faction of the court that any of its sureties is or has become insufficient, the court, upon notice, may order the giving of a new undertaking, with sufficient sureties, in lieu of the insufficient one. All rights obtained by the filing of the original undertaking shall immediately cease if: (1) the new undertaking is not given within the time required by the order; or

(2) the sureties thereon fail to justify when required.

§ 432. Corporations as sureties

When an undertaking or bond, with any number of sureties, is authorized or required by a law of the Canal Zone, a corporation with a paid-up capital of not less than $100,000, incorporated under the laws of a State of the United States for the purpose of making, guaranteeing, or becoming a surety upon bonds or undertakings required or authorized by law; or which, by the laws of the State where it was incorporated has that power; and which shall have complied with all the requirements of the law for the admission of corporations to transact that business in the Canal Zone, may become and shall be accepted as security or as sole and sufficient surety upon the undertaking or bond, and it shall be subject to all the liabilities and entitled to all the rights of natural person sureties.

§ 433. Justification by corporate sureties

(a) When the surety on a bond or undertaking authorized or required by a law of the Canal Zone is a foreign corporation, authorized to be a surety on bonds or undertakings in the Canal Zone, and exception is taken to its sufficiency as required by law, the corporate surety may justify on the bond or undertaking as provided in this section.

An agent, attorney in fact, or officer of the corporation shall submit to the court, judge, officer, board, or other person before whom the justification is to be made:

(1) the original, or a certified copy of the power of attorney, bylaws, or other instrument showing the authority to execute the bonds or undertakings of the person or persons who executed them;

(2) a certified copy of the certificate of authority showing that the corporation is authorized to transact business;

(3) a certificate from the executive secretary showing that the certificate of authority has not been surrendered, revoked, canceled, annulled, or suspended, or in the event that it has been, that renewed authority to act under it has been granted;

(4) a financial statement verified under oath by the president, or a vice president and attested by the secretary or an assistant secretary of the corporation, showing the assets and liabilities of the corporation at the end of the quarter calendar year prior to the 45 days preceding the date of the execution of the bond or undertaking.

(b) The justification of the surety shall be complete and it shall be accepted as the sole and sufficient surety on the bond or undertaking if, upon complying with subsection (a) of this section, it appears that:

(1) the bond or undertaking was duly executed;

(2) the corporation is authorized to transact business in the Canal Zone; and

(3) its assets exceed its liabilities in an amount equal to, or in excess of the amount of the bond or undertaking.

§ 434. Cash deposit in lieu of bond

In proceedings in which a bond is required the clerk of the district court may accept a cash deposit in the sum of the bond. Where a

cash bond is given, the moneys or any part thereof may be withdrawn only upon order of the court.

§ 435. Copies of bonds

Bonds required in civil actions or proceedings, except bonds for arrest or appeal from inferior courts, shall be copied in full by the clerk in an appropriate book, and a copy, authenticated by him, shall have the force and effect of the original.

§ 436. Governmental exemption from bonds and undertakings

The United States, an agency thereof, or an officer thereof in his official capacity, as a party plaintiff or defendant to a civil action or proceeding, may not be required to give a bond, written undertaking, or security; and on complying with the other provisions of this Code, has the same rights, remedies, and benefits as if the bond, undertaking, or security, had been given or approved.

§ 437. Subrogation of surety to rights of judgment creditor

When a surety on an undertaking on appeal, executed to stay proceedings upon a money judgment, pays the judgment, either with or without action, after its affirmance by the appellate court, he is substituted to the rights of the judgment creditor, and is entitled to control, enforce, and satisfy the judgment, in all respects as if he had recovered the same.

§ 438. Enforcement of liability of surety

A surety upon a bond or undertaking given in a civil action or special proceeding in the district court submits himself to the jurisdiction of the court and irrevocably appoints the clerk of the court as his agent upon whom papers affecting his liability on the bond or undertaking may be served. His liability may be enforced on motion without the necessity of an independent action. The motion and such notice as the court prescribes may be served on the clerk of the court who shall forthwith mail copies to the surety if his address is known. § 439. Attorneys as sureties

Attorneys may not be accepted as sureties upon bonds or recognizances required to be filed in court.

Sec.

CHAPTER 13-JURORS

471. Selection, summoning and service of jurors. 472. Compensation of jurors.

§ 471. Selection, summoning and service of jurors

The district court shall provide for the selection, summoning and serving of jurors from among the citizens of the United States subject to jury duty to serve in the division of the district in which the jurors reside.

§ 472. Compensation of jurors

(a) Jurors who are employed by the United States or an agency or instrumentality thereof in the Canal Zone shall receive their full pay for the time spent attending court and shall not receive compensation from the court for their attendance as jurors. Their periods of service as jurors may not be deducted from the time allowed for any leave of absence authorized by law.

(b) Jurors who are not employed as provided by subsection (a) of this section shall be allowed a jury fee of $7 per diem during the time of their attendance.

Sec.

CHAPTER 15-PROBATION OFFICER

511. Appointment of probation officer and deputies.

512. Duties of probation officer.

513. Arrest of probationer or parolee.

§ 511. Appointment of probation officer and deputies

(a) The Governor shall appoint a qualified person to serve as probation officer of the district court and the magistrates' courts, and may appoint as many deputy probation officers as he deems necessary. The probation officer and deputies shall also serve as parole officer and deputy parole officers, respectively, and, when so serving, shall be referred to by those designations. The probation officer and deputies shall serve at the pleasure of the Governor, and the deputies shall be under the immediate direction and control of the probation officer. (b) If the Governor deems it necessary, he may appoint a qualified person, who may be an officer or employee of the Canal Zone Government assigned for the purpose, to act as probation officer or deputy probation officer, whenever the probation officer or deputy probation officer is unable to perform his duties because of temporary disability or absence.

