tual; and chofe from an equal number of the four parishes, twelve men advanced in years, to whom they gave the title of Oberalten.

· But two other councils were established to counterbalance the authority of these tribunes; one confifting of forty-eight, and the other of one hundred and forty-four citizens. The members of the first had leave to fit in the two others, and those of the fecond made part of the third, as at present. Though the people did not intermeddle in the election of the magiftrates or the members of these councils, they referved to themselves the decifion of affairs in the laft refort; and enacted, that every eftated citizen and every fworn mafter belonging to the trading corporations, should have a voice in their domeftic or general affemblies. They likewise made the law, that the magistrates fhould give an account of their administration; wrenched from the fenate the administration of the public treasure, and put it into the hands of eight citizens, who were to be elected every fix years in the general affemblies of the people, and every year give the fenate an account of their administration. They promised at the fame time, to provide by new taxes, for any extraordinary supplies that might be wanting.

• The fenate's power of judging in the last resort, was confirmed to it by Charles V. who declared that no appeal should be allowed but in civil caufes, where the principal demand exceeded fix hundred golden florins, and was not for debts fully proved, contracts of marriage, the building or rent of houses, or mercantile affairs. The emperor Ferdinand confirmed this charter in 1634, and confined the exception to demands exceeding seven hundred golden florins.

The reformation had no fooner put an end to the ecclefiaftical jurisdiction of the clergy, but the fenate took poffeffion of it, conniving, however, at the reformed clergy's meeting without its permiffion, and deciding, by a plurality of voices, in regard to matters of faith, and the conduct of their members. Thus they left them in poffeffion of the dangerous power of troubling the public tranquility. Accordingly, almoft every day gave birth to fresh diffenfions among the minifters of the fanctuary. In vain did the senate interpose its authority, by enjoining filence, and fometimes difimiffing thofe that had given offence. The fuperintendant Epinus, maintaining that the defcent of Jesus Christ into hell belonged to his ftate of humiliation, drove out of the city the minifters of a contrary belief. In our days, he would have found himself at the wrong fide. Doctor Van Eitzen, a peaceable divine, tired with these disputes, gave up his employment, and was fucceeded by Weftphalius, a turbulent man; who with Melanch

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ton and Calvin were endeavouring to reconcile the jarring opinions concerning the facrament, oppofed them by a pamphlet stuffed with invective and abufe. Calvin having answered it in the fame ftile, all hopes of a mutual toleration difappeared. Twenty Hamburgh ecclefiaftics gave their confeffion of the impanation, and exhorted the people to ftand firm to it. The fenate, to preserve peace, turned out the English refugees, and published an edict, forbidding any fectaries to live in the city. If this law has not been for a long time paft put in execution, it must be attributed rather to the connivance of the magiftrates, than that of the clergy, who never failed to prefs the execu tion of the edict, as often as the fenate feemed to forget it; and even infifted on the fectaries being forbid to go to Altena, to frequent the religious affemblies in that place. The canons, more humane than the parochial clergy, indulged the deceased calvinists with burial in their cathedral; and the fenate honoured the funerals with their prefence.

The fenate fuppreffed the poft of fuperintendant of the churches, on the death of Penfhorn; but the clergy, notwithstanding, retained its afcendant over the people. The handicraft trades, thofe numerous and compact bodies, took care to preferve their monopolies. Several induftrious artizans, unable to obtain their freedom among them, fettled in the neighbourhood, and contrived to work there on easier terms. This gave rife to a law in the year 1548, forbidding the inhabitants of Hamburgh to employ them, on pain of pecuniary punishment, and confifcation of the goods made by them, and brought into the city.

Such were the effects of democracy, monopoly in trade, and perfecution in religion, both equally prejudicial to a republic founded on commerce.'

Hamburgh had a large fhare in the thirty years war which afflicted the continent of Europe, and began in the year 1616, when this city was regularly fortified, and her inhabitants formed into regiments. She probably would have fallen a facrifice, as other imperial cities did, to the ambition and bigotry of the houfe of Auftria, had fhe not been protected by the victorious arms of Guftavus Adolphus, and by the differences which arose between the king of Denmark and the emperor, each claiming rights over that city incompatible with those of the other. Hamburgh, however, muft have been attacked by Denmark about the year 1643, had it not been for the Swedes; and the treaty of Munfter reftored it to tranquility. Our author regularly purfues his hiftory down to the year 1715; and, ten years after, the treaty of Vienna re-established the Haufe merchants in the enjoyment of all the rights, inmunities, and emoluments

emoluments they had formerly enjoyed. The remaining part of this work is employed in the civil contentions within the city of Hamburgh, their confequences, and the various methods eftablished to ensure the public tranquility, together with the plan of the prefent government of that place.

To conclude: this performance may be of use to such of our readers as delight in investigating the various springs of affections and actions by which the best concerted plans of civil government have been defeated. It must be allowed, to the honour of the Hamburghers, that they ftill retain a large portion of interior independency, notwithstanding the high claims of the Germanic emperors and the Northern powers upon their government and conftitution. Whether any particular juncture of affairs have rendered this publication feasonable at prefent, we do not presume to determine. It is dedicated to his Britannic majefty, whose grandfather and great-grandfather effectually interested themfelves in favour of this city, under the most disagreeable circumftances.

III. State-Worthies: or, the Statesmen and Favourites of England from the Reformation to the Revolution. Their Prudence and Policies, Succeffes and Miscarriages, Advancements and Falls. By David Lloyd. To this Edition is added the Characters of the Kings and Queens of England, during the above Period; with a Tranflation of the Latin Paffages, and other Additions. By Charles Whitworth, Efq. In II. Vols. 8vo. Pr. 8s. Robfon.

