EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The culmination of much of the arms control activity during 1986 and 1987 occurred in December 1987, when President Reagan and General Secretary Gorbachev met in Washington to sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty and to discuss other arms control negotiations. Not only was the event of December 8 the first Washington Summit in 15 years but it also heralded the signing of the first arms control treaty to result in the elimination of an entire category of nuclear missiles under conditions of the most far-reaching verification regime in the history of arms control. The INF Treaty was negotiated by one of three sets of United States and Soviet arms control delegations working under the Nuclear and Space Talks (NST) umbrella; the other two sets are the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START) and Defense and Space (DST) delegations. Much of the backstopping and analytical support for the United States delegations was provided by ACDA. Forward movement in the negotiation process for INF and START during the year depended to a great extent on direct involvement at the foreign minister and head of state levels. For example, progress made during the first half of the year was influenced by the Reykjavik Summit and the Shultz-Shevardnadze meetings of April 13-15 in Moscow; in the second half of the year by the Shultz-Shevardnadze meetings of September 15-17 in Washington and October 2223 in Moscow, and the Washington Summit of December 7-10. Emerging from the Washington Summit was a mutual understanding for the completion of a START Treaty encompassing a 50 percent cut in strategic offensive weapons, with a limit of 1,600 strategic nuclear delivery vehicles (SNDVS) and 6,000 warheads on those delivery vehicles. Other bilateral arms control negotiations during the year involved Nuclear Risk Reduction Centers and Nuclear Testing. Also taking place during the year were United States-Soviet arms control expert-level meetings on chemical weapons, the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, and nuclear nonproliferation. Finally, the Standing Consultative Committee held two 1987 sessions. The chronology for bilateral negotiations follows: Nuclear and Space Talks Round VII, January 15-March 6 (INF continued to March 26); Round VIII, April 23-December 7 for INF (START and Defense and Space began May 5). Nuclear Risk Reduction Centers Round I, January 13; Round II, May 3-4. Nuclear Testing Round I, November 9-20. The chronology for arms control expert-level meetings during the year follows: (XIII) Chemical weapons treaty talks, February 16-March 5 and July 20-August 7. Chemical weapons nonproliferation discussions, October 7-8. Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention meeting, March 31-April 15. Nuclear testing experts Fourth Session, January 22-March 20; Fifth Session, May 18-29; Sixth Session, July 13-20. Nuclear nonproliferation talks, July 28-30. Standing Consultative Commission Round XXXIII, March 8April 7; Round XXXIV, September 16-November 5. The most significant event for multilateral arms control during the year was the first year's implementation of the Stockholm confidence-building measures, under which 43 military activities were notified and five on-site inspections of military activities were conducted. Conventional arms control received a great deal of impetus at the Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE); the 23 member states of NATO and the Warsaw Pact met in Vienna January 27-April 11, May 4-July 31, and September 22November 21. NATO and Warsaw Pact countries agreed to the discussions on a mandate for future conventional stability and the elimination of disparities in conventional forces in Europe. In that context, Mutual and Balanced Forces Reduction (MBFR) delegations met in three rounds; no progress was made in resolving disputes. The Conference on Disarmament (CD) held its usual annual session, February-August with a month's recess during the month of May. Ad hoc committees on the following agenda items were established: chemical weapons, prevention of an arms race in outer space, international arrangements to assure nonnuclear states against the use of nuclear weapons, new weapons of mass destruction, and a comprehensive program of disarmament. Most of the CD's work centered on chemical weapons. President Reagan again addressed the United Nations General Assembly in September and the United States introduced two resolutions (arms control compliance and condemnation of the illegal use of chemical weapons) in the UN First Committee. The sixth report on Soviet noncompliance, sent by President Reagan to the Congress on December 2, reaffirmed previous United States findings of Soviet noncompliance with treaty obligations and reported one additional ABM Treaty violation, namely, the movement early in 1987 of major parts of a Flat Twin radar and a Pawn Shop missile guidance transmitter from Sary Shagan Missile Test Center to an electronics plant in Gomel. The ACDA nuclear nonproliferation staff continued their efforts during the year to strengthen all elements of the nonproliferation regime, particularly the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Research and analysis in support of negotiations and in accordance with the ACDA statute continued. Some of the areas investi gated were the economic impact of arms control treaties, Soviet military expenditures, the evaluation of the capability of nuclear forces, nuclear test ban monitoring, and crisis stability issues. Arms Control Update, a monthly newsletter on arms control issues, was added to ACDA's established publications. ABM ASAT. BWC CBMs CD. CDE CSBMs. CTB. CW DST ENMOD GAC. GCC GLCM. HEU IAEA ICBM INF LRINF. LTBT MBFR. NATO. NNA NPT NRRC NTEM NTM. NWFZ.. PNET ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Antiballistic Missiles Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Biological Weapons Convention Conference on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures Confidence- and Security-Building Measures Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe Comprehensive Test Ban Chemical Weapons Defense and Space Talks Environmental Modification Convention General Advisory Committee Gulf Cooperation Council Ground-Launched Cruise Missile High-enriched Uranium International Atomic Energy Agency Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Longer-Range Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions North Atlantic Treaty Organization Neutral and Non-Aligned Countries Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Nuclear Testing Experts Meeting National Technical Means Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty Program for Technical Assistance to IAEA Safeguards During the past seven years, the United States, through its arms control policies, has sought to make America, its allies, and the world more secure. By insisting on genuine constraints and arms reductions, rather than cosmetic appearances that characterized some earlier arms control efforts, we have sought to put arms control in its proper role one of enhancing security and solving problems, rather than institutionalizing them. We have learned that progress can be made toward arms control agreements in our mutual interests, but only if we show firmness and patience. Moreover, we have learned that if arms control is to be meaningful - if it is truly to contribute to national security and to global and regional stability all parties must fully live up to the obligations they undertake. In adhering to these precepts, the Reagan Administration's efforts on arms control have begun to bear fruit. When President Reagan first proposed in November 1981 a "zero" option for intermediate-range nuclear missiles and deep reductions in strategic offensive nuclear arms, the conventional wisdom held that the Soviets would never agree. His proposals were dismissed by some as inherently not negotiable. However, events over the past two years in Washington and at Reykjavik have disproved this conventional wisdom. By negotiating from a position of strength, and resisting proposals increases, the President has redefined what is "negotiable." Now, for the first time, the United States and the Soviet Union are negotiating nuclear arms control agreements which, if achieved and complied with fully, will effect real and deep reductions in offensive nuclear arsenals, particularly in the most destabilizing systems. which would have codified arms The December 8 signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at the Washington Summit was This agreement, when ratified and put into force, will accomplish what the a major achievement in arms control. (1) |