(c) Section 101 of Title 2 applies to the fixing of compensation and establishment of conditions of employment of the probation officer and deputies, and acting probation officer.

§ 512. Duties of probation officer

The probation officer shall:

(1) furnish to each probationer under his supervision a written statement of the conditions of probation, and instruct him regarding them;

(2) keep informed concerning the conduct and condition of each probationer under his supervision and report thereon to the proper court;

(3) use all suitable methods, not inconsistent with the conditions imposed by the court, to aid probationers and to bring about improvements in their conduct and condition;

(4) keep records of his work;

(5) keep accurate and complete accounts of all moneys collected from persons under his supervision, and give receipts for the moneys so collected and make at least monthly returns thereof to the proper court;

(6) make such reports to the courts as they may at any time require;

(7) make pre-sentence investigations when directed by the courts concerned:

(8) perform such duties with respect to parole as the Governor directs;

(9) perform such duties with respect to unofficial probation as the United States attorney directs; and

(10) perform such other duties as the Governor or the Judge of the district court directs.

§ 513. Arrest of probationer or parolee

Within the probation or parole period, the probation officer may for cause arrest the probationer or parolee wherever found, without a warrant.

Sec.

CHAPTER 17-ATTORNEYS AT LAW

BUBCHAPTER I—ADMISSION, REMOVAL, AND SUSPENSION OF ATTORNEYS

541. Admission to practice.

542. Certificate of admission.

543. Oath.

544. Roll of attorneys.

545. Grounds for removal, suspension or discipline.

546. Proceedings for removal, suspension or discipline generally.

SUBCHAPTER II-POWERS AND DUTIES OF ATTORNEYS

571. Who may conduct litigation.

572. Duties generally,

573. Authority.

574. Change of attorney; consent; contingent fee cases.

575. Notice of change.

576. Death or removal of attorney.

577. Reasonable compensation; contract for services.

Subchapter I-Admission, Removal, and Suspension of Attorneys

§ 541. Admission to practice

(a) The following persons may, on motion in open court, be admitted by the district judge to practice as an attorney of the district court:

(1) a person who is admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the United States, or in the highest court of a State of the United States;

(2) a person who is admitted to practice in the highest court of a foreign country the jurisprudence of which is based upon the principles of the English common law, if, in the case provided by this paragraph:

(A) the education requirements for practice in the foreign country are a Bachelor of Laws degree, or equivalent, granted for successful passage of at least a three-year law course in residence;

(B) the law school from which the person received the degree is a law school acceptable to the district judge for the purposes of this subsection; and

(C) the person has practiced law for at least three years within the period of five years immediately prior to making application in the Canal Zone.

(b) A person may be admitted by the district judge to practice as an attorney of the district court upon satisfactorily passing an examination in the law to be prescribed and conducted by the district judge or by a committee of the bar appointed by him for that purpose, if the applicant shall establish that he has attained the age of 21 years and that he has received a Bachelor of Laws degree, or equivalent, granted for the successful passage of at least a three-year law course, in residence, by a law school acceptable to the district judge for the purposes of this subsection, either in a:

(1) State of the United States; or

(2) foreign country the jurisprudence of which is based on the English common law; or

(3) foreign country the jurisprudence of which is not based upon the English common law, if, in the case provided in this paragraph, the applicant establishes that:

(A) he is admitted to practice in the highest court of either the country in which he received the degree or the country of which he is a citizen or subject; and

(B) subsequent to the receipt of the degree, he has satisfactorily completed at least one year's study, in residence, including a suitable schedule of instruction in practice and procedure, in an acceptable law school in the United States, or has studied law for a period of two years in the office of an attorney having an active practice in the Canal Zone.

(c) An applicant under this section shall establish that he is a person of good moral character, that he is a resident of the Isthmus of Panama, and that it is his good faith intention to engage in the actual and present practice of law before the courts of the Canal Zone if admitted to the bar.

(d) The district court may prescribe and from time to time amend such rules as it deems necessary or desirable governing the qualifications of candidates, the form and content of applications, and the procedures governing applications, examinations, and admissions, subject to the requirements of this chapter. An applicant for admission shall upon the filing of his application pay to the clerk of court a fee of $15. The fee shall be accounted for by the clerk as miscellaneous receipts.

§ 542. Certificate of admission

Upon admission of an applicant to the bar, the district court shall direct that an order be entered to that effect upon its records, and that a certificate of admission be given to him by the clerk of the court, which certificate shall be his license.

§ 543. Oath

Before receiving a certificate the applicant shall take and subscribe in court the following oath:

"I, recognize and accept the supreme authority of the United States of America in the Canal Zone, and I do swear that I will obey the existing laws which rule in the Canal Zone, as well as the legal orders and decrees of the duly constituted authorities therein; that I impose upon myself this voluntary obligation without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion.

"I do solemnly swear that I will do no falsehood, nor consent to the doing of any in court; I will not wittingly or willingly promote or sue any false, groundless, or unlawful suit, nor give aid nor consent to the same; I will delay no man for money or malice, but will conduct myself in the office of a lawyer within the courts according to the best of my knowledge and discretion, with all good fidelity as well to the courts as to my clients. So help me God.'

§ 544. Roll of attorneys

The clerk of the district court shall keep a roll of attorneys admitted to practice, signed by the persons admitted before they receive their licenses.

§ 545. Grounds for removal, suspension or discipline

An attorney may be removed, suspended or otherwise disciplined by the district court for any of the following causes arising after his admission to practice:

(1) conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude, in which case the record of conviction is conclusive evidence;