Mr. VALENTINE. Thank you, Dr. Hartley. Dr. Winick.

STATEMENT OF DR. HERMAN WINICK, ACTING DIRECTOR, STANFORD SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LABORATORY, STANFORD, CA

Dr. WINICK. Thank you, Mr. Chairman and members of the Committee. I am pleased to say that with me here today is Dr. Joe Wong of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, who is Chairman of the SSRL Users Organization. I call your attention to a letter from Dr. Wong which is in the package just after the first colored divider, which expresses the views and concerns of the users of SSRL. I will be covering some of those points here, of

course.

I would also like to mention that the Director of the facility, Professor Bienenstock who would be here today normally, is on sabbatical at the Grenoble facility, the European Synchrotron Radiation facility which you have heard mentioned.

I appreciate the opportunity to discuss SSRL and its major activities; its user community, its relationships to other DOE-funded laboratories, and the impact of the President's proposed fiscal year 1989 Basic Energy Sciences budget on SSRL operations and research.

Our remarks will give you some background on SSRL, its utilization of the SPEAR and PEP storage rings at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center [SLAC] and the impact of the Laboratory on basic and applied research in the United States.

The major points of my testimony are the following: One, the core support funding recommended for SSRL in the President's budget for 1989 will provide the 650 scientists now involved with the program on the SPEAR ring with the lowest level of operations and staff support since the start of dedicated operation in fiscal year 1980.

With the beam time already in extreme overdemand, this reduction will necessarily cause drastic delays in important scientific and technological research projects. Some of these projects are of major importance to U.S. high-technology industries as evidenced by the large financial investments these companies have made in programs at SSRL.

Another program is important for the development of a major potential improvement in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. You heard Dr. Schriesheim mention the angiography work which SSRL has actually pioneered in. Other programs are very important to U.S. defense laboratories which have also made major investments in facilities at SSRL.

Two, another major negative consequence of the budget shortfall is the loss of the opportunity to exploit the unique capability of the existing large PEP storage ring, which is presently the most advanced x-ray synchrotron radiation source in the world and which has in the last few months been shown to have the capability to achieve a quantum leap in scientific performance.

PEP offers the Nation the opportunity to maintain a half-decade lead in synchrotron radiation research, which has proved to be so important to academic, government and industrial programs. If

this opportunity is not exploited, leadership in this field will shift from the United States to Japan or Europe.

Three, it is proposed therefore, that funds be added-that is new funds-to the DOE budget in Basic Energy Sciences to increase the SSRL core support from $11.25 million to $14 million. I refer you to page 10 of this testimony package for details of this proposal.

This increase will permit the start of dedicated operation of PEP along with about a doubling of the running time in SPEAR with immense benefit to academic, industrial and Government scientists in this country and a corresponding major increase in return on the large capital investment in existing facilities. It includes only a cost-of-living increase in general operating expenses.

During SSRL's 14 years of operation, the Laboratory has earned an international reputation for its accomplishments in research and instrumentation development. As the first high energy storage ring source of synchrotron radiation, the work done at SSRL has spawned the creation of other U.S. facilities now in full operation at Brookhaven National Laboratory and the University of Wisconsin, and the successful recent completion of the world's most advanced x-ray beam lines at SSRL.

In addition, it has led to the national commitment to construct very powerful third-generation sources at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and at Argonne, about which you heard a bit earlier. I want to point out that we at SSRL support the decision to construct these third-generation facilities because we are well aware that greater capacity on advanced synchrotron radiation facilities is necessary for the long-term, scientific, technological and economic health of the country.

They will be major additions when they become operational in 1995, or soon thereafter. Nevertheless, for decades to come the Nation will depend on the effective functioning of, and smallerscale additions to, the five excellent facilities now in operation.

This dependency will be greatest until the new facilities become operational. The present facilities must therefore, have adequate operations budget if the many important research programs performed at them are to be maintained. Unfortunately, however, the level of support for the operation of SSRL in the President's budget falls far short of that required to meet the demonstrated need.

