position is that of consulting engineer of the General Electric Company.

The representative of the Edison Company in England and Germany, and subsequently chief inspector of the central station for the Edison Company, has been W. J. Hammer. It was he who installed the 8000-light plant of the Ponce de Leon Hotel, St. Augustine, Florida, at that time the largest plant in the world for incandescent lighting. Other prominent names in electrical engineering are A. J. Wurts, general engineer for the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company; A. L. Rohrer, electrical superintendent, Schenectady Works, General Electric Company; H. M. Brinckerhoff, who constructed the first large electric elevated railroad (third rail) for Chicago, in 1894; B. A. Behrend (born in Germany), chief engineer, Bullock Electric Manufacturing Company, Cincinnati, and designer of some of the largest electrical machines, which received the grand prize at St. Louis in 1904; F. B. Herzog, an inventor of electrical devices, including automatic switch-boards, police-calls, elevator signals, and telephone devices.

Among the mining engineers, Germans are also very numerous. The most prominent name historically is that of Adolph H. J. Sutro, born in Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), Rhenish Prussia, 1830. He was educated in a German polytechnic school, and came to America in 1850. In 1860 he went to Nevada, where he conceived the plan of draining the mines of the Comstock Lode by means of a connecting tunnel. The main tunnel, over twenty thousand feet in length, begun in 1869, was connected with the first of the mines in 1878. Virginia City rose above the

1 Hammer was born in Pennsylvania, the son of William A. and Martha Beck Hammer. He has been the right-hand man of Edison since 1880.

great work. A remarkable feature of the undertaking was the stubborn fight which Sutro made against the opposition of reactionary interests in Nevada, as well as against their representatives in the Congress of the United States.1

Other mining engineers are A. F. Eilers (born in Nassau, Germany), president of the Colorado Smelting Company, of Pueblo, Colorado, 1883-1889; since then director and technical member of the executive committee, American Smelting and Refining Company; Max Boehmer (born in Lüneburg, Germany), consulting mining engineer, Leadville, Colorado; Albert Arents (born in Clausthal, Germany), inventor of lead-mine machinery, introduced the rectangular large-sized lead furnaces with boshes, the type now used by lead-smelters in the United States; C. W. H. Kirchoff, editor of "The Iron Age," since 1883 special agent of the United States Geological Survey for statistics on production of lead, copper, and zinc; F. A. Heinze, interested in mining and smelting in Montana; C. de Kalb, mining engineer in Western and Southern States and on expeditions to Central and South America.2

The great manufacturers in special lines, aiming to improve the quality and usefulness of their products, and thereby to surpass their competitors, have frequently be

1 Theodore Sutro (born in Aachen, in 1845), prominent lawyer of New York City, was instrumental in raising the capital for his brother's large venture. In 1887 he successfully defended the interests of the Sutro Tunnel Company, and organized its successor, the Comstock Tunnel Company. Theodore Sutro was active in the reform campaign of 1894 in New York, and is an authority on the law of taxation. (See Chapter IV.) Another brother, Otto Sutro, musician and merchant, was the founder of the Oratorio Society of Baltimore, and prominent in the musical history of that city.

2 The statistics in this paragraph are taken from Who's Who in America, 1906-1907.

come inventors. Many of the engineers above mentioned should be classed as inventors, foremost among them, Röbling and Steinmetz; similarly many of the men engaged in horticulture and the manufacture of food products, as well as many of the specialists to be mentioned in succeeding paragraphs.

The principle observed above, that the Germans were particularly prominent in those forms of industrial activity in which preliminary training is an essential to success, applies not only to the engineering professions, but also to the chemical industries, the manufacture of instruments, machinery, glass, steel, etc.

In the chemical industries the Germans are well represented.' In the manufacture of chemicals the two leading German firms are Rosengarten & Sons, of Philadelphia, and Charles Pfizer & Company, of New York, both of which have contributed an important share in the development of their industries, notably in the preparation of quinine, strychnine, morphine, and the mercurials, calomel and corrosive sublimate. Both of these firms own large establishments and are rated in the millions. Among pharmaceutical manufacturers the German element is represented by the firm of Sharp & Dohme, of Baltimore. The founders, Louis and Charles Dohme, were both born in Germany, Sharp, the silent partner, contributing capital. Two phases of the business were given particular attention by this firm, viz., first, the making of pharmaceutical preparations of standard strength and uniformity, with a view also to palatableness and attractive appearance; and secondly, applying chemical analysis and scientific research to vegetable drugs, as had been done pre

1 The writer is indebted for the information in this paragraph to Dr. A. R. L. Dohme of Baltimore.

viously only to inorganic substances. The latter feature is one introduced by the younger generation of the firm, trained carefully in the laboratories of this country and abroad. As importers of chemical glassware and German pure chemicals there are two leading German firms; Eimer & Amend, and Lehn & Fink.

In the history of patent medicine manufacture the Baltimore firm of Charles Vogler & Company played an important rôle. Their famous medicine was St. Jacob's Oil, which at one time was carried up and down the Mississippi in a steamboat owned by the firm. Another Baltimore firm, the A. C. Meyer Company, produced a liniment very similar, called the Salvation Oil. Other chemical firms not already mentioned are Maas & Waldstein of South Orange, New Jersey. The president, M. E. Waldstein, born in New York, is also the head of the Atlantic Chemical Works. The firm of Schieffelin Brothers, wholesale druggists of New York, was established in 1764. They claim to have introduced petroleum commercially in 1860.1 The Meyer Brothers Drug Company, of St. Louis, manufacturers of drugs and perfumes, are leaders in the West. G. A. Koenig (born in Baden), professor of chemistry in the Michigan College of Mines, was the chemist of the Tacony Chemical Works of Philadelphia, 1868-1872. He manufactured sodium stannate from tin scraps, and is the discoverer of several new minerals. Historically the German retail druggists have performed conspicuous service throughout the country. The "Deutsche Apotheke," so frequently seen in our cities, conducted by well-trained pharmacists, had the effect of improving the standard of

1 Bradhurst Schieffelin has been a benefactor of thousands of destitute persons, and organized the Bread and Shelter Societies, to remove destitute persons from cities to rural districts for their self-support.