the prescription chemist, with a good influence on the health of the community at large.

In the manufacture of scientific apparatus German firms are prominent. Bausch & Lomb, of Rochester, New York, are the leading manufacturers in the United States of scientific and optical apparatus, and have made many serviceable inventions.' Emil Meyrowitz, born at Danzig, Germany, is president of the Meyrowitz Manufacturing Company, and has introduced numerous improvements in optical work. He is now owner of the main store and three branches in New York, one in Paris (France), and one each in Minneapolis and St. Paul. Louis Gathmann, born in the province of Hanover, Germany, made improvements in the telescope, and is the inventor of the Gathmann gun. His fellow countryman, Emil Berliner, invented the gramophone in 1887, and is the patentee of valuable inventions in telephony.

The manufacture of machines is popularly and with some degree of propriety regarded as an American industry. The German element contributed very largely, however, in the development of this industry. An illustration can be furnished in the manufacture of agricultural machinery. The city of Canton, Ohio, owes its prosperity largely to its manufactures of agricultural implements. Mr. Aultman (of German blood) was one of Ohio's pioneer manufacturers 2 and is the head of the firm of Aultman, Miller & Company, at Canton, where the Buckeye mower was developed and for many years manufactured. He was also a partner in the Aultman & Taylor Company, of Mansfield, Ohio, where the "endless apron thresher and many other

1 Edward Bausch (member of the firm) was born at Rochester, and is a graduate of Cornell University.

2 Ephraim Ball, at one time associated with Aultman, was in all probability also of German descent. The Deutsche Pionier states that it was so.

agricultural implements were made. The firm later became one of the largest in the thresher industry.' The Buckeye interests owed much to Lewis Miller, the modern mowingmachine being an offspring of his brain, and for this invention he will ever deserve the gratitude of his countrymen. Aultman, Miller & Company established a twine factory (Akron, Ohio) in connection with their harvester plant. The use of twine in binding was a distinct advantage.

To get some additional assurance of the German representation in the manufacture of agricultural machinery, the writer has been in correspondence with the editor of the "Akron Germania," Mr. Louis Seybold, who is interested in the history of the Germans of his state. The following quotations from his letters give additional information: "The founders of this industry [agricultural implements] in Akron, Canton, Doylestown, Mansfield, etc., were of German extraction, but as far as I know, all born in this country. They were John F. Seiberling, John R. Buchtel, Lewis Miller, George W. Crouse (Kraus), Aultman, etc., who traced their origin back to the Fatherland. They could all talk the Pennsylvania-Dutch. Seiberling owned and operated the Empire Mower and Reaper Works in this city from 1870 to about 1890. Miller, Crouse, and Buchtel owned, under the name of Aultman, Miller & Company, the Buckeye Mower and Reaper Works, 1 Cf. R. L. Ardrey, American Agricultural Implements Industry of the United States, p. 217, copyrighted 1894. Cf. also Der deutsche Pionier. 2 Ardrey, supra, p. 209.

This German paper recently published an elaborate Christmas edition containing a very interesting history of the Germans of the city and surrounding parts. The early settlement and the German contribution to the prosperity of the city are very clearly set forth. The date of the number is December 22, 1906. The example of the Akron Germania should be repeated in other places.

in Akron, Ohio, a few years ago absorbed by the Harvester Trust. Aultman and Miller were interested in the Aultman works in Canton, and I believe Mansfield also, manufacturing threshing-machines principally. The Seiberlings were interested in a smaller concern of this kind in Doylestown, Wayne County, Ohio." 1

Another pioneer firm in the manufacture of agricultural implements was the Parlin & Orendorff Company, of Canton, Illinois. They served the cause by the introduction of a better plow. Orendorff was undoubtedly of German blood. Another German firm was Weusthoff & Getz, of Dayton, Ohio, who manufactured grain-drills, corn-planters, harrows, lawn-mowers, etc. Still another firm of German name is that of the Geiser Manufacturing Company of Waynesboro, Pennsylvania. They built the Geiser selfregulating threshers and horse powers, beginning the manufacture of engines in 1879, when they purchased the plant of F. F. and A. B. Landis (Pennsylvania-Germans, descendants of Mennonites), of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. F. F. Landis took at this time the position of superintendent, and in 1889 designed the New Peerless Thresher." J. J. Glessner (born at Zanesville, Ohio) is chairman of the executive committee and vice-president of the International Harvester Company.