Underutilization of present capability is wasteful, considering the large capital investment in these facilities. It compromises the scientific and technological competitiveness of this country, vis-á-vis Europe and Japan. It is also inconsistent with the planned construction of new facilities since completing these facilities and bringing them on line can be done more effectively and efficiently by utilizing existing facilities to help solve some of the difficult technical problems involved.

In this regard, operation of the storage-ring PEP by SSRL is particularly important. It is the only storage ring in the world with beam lines which can function at the brightness levels of the proposed next-generation x-ray storage rings. Failure to take advantage of opportunities to run PEP in a mode dedicated to synchrotron radiation will delay for years the very experiments for which these new rings are being constructed.

Valuable scientific and technological opportunities will be lost. In addition, effective utilization of the new rings will be set back. The Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory is a national facility funded by the Department of Energy for the utilization of synchrotron radiation in biology, chemical engineering, chemistry, electrical engineering, geology, material science, medicine, physics and other disciplines.

As you have heard, synchrotron radiation provides x-ray beams with intensities which are 10,000 to a million times greater than all other steady-state sources. Such increases in intensities necessarily lead to revolutions in our scientific and technological capabilities.

Other speakers have described some of these applications, and in the interest of brevity, I will skip the next part which I refer you to in the submitted written testimony. These topics are also covered in some detail in the letters from users that are appended to the back of the package. As you can see, just briefly ranging through them and as you have heard, they range from work on understanding high-temperature superconductivity to diagnosis of blockages of coronary arteries, to the carrying out of x-ray microscopy, x-ray microtomography, x-ray lithography.

Let me now describe SSRL and the accomplishments of this facility over the past 14 years. Although they are administratively distinct, SSRL is situated on the site of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, SLAC, and uses the two SLAC electron-storage rings which were originally constructed for high energy physics research. These are the 3-4 GeV SPEAR ring and the 5-16 GeV PEP ring. It would probably require about $200 million to duplicate these rings today. Large currents of electrons circulating in these rings emit copious amounts of synchrotron radiation in the form of ultraviolet light and x-rays as the electrons are curved during their passage through the storage ring bending magnets.

Even more radiation is emitted by passing the electrons through special magnets called wigglers and undulators which can be placed between the bending magnets. This radiation is transported to the SSRL experimental stations and used for research purposes. SSRL has 24 experimental stations available to the user community. Of these, 22 are on the SPEAR ring and two are on the PEP ring. Eleven of these stations receive radiation from very powerful wiggler and undulator magnets which offer the highest flux and brightness in the world.

This is a larger number of such stations than on any other existing facility and, in fact, larger than the sum total of all other U.S. facilities.

The SSRL user community includes about 650 scientists involved in 158 active research proposals. SSRL users come from 114 institutions, 30 States, 10 foreign countries, as shown on the attached listing. Of these institutions, 49 are universities, 27 corporations, 13 Government laboratories, and 25 are foreign.

SSRL provides an atmosphere in which collaborations between scientists from industry, university and Government labs develop quite easily to the mutual benefit of the partners. In fact, about one-third of SSRL proposals are for collaborations between industry and university scientists.

Over 2,000 publications have resulted from research at SSRL over the past 14 years; 160 of these were published last year. Graduate students from 19 universities have written 126 theses based on work at SSRL. These statistics are summarized in the tables at the end of this narrative.

Finally, in terms of background, SSRL was funded this year for the construction of a separate 3-GeV injector for the SPEAR ring. This injector, by eliminating the need to fill the SPEAR ring with the SLAC linac, will not only increase the number of shifts available on the ring but will eliminate interference with the use of the linac in the operation of the Stanford Linear Collider.

Perhaps the most significant single development at SSRL during the past year was the demonstration of the capability of the PEP storage ring as a low-emittence, high-brightness synchrotron radiation source. During a 12-day period made available to SSRL by SLAC last December, approximately 20 scientists from SSRL, SLAC and LBL and both the Argonne and Brookhaven National Laboratories operated the PEP storage ring at 7.1 GeV in a lowemittence mode to produce laser like beams of x-rays about as bright as beams planned for the third-generation storage rings at Berkeley, Argonne and in other countries.

