us to any precise idea of her person; but yet we are much more touched by this manner of men |