A manufacturer of machines in another department is James Leffel, who has given his name to the Leffel turbine wheels manufactured by his son-in-law, J. W. Bookwalter (German name Buchwalter, anglicized), at Springfield,

1 From the same source the writer learned that Anton Berg (an old settler), now living in Akron, Ohio, practical locksmith and mechanic, claims that he made the first knives for the firm of Ketchum & Howe in Buffalo, who were making some of the first harvesting-machines in the years 1847 and 1848. Mr. Berg also made the first Buckeye machine in Akron. He is a native of Germany.

'Ardrey, p. 234.

Ohio, where also the Bookwalter engines are built. Blickensderfer (a good German-Moravian name) is the inventor of one of the popular typewriters of to-day.

In the history of glass-blowing in the United States German pioneers are found in the eighteenth century. It is claimed that Caspar Wistar, who came to America from Baden in 1717, built the first glass-factory in the Colonies, near Alloway Town, a few miles east of Salem, N.J., in 1738. He imported glass-blowers from Rotterdam to learn the trade from them, and, in conjunction with his son, manufactured glassware of all kinds for many years.' Amelung's glass-works, on Bennett's Creek, near the Monocacy River (Frederick County, Maryland), were probably as well known as any in the country at the time. Washington, writing to Jefferson concerning this "factory of glass upon a large scale on the Monocacy River," states that he is informed it would produce the value of ten thousand pounds in that year. Baron Stiegel's glass-works, at Mannheim in Pennsylvania, were established before the Revolutionary War. One of the noted glass-blowers of the present day is Valentine Remmel, born in Pittsburg, 1853, and son of a German father. Carl Langenbeck, of German descent, is a specialist in clay products. He was formerly superintendent of the Rookwood Pottery, Cincinnati, and the originator of "Rookwood faience," and "aventurine pottery glazes." He is also the consulting chemist and engineer of several potteries, tile and mosaic works. Thomas Key Niedringhaus, descended from a

2

1 Cf. The National Dictionary of American Biography, vol. xii, p. 359. See Volume I, pp. 172–173. See Volume 1, pp. 140-143. * Remmel is noted also as an organizer of the socialistic party. He was candidate for Vice-President on the ticket of the Socialist Labor Party, 1900.

Mr. Niedringhaus was prominently before the public recently in his fight for the United States Senatorship. He had received the caucus nomina

well-known German family in Missouri, was the secretary of the St. Louis Stamping Company in 1880, and is a director and vice-president of the National Enameling and Stamping Company.

In the iron and steel industry a large number of Germans have been prominent from the very beginning of its history. Perhaps the earliest iron-works on record were those of Governor Spotswood at Germanna (Virginia), about 1714-1720, which were operated by colonists from Siegen, Germany.' In Pennsylvania the first foundry was erected in 1716 by an English Quaker; ten years later the German. Mennonite Kurtz built his works on Octorara Creek, in Lancaster County.' Berks County soon became a centre of the iron industry, and most of the iron-masters were Germans. The "Oley " works were established in 1745 by two Germans and an Englishman. On the Tulpehocken Creek, two miles from Womelsdorf (Conrad Weiser's original colony), iron-works were started in 1749, with the name "Tulpehocken Eisenhammer," still in existence in 1884, and called "Charming Forge." In Lancaster County the "Elisabeth Hochofen," which ran for more than one hundred years, was founded in 1750 by Johann Huber, a German. The furnace bore the inscription

"Johann Huber, der erste deutsche Mann,

Der das Eisenwerk vollführen kann."

He sold his works in 1757 to Baron H. W. Stiegel, whose enterprises at Mannheim have been fully described in an

tion, January 5, 1905, but failed of election by a bolt in the legislature in joint session. He is also vice-president of the Commonwealth Steel Company and secretary of the Granite Realty and Investment Company. 1 Volume 1, Chapter VII, pp. 178 ff.

'Pennsylvania Gazette, March 5, 1730; quoted by Der deutsche Pionier, vol. xvi, pp. 191–194. Much of the material above on the Pennsylvania iron industry of the early period is derived from the latter source.