E have often observed with great pleasure a certain ftile peculiar to the antient alumni of our English universities, which feems to have ended with our author Mr. Lloyd. Any one who has read Fuller, and Lloyd's other contemporaries and predeceffors in academical learning, understand what we mean; but the properties of the ftile are not eafily defcribed. It of ten turns, it is true, upon words and puns, and after long beating about barren fields, the author, like a spaniel, makes a full fet at his reader's brain, and furprises him by fome quaint faying, pun, or conundrum. Yet we often meet with fentences and paffages of true wit, folid learning, and worthy of the moft elegant antiquity. If Mr. Lloyd, the author before us, is not the most fhining of this class, yet his manner must convey fome amufement to his reader, and is attended with no inconfiderable degree of inftruction.

With regard to the publication before us, we think it the

moft

moft motley of any we have seen. Mr. Lloyd is profeffedly the white-washer of every character and perfonage that falls under his brush, particularly of the loyalifts of Charles the First and Second; but his editor has feamed it with fome fable ftrokes, fome drawn from Lord Herbert and fome from his own ftores, which are supplied from Rapin, and other republican writers of little credit, and lefs abilities. The true merit of Lloyd is, that, notwithstanding the fameness of most of his characters, he ferves them up to his readers fo differently dreffed, that each feems to be a new dish, and to have a peculiar relish. If there was a chancellor who could throw off his gown in Henry the Eighth's time, to affift the executioner in torturing a poor lady in the Tower, and who could be guilty of the most shocking inhumanities towards the Proteftants, Mr. Lloyd immediately makes his apology in a bon mot, by telling us, that his lordship ufed to fay," Force awed, but juftice governed the world;" and then he crowns all by telling us, that this chancellor was predeceffor to Charles the Firft's loyal, earl of Southampton; but carefully conceals the cruelties that would have disgraced a Spanish inquifitor, or an American Indian. Our reader may take a small fpecimen of the author's dexterity in anecdotemonging from his obfervations upon the life of Sir Thomas Bolen, father to Henry the Eighth's fecond wife. Sir Thomas would have married her (meaning Anne Bolen) to the Lord Percy, but the king and cardinal forbad it; deterring old Northumberland from it, and he his fon. Many love-letters between King Henry and Anne Bolen are fent to Rome: one letter between the cardinal and his confederates is fetched thence, by Sir Thomas his dexterity; who advised Sir Francis Bryan, then refident, to get in with the pope's closet-keepers courtezan, and shew her the cardinal's hand, by which she might find out and copy his expreffe; as fhe did to his ruin, and our king's great fatisfaction. To which letter is annexed a declaration under his hand, and the Lords Darcy, Mountjoy, Dorfet, and Norfolk, of forty-four articles against the great cardinal. His hand being now in, he muft through: he adviseth the king to confult the universities of Christendome: he goeth in perfon, when made earl of Wiltshire, to the pope, and contrives that a declaration of the whole kingdom in parliament should follow him which fo amused his holiness with our earl's ftratagems, that he was asleep as it were until the state of England was quite altered. To this he adds the peace with France, and the interview with King Francis, where his daughter is married privately, and her brother made vi.count Rochford. Convening a parliament to his mind at Black-Fryars, and advancing an archbishop to his purpose in Canterbury, he is fecure of the VOL. XXI. March, 1766. church

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church and of the kingdom; whereof the first hallowed the action, and the second confirmed it. I fay nothing of the bird, the egg is bad, and left by the hard-hearted oftridge pofterity in the fand thinking it more ingenuous to confefs that the fcandal of it is not to be answered, than to bustle and keep a coil, and twist new errors with old, falling to Scylla for fear of Charybdis, for fear of the abfurdities that dropped from that first one as thick as Sampfon's enemies heaps upon heaps.'

Speaking of Sir John Cheek, tutor to Edward the Sixth, Much, fays he, did the kingdome value him, but more the king for being once defperately fick, the king carefully enquired of him every day; at last his physician told him there was no hope for his life, being given over by him for a dead man : "No, faid the king, he will not die at this time; for this morning I begged his life from God in my prayers, and obtained it." Which accordingly came to pafs; and he foon after, against all expectation, wonderfully recovered. This, faith Dr. Fuller, was attefted by the old earl of Huntington (bred up in his childhood with King Edward) to Sir Thomas Cheeke, who anno 1654 was alive, and 80 years of age.' This anecdote of his majefty (which feems to be pretty circumftantially attested), if true, does no great honour to those who had the fuperintendency of his education.

We scarcely know a perfon of any rank in the English history, from Henry the Eighth's time to the restoration of Charles the Second, who is not celebrated by the industrious Mr. Lloyd; and the good-natured lovers of anecdotes, on perufing this work, will own themselves highly indebted to the public-fpirited editor. We here even read the character of Dudley duke af Northumberland without deteftation. Among other great men, he celebrates Sir Philip Sidney, who, he fays, condemned his Arcadia, in his more retired judgment, to the fire. He fpeaks of Languet as being the partner of his ftudies, and his three years companion. We hope to be pardoned, if we in our turn give an anecdote of the illuftrious Sidney, which we never have feen mentioned by any writer of his life, though much to his honour. When he was abroad, he had doubts as to the proper pronunciation of the Latin language, and confulted the famous Juftus Lipfius on that head. Lipfius' foon after wrote his Dialogue upon the right Pronunciation of the Latin Tongue which he dedicated in a moft elegant epiftle to Sir Philip, where, in allufion to the compliment paid by Laberius to Cafar, he tells him, "It would be hard, nay impious, for him to

'Ex officina Plantiniana apud Francifcum Raphelengium,

M.D.LXXXVI.

deny