However, as I have stated before, these new rings will not be operational as you have heard from other speakers too, until about the middle of the next decade. Until these new rings are available, PEP offers unique opportunities to synchrotron radiation research, machine development that will, in fact, be extremely important in the design of these new facilities.

The importance of PEP operation to the planning and design of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory is described in two attached letters; first from Dr. Alan Schriesheim, who you heard from earlier, Director of Argonne; the other from Dr. David Moncton, Interim Associate Laboratory Director for the Advanced Photon Source.

The potential of PEP as a synchrotron radiation source goes beyond the level demonstrated in the December run. Its highenergy, large-circumference, and long straight sections give it a flexibility that will permit its development to even higher performance levels beyond that which could be provided by the third-generation rings now in construction.

Thus, PEP could be the prototype of an even more powerful ring for the 21st Century in maintaining this country's leadership in this field. I regret to say, however, that the President's proposed budget for Basic Energy Sciences is not likely to allow for dedicated operation of this unique ring in fiscal year 1989.

Funding for the core support of SSRL is provided by the Department of Energy's Office of Basic Energy Sciences in the form of operation expenses and capital equipment. Basic Energy Sciences also funds constructions projects.

In the table on page 10 of my submission we show the fiscal year 1987 and 1988 funding, $10.777 million and $11.21 million respectively for SSRL core support. The next column shows the President's fiscal year 1989 budget for $11.25 million. Finally, the right hand column of the table shows our present proposal for $14 million for this critical portion of SSRL funding.

In fiscal year 1987, SSRL operated SPEAR for use as a dedicated storage ring for 323 scheduled shifts of 8 hours each. PEP did not operate at all in fiscal year 1987. During the current year, we had hoped to operate SPEAR in the dedicated mode for a total of approximately 300 scheduled shifts, about the same as in 1987, but significantly less than the 400 shifts available from SLAC.

It now appears that our budget this year will not be adequate for this level of SPEAR operation. During fiscal year 1988, PEP was operated for synchrotron radiation purposes for 36 shifts for the accelerator physics studies and the exploratory research discussed above. SLAC plans to recommence colliding operation of PEP later in this fiscal year and SSRL will operate parasitically at that time. I hope that this information has demonstrated the importance to the synchrotron radiation community that SPEAR be operated at its fullest. If we are to respond to this demand within the President's proposed fiscal year 1989 budget-that is to include the full utilization of SPEAR-we do not have sufficient funds to operate the PEP storage ring and must also reduce our other research and operations costs by 7.5 percent in spite of inflation.

This is inconsistent with properly staffing facilities, supporting users, maintaining the beam lines and performing staff research. In other words, that possibility is just not feasible. Equally important in the long run is the lost opportunity to run PEP as a highbrightness source using the two magnificent beam lines recently completed.

I believe it is vital to the American scientific and technological community for us to strive for dedicated operation of SPEAR for the full 400 shifts that are available and to begin dedicated operation of PEP for synchrotron radiation research to maintain this country's leadership in this field.

Recently SLAC prepared new estimates for the available dedicated operating time and costs for both the SPEAR and the PEP rings in fiscal year 1989. These estimates were for $3.6 million for 400 SPEAR shifts and $1.6 million for 180 PEP shifts. Using these figures, I propose the restoration of PEP operating funds, $1.6 million, a cost of living increase over the fiscal year 1988 funding of general operating expenses, and an additional $0.26 million over the President's budget for capital equipment funding.

This proposal is shown on the right hand column of page 10. $2.75 million increase over the President's budget recommendation, although far short of our original request, will have very significant positive consequences for the SSRL and the national synchrotron radiation programs.

Thank you for your attention.

[The prepared statement of Dr. Winick follows:]